Mata Kuliah SIL 621.

Bangunan dan Lingkungan

Tugas No. #2
Topik : Pemilihan Material Konstruksi berdasarkan LCA
Nama : Isandre Fajarrachman
NRP F451140041
Tanggal selesai : 1 April 2015

Goal Definition and Scoping

Plywood is panel product from veneer sheets which are glued together,and fiber line
perpendicular with some timber veneer or same direction as panel (SNI, 1992). Artificial board made
of thin sheets (wood veneer) which consists of three layers where each layer is stacked. (Hing, 1992).
Generally, veneer thickness between 0,6 – 3 mm, and wood layers always odd number is 3, 5 , 7,etc.
(Haygreen &Bowyer, 2003) .In Indonesia, standard size of plywood production are 122x244
centimetres, with commonly raw material : meranti log ( 42%), keruing (7%), kapur (0,5%) and
mixture of lightwood (50,5%).

Playwood production process in Indonesia generally same among other plywood companies,
first, raw material(log) gathered into one area to sort size, shape, and quality, then continued with
debarking and peeling process, to made veneer with thickeness ranges 1,3 – 3,30mm, after that
veneer will be dried by steam or electric heated ovens(drying time 10-25 minutes in 180°C),after
veneer dried, it be separated to be face, back, and inner layer, three parts layer will be glued(using
melamine Formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde resin), to merge and will be pressed with cold pressing,
to develop better glue bonding (the pressure is 8 + kg/cm2 for 30 minutes) and hot pressing to cure the
resin, thereby bonding to make plywood(preesing temperature 110 - 115°C). After hot pressing, the
plywood panels are cut into standard size 122 cm x 244cm or based on the order size.Putty process for
minimalize defects area. Sanding process for smooth outer plywood layers (sanding speed 58+3
m/min depend on the plywood thickness), the last packing. The plywood is packed per pack/crate with
thickness categories (2,4mm, 5mm, etc) and 250, 50, and 35 pieces.

Log
Grading

Debarking & Peeling & Drying

Logs
Bucking Cripping

Cold & Hot Pressing Glue Spreading Lay Up Vaneer Selection &
Repairing

Sizing & Sanding Sorting & Grading Packing Plywood

apllication

Scheme 1.1 Simple Scheme of plywood production in Indonesia. Source : International Tropical Timber Organization
(ITTO, March 2014)
 Plywood uses as building & transportation construction : paneling, sheating material, floor,
sidding, plyform, (massijaya, 2006) .In environmental issue, such as pressing, drying , and sorting
process, it has biggest emissions that affect the environment. Consumption energy for making
plywood has also big affect to environment too. Environmental problems will be reviewed is Global
Warming Potential(GWP) increase carbon gases made of warming effect on the earth, Acidification
Potential (AP) transformation of air pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide into acids,
Eutrophication Potential (EP) it accelerates the growth of algae that may cause a reduction of oxygen,
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) due to CFCs and Nitrogen oxides, Photochemical Ozone Creation
Potential (POCP) summer smog which damage vegetation and material.

Inventory Analysis
In material analyze, observation taken three Indonesia plywood company. In 12 month, the
data taken and calculated for supporting material data and energy in one-cubic meter

Company
Units A B C
Monthly log m3 11,322 15,314 21,164
Input
Monthly plywood m3 6,702 10,495 11,249
production
Co-products Blockboard Veneer Blockboard, Blackboard, veneer
lamineboard
Electicity ۷ ۷ ۷
National grid
Co-generation - - -
Coal power plant ۷ ۷ ۷
Tabel 1.1 log input and type company. Source : ITTO, profiles of Indonesia plywood companes (2014)

Avereging log input amount 12.707m3/month, then for LCI basic material and water quantity needed
in one cubic meter plywood production :

Company
Units A B C
Input Raw m3 1,69 1,46 1,88
Material/log
Resin : Urea kg 134 103 73
formaldehyde
Hardener kg 17 11 10
Energy/Water kWH 0.61 769 0.167
Electricity-grid
Electricity – co- kWH - - -
generation
Electricity – coal kg ,,49 1,40 -
Diesel Liter 0,135 0,130 0,941
Water (river water) m3 7,69 5,72 0,00

Water (municipal) m3 0,57 0,34 1,23

Tabel 1.2 LCI inputs to produce a unit (one cubic meter). Source : ITTO (2014)
Gained average material & energy consume in one cubic meter plywood, using 1,6m3 log, resin
103,3kg, hardener 12,7kg, coal 41 kg, diesel 0,402 liter, water (river) 4,47m3, and water (municipal)
0,713m3. For material released to environment in plywood production. Emissions, solid waste, liquid
waste, and air waste.

Impact Assessment Results

The life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) phase establishes links between the life cycle inventory
results and potential environmental impacts. The LCIA calculates impact indicators, such as global
warming potential and smog. These impact indicators provide general, but quantifiable, indications of
potential environmental impacts. Environmental impacts are determined using the TRACI method
(Bare et al. 2011).

Impact Indicator Characterization Model Impact Category

Greenhouse gas (GHG) Calculate total emissions in the Global warming
emissions reference unit of CO2 equivalents for
CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide.

Releases to air decreasing
or thinning of ozone layer
Calculate the total ozone forming Ozone depletion
chemicals in the stratosphere
including CFC’s HCFC’s, chlorine,
and bromine. Ozone depletion values
are measured in the reference units of
CFC equivalents.

Releases to air potentially Calculate total hydrogen ion (H+) Acidification

resulting in acid rain
(acidification)
equivalent for released sulfur oxides,
nitrogen oxides, hydrochloric acid,
and ammonia. Acidification value of
H+ mole-eq. is used as a reference
unit.

Releases to air potentially Calculate total substances that can be Photochemical smog
resulting in smog photo-chemically oxidized. Smog
forming potential of O3 is used as a
reference unit.

Releases to air potentially Calculate total substances that contain Eutrophication

resulting in eutrophication available nitrogen or phosphorus.
of water bodies Eutrophication potential of N-eq. is
used as a reference unit.

Tabel 1.3 Five categories Impact Assesment. Source : CORRIM (2013)

Each impact indicator is a measure of an aspect of a potential impact. This LCIA does not make value
judgments about the impact indicators, meaning that no single indicator is given more or less value
than any of the others. Additionally, each impact indicator value is stated in units that are not
comparable.
 Company
Impact categories Unit A B C
Global Warming Kg CO2 – Equiv. 592 485 411
Potential (GWP)
Adification Kg SO2 – Equiv 1.7 1.35 2.08
Potential (AP)
Eutrofication Kg Phosphate 0,253 0,197 0,333
Potential (EP) (PO4) –Equiv
Ozone Depletion Kg CFC11- 8,95x10-9 6,74x10-9 1,84x10-8
Potential (ODP) Equiv
Photochemical Kg Ethylene – 0,188 0,147 0,250
Ozone Creation Equiv
Potential (POCP)
Tabel 1.3 Environmental Impact for the production 1m3 plywood production. Source : ITTO, 2014

Environmental impact result averagely production from one cubic meter plywood is GWP 446kg-
CO2-Equiv, AP 1,91 kg SO2-Equiv, 0,311kg (PO4)-Equiv, ODP 1,40x10-8kg CFC11-Equiv and POCP
0,233kg Ethylene-Equiv. Company A had higher carbon emission because 30% of electricity are
came from coal. This comparison companies chart :

Global Warming Potential (GWP)

800
600
400 Global Warming
Potential (GWP)
200
0
Company A Company B Company C

Chart1.1 Chart GWP for 1m3 plywood production.

Adification Potential (AP)

2.5
2
1.5
1 Adification Potential
0.5
0
Company A Company B Company C

Chart1.2 Chart AP for 1m3 plywood production.

 Eutrofication Potentital (EP)
0.4

0.3

0.2 Eutrofication
Potentital (EP)
0.1

0
Company A Company B Company C

Chart1.3 Chart EP for 1m3 plywood production.

Ozone Depeletion Potential (ODP)

0.000002

0.0000015

0.000001 Ozone Depeletion

Potential (ODP)
0.0000005

0
Company A Company B Company C

Chart1.4 Chart ODP for 1m3 plywood production.

Photochemical Ozone Creation

(POCP)
0.3

0.2
Photochemical Ozone
0.1 Creation (POCP)

0
Company A Company B Company C

Chart1.5 Chart POCP for 1m3 plywood production.

In this study, the global warming potential (GWP) was strongly related to use of fossil fuel
and electricity. Generally, the GWP increased with increased use of electricity from national grid for
companies C. However, the CO2 emissions for companies A nd B were a few folds higher as these
companies generated electricity from coal. The efficiency for coal generated electricity was about
30%. Companies using coal for process heat and generation of electricity should consider using
biogenic fuel as they are close to waste wood or biomass resources. For other environmental impact,
the lower consumption of diesel per unit production had led to lower EP, AP, ODP and POCP.
 The plywood manufacturing process has some onsite emissions from drying veneers and
pressing the panels with the resins. These emissions were reported by the mills in the surveys. Of the
total CO2 emissions, both biogenic and fossil, 69 percent were biogenic based emissions from the
combustion of wood fuel. Carbon footprints for products or service are the greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions associated with the manufacturing of product or delivery of a service. It is normally
reported in CO2-equiv. Respectively the CO2 emissions associated with ply wood production, logs
and resin used. The formaldehyde resin contributed a high percentage towards the overall CO2
emissions for the plywood.

Interpretation
The last step in LCA is interpretation, before going to do an a action and decision .

- Plywood production uses many coal energy, it release large energy and emission, changing coal
energy to other can saving more energy and emission will be reduce. (using hydro-electric energy
there is no emissions generated when converting moving water to energy).
- Improve material flow in the manufacturing process to reduce iternal transportation
- Increase use of renewable biomass would further reduce the overall use of fossil energy and the
GWP impact from industry.
- Icenaration of plywood(depleted age) can cause higher impacts of acidification and
eutrophication than other products, although thermal energy can be recovered.
- Resin usage contributes to the differences in magnitude of inventory analysis and impact
assessment . Phenolformalyde is created through the refining of natural gas dan petroleum.
- These machine centers contributed the most large energy, the hot pressing machine center had
the greatest environment impact because of the energy consumption and resin usage. This impact
is most evident in the fossil fuel and climate change.
- Using bark as fuel source, proves benefiting to the environment. Because fossil fuels for energy
and all emissions associated with generating energy.

Referensi :

Apri H. Iswanto (2008)”Kayu Lapis (Plywood)” , USU e-Repository

Iwan Risnasari (2008)”Pengaruh Penyusunan dan Jumlah Lapisan Vinir Terhadap Stabilitas Dimensi
Kayu Lapis(Plywood)” , USU e-Repository.

Metya T. Cahya (2011)”Pengembangan Kayu Lapis Berkualitas Tinggi yang Ramah Lingkungan” ,
IPB Repistory

Gan K.S & M.Y Massijaya, (2013)”Cradle to Gate Lofe Cycle Assessment of Softwood Plywood
Production from the Pacific Northwest” , CORRIM, (1), 1-34.

Maureen P, Elaine O, & James W, Leonard J, (2014)”Life Cycle Assessment for Environmental
Product Declaration of Tropical Plywood Production in Malaysia and Indonesia” , ITTO, (1), 2 -28.

Sujatha D, Pandey C, & Nath S.K, (2014)”Impact of Forestry Products on Climate Change Mitigation
in India” , International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, (4),1-6

Effendi Arsad, (2000)”Sifat Fisik Kayu Lapis Berbahan Baku Kayu Akasia (Acacia mangium Willd.)
dan Kelampayan (Anthocephalus spp.)” , Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan, vol.3, 1 -8
EPA, (2004)”Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Plywood and Composite Wood Products NESHAP”
, Final Report EPA, (1)

Riza R., Mariah U, (2013)”Kayu Lapis Struktural (Structural Plywood)” , USU, (1)

Charles J.Ferari, (2000)”Life Cycle Assessment Environmental Modelling of Plywood and Laminated
Veneer Lumber Manufacturing” , Oregon State University, (1)

Frank W., Klaus R., (2007)”Wood Building Products in Comparative LCA”, Int J LCA , vol. 12, 470
- 479