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Yield Criteria
Jayadeep U. B.
Dept. of Mechanical Engg., NIT Calicut.
Introduction
Based on the experimental observations, we have seen that the
yield criterion should be a function of the invariants of the
deviatoric part of the stress tensor.
In addition, it should be a closed, convex figure on the deviatoric
plane, made of twelve repeating segments.
Many of the yield criteria proposed earlier (like maximum
principal stress criterion) do not satisfy these requirements.
There are two important yield criteria which satisfy all these
requirements.
Von Mises yield criterion proposed in 1913.
Tresca yield criterion proposed in 1864.
In this lecture, we focus on these two yield criteria.
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von Mises Yield Criterion (1913)
von Mises (in the year 1913) proposed based on theoretical
considerations (as explained earlier) that yielding occurs
when the second invariant (J2) of the deviatoric part of the
stress tensor reaches a critical value.
von Mises yield function: f(σ) ≡ J2 – k12 and yield criterion:
J2 – k12 = 0.
Physical interpretation:
1) Distortion energy theory …Hencky, 1924.
2) Octahedral shear stress theory …Nadai, 1937.
(H.W.: Show the equivalence of these three yield criteria.
Ref.:Text books by L.S. Srinath and Timoshenko & Goodier).
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von Mises Yield Criterion contd.…
It can be shown that J 2 = (σˆ ijσˆ ij ) 2 , where σˆ ij is the ijth element
of deviatoric part of the stress tensor σ (S also is used often).
From uni-axial tensile tests, using the above equation, value of
J2 at the initiation of yielding is obtained as ⅓σY2.
Hence, von Mises criterion becomes: f ≡ J2 – ⅓σY2 = 0..
The yield locus of the von Mises criterion on the deviatoric
plane is a circle, with radius √⅔ σY (Try to prove yourself).
An effective or equivalent or generalized stress can be defined
based on von Mises criterion: σ eq ≡ σ = 3σˆ ijσˆ ij 2 = 3J 2 ,
which can be compared directly with the yield strength
(obtained from uniaxial tensile test) to predict yielding.
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Tresca Yield Criterion (1864)
Based on the experimental observations, Tresca (in 1864) proposed that
material yields when the maximum shear stress reaches a critical value.
(τ max ) 2 − k 2 = [(σ 1 − σ 2 ) 2 − 4k 2 ][(σ 2 − σ 3 ) 2 − 4k 2 ][(σ 3 − σ 1 ) 2 − 4k 2 ] = 0
If the principal stresses are ordered σ1 ≥ σ2 ≥ σ3, the maximum shear
stress, τmax = ½ (σ1 – σ3).
Comparing with the uni-axial tensile test, the yield criterion becomes:
τmax – ½ σY = 0.
We can define a quantity called the Stress Intensity, σint = 2τmax, which
can be directly compared with σY.
Locus of Tresca yield criterion on deviatoric plane is a regular hexagon.
In terms of invariants of deviatoric stress tensor, Tresca criterion
becomes: σ Y2
( 2 Y ) ( 3) = 0
2 2
4 J2 − − σ −
2
J 27 J
4
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Stress Space Representation
von Mises and
Tresca yield criteria
can be represented
in principal stress
space as shown in
the figure:
Since we use the results from uniaxial tensile test as the basis for
defining a yield criterion, yield points predicted by both the criteria
match for these cases (Points A, B, C, D, E & F).
The yield stresses predicted by both criteria differ the maximum in case
7
of pure shear.
Comparison of von Mises & Tresca Yield
Criteria
Since we use the results from the uniaxial tensile tests as the basis for
defining yield criterion, the yield point predicted by both the criteria
match for these cases (six points corresponding to uniaxial stresses).
Yield point predicted by Tresca criterion is always less than or equal to
that predicted by von Mises criterion, i.e., Tresca criterion is more
conservative.
The yield stresses predicted by both the criteria differ the maximum in
case of pure shear (for pure shear like torsion of a cylindrical tube,
Tresca criterion predicts a yield stress, τ = ½ σY, while von Mises
criterion predicts, τ = √(⅓) σY ≈ 0.577 σY).
Experimental results for metals are between the values predicted by
von Mises and Tresca criteria, however, in case of most metals, they
match closely with the values predicted by von Mises criterion.
Tresca Criterion
σY
σY
σ1
The von Mises locus becomes an ellipse and the Tresca locus becomes an
elongated hexagon when plotted for a plane stress case.