@)!
@ cu:t
n]8
t'?Gt c;/ gb]lvg] ljif
clxn] klg sl/a $) nfv
afnaflnsf …n]8Ú (Lead) sf]
;Dks{df cfpg] 3/x?df
a:5g\ . ! b]lv % jif{sf %
nfv afnaflnsfx?sf]
/utdf tf]lsPsf] dfqfeGbf
a9L n]8 ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
n]8 s] xf] <
lj1fgdf o;nfO{ Pp6f
…tÎjÚ (element) sf ?kdf
lrgfOPsf] 5 . g]kfnLdf
o;nfO{ …l;;fÚ elgG5 . of]
wft' (metal) xf] .
efG;fdf k|of]u ul/g]
ef8fjt{g jf ‰ofnsf] l;;f
/ oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] l;;f
km/s xf] . ef8f jf ‰ofndf
xfNg] l;;f agfpg Unf;
(glass) sf] k|of]u x'G5 . …n]8
Unf;Ú gfdsf] Unf;df n]8sf]
k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . t/
plQsf] c;'/lIft dflgb}g .
n]8n] s] u5{ <
of] vfg]s'/f xf]Og . of] ljif
klg xf]Og . z/L/df
a9L eP o;n] c;/ u5{ .
z/L/sf k|To]s k|0ffnL -kfrg,
Zjf;k|Zjf;, :gfo', cl:yk~h/
k|0ffnL cflb_ df o;n] c;/
u5{ . o;sf] k|efj tTsfn
n]8 ljif xf] . o;sf] c;/
tTsfn b]lv+b}g . o;sf]
c;/ sd ug{ xfdL ;r]t
eP k'U5 .
b]lvb}g . lj:tf/} b]lvG5 . of]
lj:tf/} dfg]{ ljif xf] . 8fS6/n]
k/LIf0f ubf{ klg s;}sf]
z/L/df o;sf] c;/ Psbd}
Go'g b]lvg ;S5 .
s;nfO{ c;/ u5{ <
n]8;Fu nfdf] ;do;Ddsf]
;Dks{n] hGdg'cl3 ue{sf]
lzz' / hGd]sf ;fgf
gfgLx?nfO{ a9L c;/ u5{ .
o;sf] c;/ ;fwf/0f 6fpsf]
jf k]6 b'Vg'b]lv /utdf /ftf]
/utsf]if sd x'g] ;d:of
…/StcNktfÚ (Anemia) h:tf
;d:of b]lvG5g\ . o;n] ;fgf
gfgLx?sf] dl:tissf] ljsf;
k|efljt kf5{ .
n]8n] z/L/df /utsf] k|jfx
k|efljt kf5{ . o;n] /ftf]
/Stsf]ifnfO{ Wj+z kf5{ .
/utn] clS;hg af]s]/
z/L/sf ljleGg c+udf
k'¥ofpF5g\ . t/ n]8sf sf/0f
cdc.gov
/ut clS;hg af]s]/ hfg
g;Sg] x'G5 . o;n] ubf{
…Pg]ldofÚ -/StcNktf_
x'G5 .
o;sf] csf]{ c;/ xf8x?df
x'G5 . xf8sf] leqL efudf
/ut aGg] u5{ . n]8sf sf/0f
/Stsf]ifsf] lgdf{0f k|efljt
x'G5 . xf8 jf bfFt a9\g /
xf8 alnof] agfpg SoflN;od
rflxG5 . n]8–k|efljt xf8n]
SoflN;od ;f]:g ;Sb}gg\ .
SoflN;odsf] c? sfd
df+zk]zL tGsg jf v'Drg
d2t ug'{sf ;fy} :gfo' -gzf
cflb_ sf] sfddf d2t ug'{
klg xf] .
sxfF a9L kfOG5 <
n]8 ;fdfGotM 3/ agfpg
k|of]u x'g] jf cGo 3/fo;L
;fdu|Lx?b]lv Aof6«Lx?df
kfOG5 . ;g\ !(&) sf]
bzssf] cGTo;Dd agfOPsf
3/x?df n]8–ld;fOPsf]
k]G6 -/+u_ nufOPsf]
kfOG5 . To;kl5 ;/sf/n]
o:tf k]G6df k|ltaGw
nufPkl5 3/x?df n]8 ePsf
k]G6 k|of]u ePsf] kfOFb}g .
af“sL k[i7 @ df
jif{ @ c+s #&
o;leq s] s] <
g c+s 1fg========================@
g s] xf] M k|f]8\o';===============@
g d x'FM s]G6sL=================#
g udL{af6 aRg] pkfo=======#
g gful/s k|Zg–pQ/=========#
g rNtLsf c+u|]hL zAb======$
g cu:tsf rf8kj{===========$
;Dkfblso
7fp“7fp“sf ;d:of
…h]yfcg';f/sf] JoyfÚ g]kfnL
pvfg 5 . hxfF uof], ToxLsf]
1fg lng'kg]{ . ToxLsf] hLjg–
z}nL x'g] . t/ Tof] hLjgz}nLdf
xfdLn] lng'kg]{ 1fg / tf}/–
tl/sfsf] ;"rL eg] nfd} x'G5 .
cd]l/sfdf xfdLn] hfGg'–
kg]{ w]/} ljifodWo] Pp6f xf], …n]8
ljiffSttfÚ . cfw'lgs hLjg–
z}nLdf xfdLn] …n]8Ú h:tf]
/;fogaf/] hfgsf/L lnPgf}+ eg]
o;n] a'Gg] :jf:Yo–;d:ofsf]
hfnf]n] xfd|f] hLjgnfO{ uGhf–
uf]ndf k'¥ofpF5 . of] g]kfn jf
e"6fg h:tf b]zdf eP klg
rf;f] glnPsf] ljifo xf] . xfdLn]
of] ;d:of af]s]/ cfPsf klg
x'g;S5f}+ . ;r]t agf}+ . wGojfb
 To;}n] To:tf 3/df a:g] @
;g\ !(&* cl3 b]lv+b}g .
gfgLx?df n]8sf] k|efj b]lvg' bL3{sflng k|efj
ag]sf 3/df n]8

9
:jefljs xf] . n]8af/] n]8n] afnaflnsfdf kfg]{
;r]ttf gckgfpg] b]zaf6 bL3{sflng k|efj lgDg 5g\ M
cd]l/sf a;fO{+ ;/]sf • xf8 / df+zk]zLsf] j[l4 sd
kl/jf/sf ;b:odf klg n]8sf] x'g' .
;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . • Pp6f df+zk]zLn] csf]{;Fu
n]8 kfOg] cGo j:t' jf ldn]/ sfd u5{g\ . t/ n]8sf]
7fpFx? M k|efjn] ubf{ oLgLx?sf] sfd
• Jo:t ;8s;Fu}sf hdLgdf Ps–cfk;df ldNb}g . ;f];n ;]So'l/6L sf8{ (Social
n]8 kfOPsf] 5 . Tof] UofF;

-uf8Lsf] OGwg_ sf sf/0f
ToxfF k'u]sf] xf] . cd]l/sfdf
clxn] n]8 ldl;Psf] UofF;
k|of]u ul/b}g . n]8sf] k]G6
k|of]u ul/Psf k'/fgf 3/–
j/k/sf] df6f]df klg n]8
kfOg ;S5 .
• kfgL cfpg] cln k'/fgf kfOk
/ wf/fx?df n]8 x'g;S5 .
• n]8 k|ltalGwt gePsf
b]zaf6 cfofltt vfgf
/flvPsf 8Aaf jf cGo
Kofs]lhª ;fdu|Ldf n]8
x'g;S5 .
• v]nf}gf, uxgf, d;L, /+u,
Knf:6/, >[+uf/sf ;fdu|Ldf n]8
x'g;S5 .
cfw'lgs z}nL ckgfpFbf
…n]8Ú cfk;]cfk cfpF5 . xfdL
e"6fg jf g]kfnsf ufpF3/–
df a:Yof}+ / ;fwf/0f vfnsf]
hLjgz}nL ckgfpFYof}+ eg]
o;sf] c;/ sl/a kb}{gYof] .
c;/af6 s;/L aRg] <
;a}eGbf /fd|f] kIf s] xf]
eg] n]8sf] c;/af6 xfdLn]
cfkm"nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg
;S5f}+ . cfkm" a:g] 3/ k'/fgf
eP / tLg jif{eGbf ;fgf] pd]/
df gfgLx?n] cfˆgf] w]/} ;do
3/df latfpg] eP, 8fS6/;Fu
;Nnfx lng ;lsG5 .
;f; tfGbf, lgNbf jf
slxn]sfxL+ 5fnfn] ;f]:bf
n]8 xfd|f] z/L/leq k'U5 .
yf]/} ;dodf w]/} dfqf jf
w]/} ;dodf yf]/} dfqfdf n]8
;Dks{df cfP klg xfdLnfO{
c;/ u5{ .
cdc.gov
;g\ !(&* cl3 ag]sf 3/df
n]8sf] dfqf a9L x'g ;S5 .
xh'/a'af–xh'/cfdfsf 3/ jf
lzz' :ofxf/ s]Gb| (Daycare)
k'/fgf x'g ;S5g\ . o:tf
3/x? n]8 /+ux?n] /+ufOPsf
x'g;S5g\ / n]8sf] c;/ x'g
;S5 jf ;Sb}g eg]/ k/LIf0f
gul/Psf] x'g;S5 .
o:tf 3/df n]8 eP jf
gePsf] k/LIf0f ug{ ;/sf/sf]
:jf:Yo ljefun] d2t u5{ .
k'/fgf] k]G6 pKsg yfn]sf]
eP, htftt} p8\g jf
km}ng lbg'x'Gg . t'?Gt ;kmf
ug'{k5{ .
k'/fgf] k]G6 eP, Tof]
x6fP/ n]8 gePsf] k]G6
nufpg ;lsG5 . k'/fgf]
x6fpFbf / gofF nufpFbf ;fgf
gfgLx?nfO{ cGt n}hfg'k5{ .
cfkm" klg df:s, kGhf nufP/
;'/lIft /xg'k5{ .
a9\bf] pd]/sf ;fgf
gfgLx?nfO{ df6f]df v]Ng
lbg'x'Gg .
;fa'g / tftf] kfgLn]
lgoldt xft w'g'k5{ .
xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ kmnfd
-cfO/g_, SoflN;od, lhª\s
h:tf tÎj cfjZos
x'G5g\ . xfd|f] z/L/leq uPkl5
oL tÎj h;/L xfd|f] km}nG5g\,
To;/L g} …n]8Ú km}nG5 . t/
n]8 eg] xfd|f nflu 3fts
x'G5 . z/L/df k'u]kl5 o;n]
c;/ u5{ . t/ tTsfn
• :gfo' k|0ffnL, d[uf}nf k|efljt
x'G5 . ;'Gg] zlQm x|f; x'G5 /
efiffsf] ;d:of b]vfk5{ .
• pd]/cg';f/ j[l4 x'Fb}g .
gfgL k'8\sf] x'g;S5 .
• d'5f{ kg]{ jf a]xf]; x'g]
-n]8sf] dfqf lgs} a9L ePdf_
pkrf/
/utdf slt dfqfdf n]8
k'u]sf] x'G5, To;}cg';f/
pkrf/ ul/G5 . yf]/} dfqfdf
eP, pkrf/ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
z/L/df yf]/} dfqfdf n]8 ePsf
cj:yfdf ;aeGbf ;l6s
pkfo eg]sf] n]8;Fusf] ;Dks{
36fpg' g} xf] . z/L/n] klg
lj:tf/} n]8nfO{ ˆofFS5 .
z/L/df n]8sf] dfqf 36\5 .
z/L/df a9L dfqfdf n]8
ePsf gfgLx?nfO{ c:ktfn
egf{ ug'{k5{ . n]8nfO{ sdhf]/
kfg]{ cf}ifwL k|of]u u/]/ pkrf/
ul/G5 .
SoflN;od, cfO/g /
le6fldg l; h:tf tÎjn]
n]8 ;f]:g sd u5{g\ . xfdLn]
vfPsf] vfgfx?d} o:tf tÎj
x'G5g\ . t/ vfgfaf6 kof{Kt
k|fKt gx'g] b]lvPdf 8fS6/n]
cf}ifwLsf ?kdf ;]jg ug]{
;Nnfx lbg'x'G5 .
z/L/df n]8 eP klg geP
klg ;fgf gfgLnfO{ 8fS6/sxfF
n}hfg' / k/LIf0f u/fpg'
/fd|f] x'G5 .
3/]n'–pkrf/ k4ltn] eg]
n]8sf] k|efj sd ug{
;lsb}g . 8fS6/s} ;Nnfx
lng'k5{ .
Security Card) cd]l/sfdf
a:g] :yfoL afl;Gbf jf
gful/s ;a}sf] x'G5 . ;f];n
;]So'l/6L sf8{df Pp6f gDa/
n]lvPsf] x'G5 . of] gDa/nfO{
;f];n ;]So'l/6L gDa/ (So-
cial Security Number, SSN)
elgG5 . of] gDa/ dfG5]
lkR5] km/s x'G5 . of] gDa/
( c+ssf] x'G5 . h:tf] M
svu – 3ª – r5hem .
;f];n ;]So'l/6L gDa/ tLg
efudf afF9LPsf] x'G5 .
klxnf] efudf tLg c+s, bf];|f]
b'O{ c+s / t];|f] efudf rf/
c+sx? x'G5g\ .
k|f]8\o';
tkfO{+ t/sf/L lsGg hfg'eof]
eg] t/sf/L kfpg] 7fp“df
k|f]8\o'; (Produce) n]v]sf]
b]Vg'x'G5 . tfhf t/sf/L jf
kmnkm"n h:tf s[lifhGo o:tf
pTkfbgx¿ -pkh, pTkfbg,
afnLgfnL cflb_ nfO{ k|f]8\o';
eGg] ul/G5 . To:tf 7fp“df
k|f]8\o'; zAb ‘gfd’sf ¿kdf
k|of]u ePsf] 5 . t/ cGo
7fp“df k|f]8\o'; zAb lqmofsf
¿kdf ePsf] x'g;S5, To;sf]
cy{ ‘pTkfbg ug'{’ eGg] x'G5 .
 #

udL{af6
aRg] kf“r sfObf
s]G6sL /fHo /fhwfgL jfl;+u6g tyf cGo
s]xL /fHodf o; jif{ w]/}
udL{ eof] . udL{
kf]xf]/ ;fneGbf a9]sf]
5 . udL{df aRg ;]G6;{
km/ l8lhh sG6«f]n PG8
lk|e]G;g, l;l8;L (Centers
For Disease Control And
d cd]l/sfsf] s]G6sL (Kentucky) /fHo x'F . s]G6sLsf] Prevention, CDC) n] o:tf
/fhwfgL ˆo|fª\skm6{ (Frankfort) xf] . of] /fHo blIf0fsf pkfo ckgfpg' eg]sf] 5 M

/fHox¿sf] l;/fglt/ 5 . of] /fHosf] ;Ldf ljleGg ;ft • ;'/lIft 7fp“ M d'Vo
/fHo;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . ;'/lIft 7fpFsf ?kdf Po/
n nn
slG8;lgª (Air condition-
of] /fHo elh{lgof /fHosf] Ps efu lyof] . ;g\ !&(@ df ing) nfO{ lrlgG5 . of]
cd]l/sfsf] !% cf}+ /fHosf ?kdf k|j]z ePsf] xf] .
n nn geP udL{df ga:g'xf];\ .
• k|z:t kfgL M slkm, /S;L
h:tf k]o sd ug'{xf];\ .
k|z:t kfgL lkpg'xf];\ .
ltvf{ nfu'Gh]n gs'g'{xf];\ .
• sk8f rog M udL{df
xNsf / gsl;Psf n'uf
of] /fHonfO{ 3f]8fsf] /fHosf ¿kdf lrlgG5 . s]G6sL
/fHosf] 7"nf] zx/ ‘n'O{leNn’ (Louisville) df d] dlxgfsf]
klxnf] zlgaf/ 3f]8fsf] bf}8 k|ltof]lutf ul/G5 . o;nfO{
;Gtf]if kf]v/]n
cdc.gov
nufpg'xf];\ . sfnf] jf uf9f
/+usf n'uf gnufpg'xf];\ .
• Jofofd ;do M udL{df lx+8\g jf
s;/t ug{ glg:sg'–
xf];\ . lg:s] klg laxfg} jf
;fFem lg:sg'xf];\ .
• tftf] sf/ M tftf] sf/df
ga:g'xf];\ . cfˆgf] 3/kfn'jf
hgfj/ jf s;}nfO{ sf/leq
g5f8\g'xf];\ .

;a}sf clwsf/
gful/s k/LIff (Civic Test) sf] k':tssf yk k|Zg–pQ/ M
!= cd]l/sfsf k|To]s afl;Gbfsf @ clwsf/ eGg'xf];\ . (What are
s]G6sL 8aL{ (Kentucky Derby) elgG5 . of] k|ltof]lutf ;g\ TWO rights of everyone living in the United States?)
!*&% kl5 ul/+b} cfPsf] 5 . – • cleJolQm :jtGqtf (Freedom of expression) .
n nn

s]G6sLsf] csf]{ k|l;4 pTkfbg ‘s]Pkm;L’ (Ken-
tucky Fried Chicken; KFC) xf] . s]Pkm;Ldf
s'v'/fsf] df;' tf/]/ agfOPsf] ljz]if kl/sf/
x'G5.
n nn
of] /fHosf] kmn ‘ANofsa]/L’ (Blackberry) xf] . cd]l/sfsf
leGgfleGg} /fHosf] lkpg] -emf]n_ eg]/ tf]lsPsf] 5 .
s]G6sLsf] k]o ‘b"w’ xf] .
n nn
s]G6sL If]qkmnsf cfwf/df cd]l/sfsf] #& cf}+ /fHo xf] .
cd]l/sfsf #^ /fHo s]G6sLeGbf 7"nf 5g\ . hg;+Vofsf]
lx;fadf of] cd]l/sfsf] @^ cf}+ /fHo xf] . cd]l/sfsf
@% /fHodf oxfFeGbf a9L dflg; a:5g\ .
n nn
of] /fHosf] cUnf] efu ‘ANofs dfpG6]g’ (Black Mountain)
xf] . of] kxf8 $ xhf/ ! ;o $% lkm6 cUnf] 5 .
• jfs :jtGqtf (Freedom of speech) .
• zflGtk"j{s ;ef ug{] :jtGqtf (Freedom of assembly) .
• clwsf/–sfof{Gjogsf nflu ofrgf bfo/ ug{ ;Sg]
:jtGqtf (Freedom to petition the government) .
• wfld{s÷k"hf ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf (Freedom of worship) .
• xltof/ /fVg kfpg] clwsf/ (the right to bear arms) .
oLdWo] s'g} @ pQ/ lbP x'G5 .
-oL clwsf/x? cd]l/sfdf a;f]af; ug]{ ;a}sf nflu xf] .
o:t} clwsf/ kfpg] ePsfn] ljZjsf nfvf}+ dflg; jif]{lg
cd]l/df a;fO{ ;5{g\ . clwsf/afx]s oxfFsf afl;Gbfsf
lhDd]jf/L÷st{Jo klg x'G5g\ . oxfF a:g] / sfd ug]{ JolQmn]
jif{]lg ;/sf/nfO{ s/ a'emfpF5g\ . sfg'gsf] kfngf u5{g\ ._
n ;|f]t – Learn About the United
States : Quick Civics Lessons for the Naturalization Test
 $

c+u|]hL zAb ;"rL ljgf]b ug{', /dfpg', /dfOnf] ug{', laofFlng' .

• an : Ps, k|lt, PSn}, Pp6f .
c+u|]hLdf ;fwf/0f af]nrfn ug{ k'Ug] sl/a # xhf/ zAbx¿dWo]sf] ;ftf}+ ;"rL M • analyse (analyze) : ljZn]if0f ug'{,
5fglag ug'{, ;'Id–k/LIff ug'{ .
efu & • analysis : ljZn]if0f, 5fglag, ;'Id–
• already : clxn] g}, clxn];Dd, clxNo}, • ambition : dxÎjfsf+Iff, clenfiff k/LIff .
cl3af6} . cfsf+Iff, xf};nf, nfn;f, dg;'jf . • anarchy : c/fhstf, cJoj:yf,
• also : klg, tyf, ;d]t, c? . • ambulance : PDa'n]G;, la/fdL af]Sg] /fhljKnj, sfg'glxgtf .
• alter : ;§fdf, abNg', abnLdf . jfxg, /f]uL–jfxg, rn–lrlsT;fno . • ancestor : k"j{h, k"vf{ .
• alternative : j}slNks, ljsNk, cGo, • amend : ;+zf]wg ug'{, ;'wfg'{, ;Rofpg', • ancient : k|frLg, k'/ftg z}nLsf], k'/fgf]
la/fP/, cyjf ;§f, ;f6f] . ;k|g', ;'wfg{', bf]if zf]wg ug'{, ;kfg{' . rng ePsf], e"t, hL0f{ k'/fgf], plxn]sf] .
• although : oBlk, olb, tfklg, x'gtf, • America : cd]l/sf, ;+o'St /fHo jf • and : /, tyf, cf}, c?, Pjd\, ;d]t,
afah"b . ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sfnfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf elgg] clg .
• altogether : ;a} ldnfP/, k"0f{ ?kdf, gfd . • Andy : PG8L -cd]l/sfdf k|rlnt
;j{yf, ;du|, k"/} lx:;f . • ammunition : uf]nf–af?b, c:q– k'?ifsf] Ps gfd_ .
• always : ;bf, ;j{bf, ;b}j, ;w}+, Pstf/, z:q, ;Hhf, vhfgf, u7\7f, uf]nLu7\7f, • anger : qmf]w, /L;, ‰jfFs, sf]k, Iff]e,
lg/Gt/, x/xd]zf, ;bfsfn, /f]lhGbf, xd]zf, xftxltof/, v/–vhfgf, o'4f]ks/0f, o'4 l/;fgL, lr9\ofO, lr9, emf]sÙ /L; p7fpg',
tf/Dtf/, lg/Gt/, x/avt . ;fdu|L . emf]s rnfpg' .
• am : x'F, 5' . • among (also amongst) : df, sf aLrdf, • angle : sf]0f, s'gf .
• amaze : 5Ss kg{', 5Ss kfg{', jfNn dfemdf, cEoGt/df, dWo] . • angry : l/;fPsf], qm'4, s'lkt, hfu]sf],
kfg{', /ge'Nn x'g', lhlNng', cfZro{rlst • amount : dfqf, /flz, /sd, of]u, /f;, emf]lSsPsf], cfuf] ePsf], e't'Ss ePsf],
x'g' . kl/df0f, y}nL, wg, hf]8, pkroÙ s'n x'g', ?7]sf] . .
• ambassador : /fhb"t, s'g} /fi6«n] csf]{ kl/df0f x'g' . • animal : hgfj/, hGt', hLj, kz',
/fi6«df k7fPsf] k|ltlglw . • amuse : dgf]/~hg ug'{, dg axnfpg', k|f0fL . (qmdzM_

hg} k"l0f{df ufO{ h:tf] kf/L

cu:tsf rf8
jif{sf] cf7f}+ dlxgf …cu:tÚ ;fpg !&
df z'? eP/ ebf} !% df ;lsG5 . of]
cjlwsf rf8–kj{ M
/fli6«o xjfO{ ;]gf lbj;
cd]l/sfdf cu:t !^ df /fli6«o xjfO{
;]gf lbj; (National Airborne Day)
dgfOG5 . of] lbj; /fi6«klt hh{ 8An'=
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;dfgtf lbj; (Women’s Equality Day)
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