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Fatigue:Failure Under Fluctuating / Cyclic Stress
Fatigue:Failure Under Fluctuating / Cyclic Stress
Creep testing:
Furnace
Stages of creep
1. Instantaneous deformation, mainly elastic.
2. Primary/transient creep. Slope of strain vs. time decreases with
time: work-hardening
3. Secondary/steady-state creep. Rate of straining constant: work-
hardening and recovery.
4. Tertiary. Rapidly accelerating strain rate up to failure: formation of
internal cracks, voids, grain boundary separation, necking, etc.
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Creep: stress and temperature effects
With increasing
stress or
temperature:
¾ The
instantaneous
strain increases
¾ The steady-state
creep rate
increases
¾ The time to
rupture
decreases
The stress/temperature dependence of the steady-state
creep rate can be described by
where Qc is the activation
Q c energy for creep, K and n are
ε& s = K 2 σ exp −
n
2
RT material constants.
Mechanisms of Creep
Different mechanisms are responsible for
creep in different materials and under
different loading and temperature
conditions. The mechanisms include:
¾Stress-assisted vacancy diffusion
¾ Grain boundary diffusion
¾ Grain boundary sliding Grain boundary diffusion
¾ Dislocation motion
Safety Factors
Materials variability and uncertainty about loads, hence:
DESIGN MUST PREVENT
PREMATURE FAILURE