Design Strength Requirements for

Externally Applied Reinforcing

Systems

Tarek Alkhrdaji
Structural Technologies
Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

Strengthening of Concrete Structures

Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

External Reinforcing Systems

• Steel Plates
Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

External Reinforcing Systems

• External Post-tensioning
Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

External Reinforcing Systems

• Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Systems

Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

ACI 562-13
• CHAPTER 5—LOADS, LOAD COMBINATIONS, AND
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS

5.5—Load combinations for structures repaired

with external reinforcing systems

5.5.1 For repairs achieved with unprotected

external reinforcing systems, the required
strength U of a structure without repair shall be
at least equal to the effects of factored loads in
Eq. (5.5.1).

Uex ≥ 1.2D + 0.5L + Ak + 0.2S (5.5.1)

Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

ACI 562-13
Uex ≥ 1.2D + 0.5L + Ak + 0.2S (5.5.1)
• For External reinforcing systems:
– Fiber Reinforced Systems (FRP)
– Steel Plates
– External Post-tensioning

• To Ensure that the unrepaired structure maintains a minimum

strength should failure of the repair system occur due to:
– Fire, impact, or blast
– Wind and earthquake forces are not included

• To maintain sufficient strength until the damaged repair

system is repaired
Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

ACI 562-16 (revision)

• To distinguish between adhesively bonded and

mechanically bonded systems

• To provide separate design strength limits for

damage during normal operations versus for a fire
event

• To provide guidance for fire rating evaluation

• Other extreme events such as blast and removed

Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

ACI 562-16 (revision)

5.5—Load combinations for structures repaired with external

reinforcing systems

5.5.1 For rehabilitation achieved with external reinforcing

systems that are susceptible to damage by fire, vandalism or
collision, the required strength of the structure without
rehabilitation shall equal or exceed the effects of the load
combinations specified in 5.5.2, and 5.5.3.
Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

ACI 562-16 (revision)

5.5.2 For non-mechanically bonded external reinforcement and
all FRP systems, the required strength of the structure without
external reinforcement shall satisfy Equations 5.5.2a and 5.5.2b

fRn ≥ 1.1D + 0.5L + 0.2S (5.5.2a)

fRn ≥ 1.1D + 0.75L (5.5.2b)

• f is the strength-reduction factor is 5.3 or 5.4, as applicable

• Rn is the nominal strength of the structure without the

external reinforcement

• Equation (5.5.2b) is similar to limit in ACI 440.2R-08 (FRP)

Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

ACI 562-16 (revision)

• For FRP and Non-Mechanically Bonded Systems

Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

ACI 562-16 (revision)

5.5.3 To account for potential performance issues during a fire

event, the required strength of the structure without external
reinforcement shall satisfy Eq. (5.5.3)

fexR ≥ (0.9 or 1.2)D + 0.5L + 0.2S (5.5.3)

• fex is equal to 1.0 (no strength reduction)

• R is the nominal strength of the structural element

considering reduced material strength

• ACI 216 provides guidance on determining material strength

during a fire event
Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

ACI 562-16 (revision)

• 5.5.3 applies to all mechanically and adhesively bonded

reinforcing systems

Steel Plates FRP Post-Tensioning

Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

Effects of Fire on Concrete

Stress-strain relationship for concrete

50
20°C
45
200°C
40

35 400°C

30
Stress, MPa

500°C

25
600°C
20

15 700°C

10 800°C
5 1000°C
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Strain, m/m
Ref. Eurocode 2, “Design of concrete structures, Part 1-2: General rules-structural fire design. ENV 1992-1-2,” CEN: European Committee for
Standardization, UK, 2004.
 Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

Effects of Fire on Concrete

Compressive Strength at Elevated Temperature
1
0.9 During Fire:
Compressive strength f'c/f'co, ksi

0.8 ASCE
0.7 Eurocode 2
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Temperature, °C
Ref.
15 ASCE, “Structural Fire Protection,” American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, Practice No. 78, 1992
Ref. Eurocode 2, “Design of concrete structures, Part 1-2: General rules-structural fire design. ENV 1992-1-2,” CEN: European Committee for Standardization, UK, 2004.
Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

Effects of Fire on Steel Bars

Stress-strain relationship for reinforcing steel

450
20°C
400
400°C
350
500°C
300
Stress, MPa

250

200 600°C

150

100
700°C
50 800°C
900°C
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Strain, m/m
Ref. Eurocode 2, “Design of concrete structures, Part 1-2: General rules-structural fire design. ENV 1992-1-2,” CEN: European Committee for
Standardization, UK, 2004.
 Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

Effects of Fire on Steel Bars

1
0.9 During Fire:
0.8 ASCE
Yield strength fy/fyo, ksi

0.7 Eurocode 2
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Temperature, °C

Ref. ASCE, “Structural Fire Protection,” American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, Practice No. 78, 1992
Ref. Eurocode 2, “Design of concrete structures, Part 1-2: General rules-structural fire design. ENV 1992-1-2,” CEN: European Committee for Standardization, UK, 2004.
Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

Temperature Profile

Thermal Modeling
Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

Determining Yield Strength

Yield Strength of Steel at Elevated Temp. (ACI 216)
 Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

Demand vs. Capacity during Fire

Mufire=1.2DL+0.5LL+0.2S
Mnfire (ASCE 7)

Muambient=1.2DL+1.6LL
20 ΦMnambient (ASCE 7)
Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

ACI 562-16 (revision)

• If strength (fire rating) is not adequate without the external

reinforcing material then additional fire proofing is required
– To protect the ext. reinforcing system
– And/or to protect the existing member

• To increase the fire rating of the element

• In this case, the effect of the fire protection system on the

external reinforcement and existing elements is considered
Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

Fire Protection

• Protecting FRP and Steel Plates with Fireproofing

Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

Other Strengthening Methods

• RC Concrete Enlargement

• Concrete cover provides required fire rating

Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

Other Strengthening Methods

• Ext PT Encased in Concrete Enlargement

• Concrete cover provides required fire rating

Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied
Reinforcing Systems

ACI 562-16, Section 5.5 – Design Limits

SUMMARY
• Two strength limits have been introduced to ACI 562-16 for external
reinforcing systems:
– Strength limit for normal operations
– Strength limit for fire events

• All Non-mechanically bonded systems and FRP systems must meet the
normal operations limit in 5.5.2
– Based on design (or tested) material properties and typical f factors
– Mechanically attached systems not included
– Allows for approx. 40% strength increase

• All external system must be checked for adequate fire resistance per 5.5.3
– Based on lower material strength and f = 1.0
– Ignoring the external system if not fire protected
– Additional fire resistance can be provided using fireproofing materials

• Effectiveness of fire proofing materials must be established through

material testing and full scale structural testing
 Thank You
Questions
Design Strength Requirements for Externally Applied Reinforcing Systems

Tarek Alkhrdaji
Structural Technologies