FLUID FLOW (MOMENTUM TRANSFER)

(Section 6, ChE Handbook) Fluid and Particle Dynamics

(Section 10, ChE Handbook) Transport and Storage of Fluids

1.) Fluid Head, H

where Hf =head of the fluid inside the pipe, m (ft)

Hm=head of the fluid used in manometer, m (ft)
ρf= density of the fluid inside the pipe, kg/m3 (lb/ft3)
ρm= density of the fluid inside the pipe, kg/m3 (lb/ft3)

2.) Continuity Equation

̇ ̇

where m= mass, kg (lbm)

A=area, m2 (ft2)
v= velocity, m/s (ft/s)

3.) Overall Energy Balance

́

 Used when there is temperature change

 For OPEN SYSTEM

where Q= heat, [absorbed (+), released (-)], J/kg (ft-lbf/lbm)

W= Work, [done to the system (+), done by the system (-)], J/kg (ft-lbf/lbm)
Δz= z2-z1 , m, ft
gc=1kg-m/(N-s2) SI
32.2 lbm-ft/(lbf-s2) English

4.) Mechanical Energy Balance

 can be used in fans, (can be assumed that gases involved in the process follows Incompressible
Theory)

 Total Dynamic Head (TDH)

 Shaft work delivered by the equipment (e.g. pump) to the fluid
 Shaft work of the fluid
 Mechanical energy delivered to the fluid

 Shaft work of the equipment (e.g. pump, compressors) delivered by the fluid
 applicable to + work

5.) Frictional Losses

 ( )

( )

Moody Chart, Fig. 6-9 (ChE Handbook)

Note:
For Non-circular channels:

Hydraulic diameter - if the flow is TURBULENT

- Four times the channel cross-sectional area divided by the wetted perimeter

For annulus: –
For rectangular duct:
Hydraulic radius = ¼ DH

Equivalent diameter – if the flow is LAMINAR

For ellipse: semi-axes a and b  ( ) Eq. 6-50

For rectangle: width a, height b  ( ) Eq. 6-51;

K values are given in p. 6-12

For annulus  { [ ]} Eq. 6-52

6.) Meters, Fm

Meters Coefficient, C Description

Orifice 0.61 Maximum losses
Venturi 0.98
Nozzle 0.95-0.99
Pitot Tube 1 M ’
velocity

Friction losses due to meters

where y-> …… 0.1 ( ) (orifice)

Eqn 10-20 (7th), 10-22 (8th) (ChE Handbook)- applicable to orifice and venturi

̇ √

Y=1 if liquids
β=d2/d1
d=diameter, m (ft)s
P= pressure, Pa
Eqn 10-7 (7th), 10-13 (8th) ChE Handbook for pitot tube

FLUID FLOW (MOMENTUM TRANSFER)

Prepared by Engr. Christian Pagsinohin
7.) Transportation of Fluids
a.) Compressors
See p. 10-39 (7th), p. 10-45 (8th) ChE Handbook

Adiabatic Process

[( ) ]

where n -> no of compression stages

k-> specific heat ratio , Table 2-199 (7th), Table 2-157 (8th) (ChE Handbook)
R -> ideal gas constant
T -> absolute temperature

Isothermal Process

Note: If not stated in the problem, assume the process is ADIABATIC.

b.) Turbines
 use Energy Balance

c.) Pumps
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
[ ]
where Psuction=suction pressure
Po= vapor pressure
ΣF= friction losses from the initial point to the pump suction

8.) Compressible Flow

Eqn. 6-114 (ChE Handbook)

[ ]

9.) Differential flow of fluid (Unsteady-state)

where A1(h)= area of the container as a function of h

A2= area of the orifice or the hole, usually constant
v(h)= velocity of the fluid as function of h

FLUID FLOW (MOMENTUM TRANSFER)

Prepared by Engr. Christian Pagsinohin