سلايدات شابتر 1 PDF

2014-09-17
BASICS
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
DR. MOMEN SUGHAYYER
2014-09-17 ME 351: Machine Design I
What is Engineering?
2
 Engineering is the art of applying scientific and

mathematical principles, experience, judgment, and
common sense to make things that benefit people.
 In other words, engineering is the process of

producing a technical product or system to meet a
specific human need.
ME 351: Machine Design I - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2014-09-17
1
2014-09-17
Who are Engineers?

3
 Engineers are people who use their training in

mathematics, physics, and chemistry to understand
the physical world and develop creative solutions to
societies complex needs.
 They are
 designers, planners, managers,
 analysts, researchers, consultants,
 sales specialists, and more
What is Design?
4
 Design is an interplay between what we want to achieve and

how we want to achieve it.
The designers (mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, etc)

must do the following.
 Know or understand their customers’ needs.

 Define the problem they must solve to satisfy the needs.
 Conceptualize the solution through synthesis.
 Perform analysis to optimize the proposed solution (Adequacy
assessment).
 Check the resulting design solution to see if it meets the original
customer needs.
2
2014-09-17
Mechanical Engineering Design

5
 Mechanical engineering design involves all the disciplines of

mechanical engineering;
 It involves fluid flow, heat transfer, friction, energy transport,

material selection, thermomechanical treatments, statistical
descriptions, and so on.
 Mechanical design concentrates mostly on loading, stress

analysis, and material mechanical properties.
Design process
6
 The phases of the

design process
acknowledge the
many feedbacks and
iterations.
3
2014-09-17
Adequacy of Design
7
Design product should be

 Functional: satisfy the intended need and customer expectation.
 Safe: not hazardous to the user, bystanders, or surrounding
property with appropriate directions or warnings provided.
 Reliable: perform its intended function satisfactorily or without
failure at a given age.
 Competitive: product survival.
 Usable: user friendly product.
 Manufacturable: suited to mass production with a minimum
number of parts (minimum information).
 Marketable: purchasable with repair available.
Design Considerations
8
 Functionality  Noise
 Strength/stress  Styling
 Distortion/deflection/stiffness.  Shape
 Wear  Size
 Corrosion  Control
 Safety  Thermal Properties
 Reliability  Surface
 Manufacturability  Lubrication
 Utility (electricity, gas. etc)  Marketability
 Cost  Maintenance
 Friction  Volume
 Weight  Liability
 Life  Remanufacturing/resource recovery
4
2014-09-17
Design Tools and Resources

9
 Computational Tools
 CAD (Computer-aided design) software:
Aries, AutoCAD, CadKey, I-deas/Unigraphics, ProEngineer, etc.
 CAE (Computer-aided engineering):
Finite element analysis/method (FEA or FEM):
Algor, ANSYS, MSC/NASTRAN, ABAQUS, etc.
Computational fluid dynamics:
CFD++, FIDAP, Fluent, etc.
Dynamic force and motion in mechanics:
ADAMS, DADS, Working Model, etc.
 Acquiring Technical Information
Libraries, Government sources, Professional societies, commercial vendors,
internet.
Engineer’s Professional Responsibilities

10
 The design engineer is required to satisfy the needs of

customers (management, clients, consumers, etc.) and is
expected to do so in a competent, responsible, ethical, and
professional manner.
 Success in engineering (achievements, promotions, raises, etc.)

may in large part be due to competence but if you cannot
communicate your ideas clearly and concisely, your technical
proficiency may be compromised.
 The design engineer’s professional obligations include

conducting activities in an ethical manner.
5
2014-09-17
Codes and Standards

11
 Standard: a set of specifications for parts, materials, or processes

intended to achieve uniformity, efficiency, and a specified quality.
 Code: a set of specifications for the analysis, design, manufacture,

and construction of something.
 All of the organizations and societies have established

specifications for standards and safety or design codes.
 AA, AGMA, AISC, AISI, ANSI, ASM, ASME, ASTM, AWS, ABMA,
BSI, IFI, I. Mech. E., BIPM, ISO , NIST, SAE, JIS, DIN
Economics
12
 Standard sizes (Table A-17)
6
2014-09-17
Economics
13
 Large Tolerances
Economics
14
 Breakeven points
7
2014-09-17
Economics
15
 Cost estimates:
 Cost per weight
 Number of parts
 Area
 Volume
 Horsepower
 Torque
 Capacity
 Speed
 Various performance ratios
Safety and Product Liability

16
 The strict liability concept of product liability generally

prevails in the United States (laws exist).
 The manufacturer of an article is liable for any damage or

harm that results because of a defect. It does not matter
whether the manufacturer knew about the defect, or even
could have known about it.
8
2014-09-17
The Adequacy Assessment

17
 An adequacy assessment consists of the cerebral, empirical,

and related mathematical modeling steps that the designer
takes to ensure that a given specification set is satisfactory
(suitable, feasible, and acceptable).
 The adequacy assessment draws from the analysis portions of

prior course work.
Uncertainty in Mechanical Design

18
 Composition of material and the effect of variation on properties.

 Variations in properties from place to place within a bar of stock.
 Effect of processing locally, or nearby, on properties.
 Effect of nearby assemblies such as weldments and shrink fits on stress
conditions.
 Effect of thermomechanical treatment on properties.
 Intensity and distribution of loading.
 Validity of mathematical models used to represent reality.
 Intensity of stress concentrations.
 Influence of time on strength and geometry.
 Effect of corrosion.
 Effect of wear.
9
2014-09-17
Uncertainty in Mechanical Design

19
 Methods to address uncertainties:

(1) Deterministic
Design factor or safety factor

Loss of Function Load (Failure Load)
nd 
Maximum Allowable Load
(2) Stochastic
Example
20
10
2014-09-17
Stress and Strength Notations

21
 The designer must allow the maximum stress to be less than the strength by
a sufficient margin so that despite the uncertainties, failure is rare.
 Strength is an inherent property a part, a property built into the part
because of the use of a particular material and process.
S: Strength
Ss: shear strength
Sy: yield strength
Su: ultimate strength
s: normal stress
t: shear stress
Allowable Stress and Strength

22
 The American Institute of Steel Construction has published the Manual of

Steel Construction Allowable Stress Design (ASD).
The relationship between allowable stresses and specified
minimum strengths:
Tension 0.45 Sy<sall <0.60 Sy
Shear tall=0.40 Sy
Bending 0.60 Sy<sall <0.75 Sy
Bearing sall =0.90 Sy
The minimum strength is that at least 99% of the population of values

obtained from all standard material in size range meets. (ANSI-ASTM)
ANSI-ASTM: American National Standard Institute- American Society for
Testing and Materials.
11
2014-09-17
Loads and Forces

23
 The loads or forces are:

F = SWd + SWl + SKFl + Fw + SFmisc
SWd: Sum of the dead loads

SWl: Sum of the stationary or static live loads
Fl: Forces that may cause impact or dynamic loading
K: Service factors in Table 1.2.
Fw: Wind load on the structure
Sfmisc: The effects of earthquakes, hurricanes, or other
extraordinary conditions
Design Factor and Factor of Safety

24
 The AISC method for relating stress and strength is also used in some
other specialized design areas. However, it is not general approach,
since it addresses only specific materials and loadings.
Three Categories of Design:

 The product is made in large quantities justifying elaborate testing
of materials, components, and prototypes in the field.
 The product is made in sufficient quantities to justify a modest
material test program, perhaps as small as ultimate tensile tests.
 The product is made in such small quantities that no testing of
materials is performed at all.
12
2014-09-17
Deterministic Design Factor of Safety

25
The general approach to the allowable load-loss of function load

problem is the deterministic design factor method.
Allowable load =loss of function load/nd
nd=S(loss of function)/s(allowable)=strength/stress
When the stresses are linearly proportional to the loads. For contact stress
problems where stresses are not linearly proportional to loads, the form
changes to
nd=(strength/stress)3 for spheres in contact
nd=(strength/stress)2 for cylinders in contact

Reliability
26
 The reliability method of design is one in which we obtain the

distributions of stresses and the distribution of strengths and
then relate these two in order to achieve an acceptable
success rate.
13
2014-09-17
Units and Preferred Units

27
Newton’s second law, F = ma

(1) U.S. Customary foot-pound-second system (fps) and inch-
pound-second system (ips)
In fps system, the unit of mass is kip = 1000 lbf or 1000 lb
The weight of 1 slug is W= mg = 1 slug ∙32.2 ft/s2=32.2 lbf
The unit of pressure and stress is lbf/in2 = psi (6890 Pa)

28
Newton’s second law, F = ma

(2) The International System of Units (SI: Systeme Internaional
d’Unites) with the base units of kg, m, s. The force is
expressed as
The weight of 1 kg is W= mg = 1 kg ∙9.81 m/s2=9.81 N

The unit of pressure and stress is N/m2 = Pa
14
2014-09-17

29
 192 423.618 50 : correct notation, but should be expressed

as 1.924 ∙105.
 Use of prefixes G, M, k, m, micro (m), n, p
 Prefixes should not be used in the denominators of derived unit

such as N/mm2 →MN/m2.
 Double prefixes should not be used such as mmm → mm.
Calculations and Significant Figures

30
 Usually three or four significant figures are necessary for

engineering accuracy.
 Make all calculations to the greatest accuracy possible and
reports the results within the accuracy of the given input.
 To display 706 to four significant figures:
 706.0, 7.060ⅹ102, 0.7060ⅹ103
 To display 91600 to four significant figures: 91.60ⅹ103
 When d=0.40 in
 pd=3.1(0.40)=1.24in=1.2 in
 pd=3.141592(0.40)=1.256in=1.3 in
15
2014-09-17
Power Transmission Case Study

31
 Assume that a company wishes to provide off-the-shelf speed

reducers in various capacities and speed ratios to sell to a wide
variety of target applications. The marketing team has determined
a need for one of these speed reducers to satisfy the following
customer requirements.
 Notice that the list of customer requirements includes some numerical
specifics, but also includes some generalized requirements, e.g., low
maintenance and competitive cost.
 These general requirements give some guidance on what needs to
be considered in the design process, but are difficult to achieve with
any certainty. In order to pin down these nebulous requirements, it is
best to further develop the customer requirements into a set of
product specifications that are measurable.
Design Requirements
32
 Power to be delivered: 20 hp
 Input speed: 1750 rev/min
 Output speed: 85 rev/min
 Targeted for uniformly loaded applications, such as conveyor belts, blowers,
and generators
 Output shaft and input shaft in-line
 Base mounted with 4 bolts
 Continuous operation
 6-year life, with 8 hours/day, 5 days/wk
 Low maintenance
 Competitive cost
 Nominal operating conditions of industrialized locations
 Input and output shafts standard size for typical couplings
16
2014-09-17
Design Specifications
33
 Power to be delivered: 20 hp
 Power efficiency: >95%
 Steady state input speed: 1750 rev/min
 Maximum input speed: 2400 rev/min
 Steady-state output speed: 82–88 rev/min
 Usually low shock levels, occasional moderate shock
 Input and output shaft diameter tolerance: ±0.001 in
 Output shaft and input shaft in-line: concentricity ±0.005 in, alignment
±0.001 rad
 Maximum allowable loads on input shaft: axial, 50 lbf; transverse, 100 lbf
 Maximum allowable loads on output shaft: axial, 50 lbf; transverse, 500 lbf
 Base mounted with 4 bolts
Design Specifications
34
 Mounting orientation only with base on bottom

 100% duty cycle
 Maintenance schedule: lubrication check every 2000 hours; change of
lubrication every 8000 hours of operation; gears and bearing life
>12,000 hours; infinite shaft life; gears, bearings, and shafts replaceable
 Access to check, drain, and refill lubrication without disassembly or opening
of gasketed joints.
 Manufacturing cost per unit: <$300
 Production: 10,000 units per year
 Operating temperature range: −10◦ to 120◦F
 Sealed against water and dust from typical weather
 Noise: <85 dB from 1 meter
17

سلايدات شابتر 1 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

سلايدات شابتر 1 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2014-09-17

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

DR. MOMEN SUGHAYYER

2014-09-17 ME 351: Machine Design I

 Engineering is the art of applying scientific and

 In other words, engineering is the process of

ME 351: Machine Design I - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2014-09-17

Who are Engineers?

 Engineers are people who use their training in

 sales specialists, and more

ME 351: Machine Design I - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2014-09-17

 Design is an interplay between what we want to achieve and

The designers (mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, etc)

 Know or understand their customers’ needs.

ME 351: Machine Design I - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2014-09-17

Mechanical Engineering Design

 Mechanical engineering design involves all the disciplines of

 It involves fluid flow, heat transfer, friction, energy transport,

 Mechanical design concentrates mostly on loading, stress

ME 351: Machine Design I - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2014-09-17

 The phases of the

ME 351: Machine Design I - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2014-09-17

Design product should be

Design Tools and Resources

Engineer’s Professional Responsibilities

 The design engineer is required to satisfy the needs of

 Success in engineering (achievements, promotions, raises, etc.)

 The design engineer’s professional obligations include

Codes and Standards

 Standard: a set of specifications for parts, materials, or processes

 Code: a set of specifications for the analysis, design, manufacture,

 All of the organizations and societies have established

 Standard sizes (Table A-17)

ME 351: Machine Design I - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2014-09-17

ME 351: Machine Design I - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2014-09-17

ME 351: Machine Design I - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2014-09-17

ME 351: Machine Design I - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2014-09-17

Safety and Product Liability

 The strict liability concept of product liability generally

 The manufacturer of an article is liable for any damage or

ME 351: Machine Design I - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2014-09-17

The Adequacy Assessment

 An adequacy assessment consists of the cerebral, empirical,

 The adequacy assessment draws from the analysis portions of

ME 351: Machine Design I - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2014-09-17

Uncertainty in Mechanical Design

 Composition of material and the effect of variation on properties.

Uncertainty in Mechanical Design

 Methods to address uncertainties:

Design factor or safety factor

ME 351: Machine Design I - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2014-09-17

ME 351: Machine Design I - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2014-09-17

Stress and Strength Notations

ME 351: Machine Design I - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2014-09-17

Allowable Stress and Strength

 The American Institute of Steel Construction has published the Manual of

The minimum strength is that at least 99% of the population of values

ME 351: Machine Design I - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2014-09-17

Loads and Forces

 The loads or forces are:

SWd: Sum of the dead loads

ME 351: Machine Design I - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2014-09-17

Design Factor and Factor of Safety