CSE20201 Lecture 9

Structural Mechanics Lecture 9: Outline
(CSE 20201)
• Appendix: Sectional Properties
Lecture 9 • Chapter 10: Bending

– Maximum stress
– Elastic curves
Dr. Songye ZHU – Slope and displacement by integration
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 2
Appendix: Sectional Properties A.1 First Moment of Area

For a small area ΔAi, the first moment of area w.r.t the X
1. Area and Y axes, are defined:
2. First moment of area
3. Centroid (neutral axis)
when ΔAi infinitesimal
4. Second moment of area
Reference: Appendix A Geometric Properties of An Area

Mechanics of Materials, by R.C. Hibbeler
CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 3 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 4
This study source was downloaded by 100000842600432 from CourseHero.com on 02-27-2022 11:46:12 GMT -06:00
A.2 Centroid for an Area Example A-1
• Defines the geometric center of object Y

• Its location can be determined from equations used to determine the
body’s center of gravity or center of mass dA=dxdy
(If the material composing a body is uniform or homogenous, the density or specific y
h
weight will be constant throughout the body. Then the following formulas are
independent of the body’s weight and depend on the body’s geometry)
X
Similarly
Example A-1 A.2 Centroid for an Area

If an area is symmetric about one axis, the first moment of area
Alternative Solution : Use a small horizontal strip about this axis must be zero. Consequently the centroid must lie
replace the differential element of area ΔA=b×Δy on that axis.
Y
ΔA
Δy
h yi
X If an area has two axes of symmetry, the centroid must be
the intersection of the axes of symmetry.
So, what is your observation?

A.2 Centroid for an Area Example A-2
If an area is composed of several parts and the centroid of

each parts is known (composite areas),
the first moment of the area :
the centroid of the area may be calculated as:
Example A-2 Example A-2

Solution 1: Solution 2:
Solution 3:
Determine the first moment of area above the centroidal axis for the T-cross
section shown in the Figure.
y’
N.A.
A.3 Moments of Inertia

Example A-3 ( or Second Moments of Area)
Definition of Moments of Inertia for Areas
• Centroid for an area is determined by the first moment of an area about
an axis
• Second moment of an area is referred as the moment of inertia
• Polar moment of inertia for entire area
A.3 Parallel Axis Theorem A.3 Moment of Inertia
• If moment of inertia about an centroidal axis is known,

determine the moment of inertia of area about a
corresponding parallel axis using
the parallel axis theorem
How to derive the Parallel Axis Theorem ?

(Reading Assignment:
Section A.2 on textbook)
Determine the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area of the T-beam

shown in the Figure about the centroidal x’ axis.
Example A-4 Reading Assignment
• On textbook
– Table: Geometric properties of area elements on the
inside cover
– Appendix A.2: Parallel-axis theorem for an area
– Appendix B: Geometric properties of structural shapes
Appendix B Chapter 10
• Bending
(Stress in Beams)
Reference:
Textbook, “Mechanics of Materials”
—R.C. Hibbeler
Chapter 6: Bending
Chapter 12: Deflection of Beams and Shafts
10.3 Calculate Bending Stress
10.3 The Flexure Formula In A Beam
Procedure for analysis
• The Flexure Formula
• Obtain internal moment M at the section of interest (such
as maximum moment)
• Calculate Centroidal or neutral axis
• Determine moment of inertia I, of x-sectional area about
Where moment of inertia the neutral axis
• Specify distance y, measured perpendicular to neutral axis
to the point where bending stress is to be determined
• Apply equation σ = -My/I, or if maximum bending stress is
needed, use σmax = Mc/I
• Ensure units are consistent when substituting values into
the equations
Example 10-4 Example 10-4

Beam shown has x-sectional area in the shape of a channel. Internal moment
Determine the maximum bending stress that occurs in the No need to determinate support reactions. Instead, use method of
beam at section a-a. sections, the segment to the left of a-a.
Note: N and M must be computed about the beam’s neutral

axis at section
To find location of neutral axis, x-sectional area divided into 3 Internal moment
composite parts as shown. Then using Eqn. A-2 of Appendix Apply moment equation of equilibrium about neutral axis,
A:
ΣyA
y= = ... = 59.09 mm + Σ MNA = 0; 24 kN(2 m) + 1.0 kN(0.05909 m) + M = 0
ΣA
M = - 4.859 kN·m

Section property Maximum bending stress
Moment of inertia about neutral axis is determined using parallel- It occurs at points farthest away from neutral axis. At bottom of
axis theorem applied to each of the three composite parts of the beam,
x-sectional area. c = 0.200 m − 0.05909 m = 0.1409 m.
I = [1/12(0.250 m)(0.020 m)3 Mc 4.859 kN·m(0.1409 m)

σmax = = = 16.2 MPa
+ (0.250 m)(0.020 m)(0.05909 m − 0.010 m)2] I 42.26(10-6) m4
+ 2[1/12(0.015 m)(0.200 m)3
+ (0.015 m)(0.200 m)(0.100 m − 0.05909 m)2] Based on the direction of bending
I = 42.26(10-6) m4 moment, we can judge this
maximum stress is compressive
stress
Example 10-4
Maximum bending stress
otherwise,
y = − 0.1409 m.
The End
At top of beam, σ’ = 6.79 MPa (tensile stress)
Compressive stress
of the Session
In addition, normal force of N = 1 kN and shear force
V = 2.4 kN will also contribute additional stress on x-
section.
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Structural Mechanics Lecture 9: Outline

Lecture 9 • Chapter 10: Bending

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 2

Appendix: Sectional Properties A.1 First Moment of Area

Reference: Appendix A Geometric Properties of An Area

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 3 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 4

• Defines the geometric center of object Y

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 5 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 6

Example A-1 A.2 Centroid for an Area

So, what is your observation?

If an area is composed of several parts and the centroid of

the centroid of the area may be calculated as:

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 9 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 10

Example A-2 Example A-2

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 11 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 12

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 13 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 14

A.3 Moments of Inertia

• Polar moment of inertia for entire area

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 15 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 16

• If moment of inertia about an centroidal axis is known,

How to derive the Parallel Axis Theorem ?

Example A-4 Example A-4

Determine the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area of the T-beam

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 19 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 20

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 21 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 22

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 23 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 24

Example 10-4 Example 10-4

Note: N and M must be computed about the beam’s neutral

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 27 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 28

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 29 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 30

Example 10-4 Example 10-4

I = [1/12(0.250 m)(0.020 m)3 Mc 4.859 kN·m(0.1409 m)

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 31 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 9 32

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