Lecture04 - Surface Plasmon

08/01/2018
FI 3221 ELECTROMAGNETIC
INTERACTIONS IN MATTER
Alexander A . Iskandar
Physics of Magnetism and Photonics
• Sur face
Plasmon
• Propagation
of Sur face
SURFACE PLASMON Plasmon
• Localized
Plasmon
• SPR
Spectroscopy
Alexander A. Iskandar Electromagnetic Interactions in Matter 2
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08/01/2018
REFERENCES
 Main
▪ S.A. Maier : Section 2.1 – 2.3, 5.1
 Supplementary
▪ J. A. Dionne et.al., Phys. Rev. B72, 075405 (2005)
WAVE EQUATION AT METAL/INSULATOR

INTERFACES
 Consider the x z y
direction as the dielectric
effective propagation
direction and by x
metal
symmetry, there is
no y-dependence.
E( x, y, z , t )  E( z )ei ( x t )
 Substituting to the Maxwell’s eq.s, we obtain
 2 E( z )
 k02   2 E  0
z 2
And similar equation for the H-field.
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INTERFACES
 Consider the two special polarization
▪ TE : with only H x , H z and E y are nonzero
▪ TM : with only E x , E z and H y are nonzero
 For the TE mode, we need to solve only for the E y
field component from the wave equation,
2Ey
z 2

 k02   2 E y  0 
 And, the H x , H z field components can be obtained
from the Maxwell’s eq.
1 E y 
Hx  i , Hz  Ey
0 z 0

INTERFACES
 Similarly, for the TM mode, we need to solve only for
the H y field component from the wave equation,
2H y
z 2

 k02   2 H y  0 
 And, the E x , E z field components can be obtained
from the Maxwell’s eq.
1 H y 
E x  i , Ez   Hy
 0 z  0
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TE SURFACE-WAVE SOLUTION
 Consider the TE mode, solution for region of z > 0 is

E y ( z )  A2 ei ( x  kd z ) , Re[k d ]  0
kd  i x i (  x  k
H x ( z )  A2 e i ( x  k d z ) , H z ( z )  A2 e e d z)
 0  0
 And for region z < 0, we obtain
E y ( z )  A1ei ( x  km z ) , Re[k m ]  0
km  i ( x  k
H x ( z )   A1 e i ( x  k m z ) , H z ( z )  A1 e mz)
 0  0
TE SURFACE-WAVE SOLUTION
 Applying continuity condition to the E y and H x field

components, we arrive at the condition
A1  A2 and A1 k m  k d   0
 Since confinement condition requires that Re[k m ] > 0
and Re[k d ] > 0, the above condition can only be
satisfied with A 1 = 0, which yield a trivial solution.
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TM SURFACE-WAVE SOLUTION
 On the other hand, for the TM mode, solution for

region of z > 0 is
H y ( z )  A2 ei ( x  kd z ) , Re[k d ]  0
kd 
E x ( z )   A2 e i ( x  k d z ) , E z ( z )   A2 e i ( x  k d z)
 d  0  d  0
 And for region z < 0, we obtain
H y ( z )  A1ei ( x  km z ) , Re[k m ]  0
km 
E x ( z )  A1 e i ( x  k m z ) , E z ( z )   A1 e i ( x  k mz)
 m 0  m 0
TM SURFACE-WAVE SOLUTION
 Applying continuity condition to the H y and E x field

components, we arrive at the conditions
kd 
A1  A2 and  d
km m
 Hence confinement condition requires that Re[k m ] > 0
and Re[k d ] > 0, and this can be fulfilled by
Re m   0 if  d  0
 Further, the wave number in each region is given by
k m2  k02 m   2 and k d2  k02 d   2
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SURFACE PLASMON WAVE
 Combining with the

previous condition we have
the following dispersion
relation for the
propagation wavenumber
 m d
  k0
m  d
 This surface wave is called
Surface Plasmon Wave,
that exist only for TM
polarization.
SURFACE PLASMON WAVE
 Plasmons:
▪ collective oscillations of the “free electron gas” density, often at
optical frequencies.
 Surface Plasmons:
▪ plasmons confined to surface (interface) and interact with light
resulting in polaritons.
▪ propagating electron density waves occurring at the
interface between metal and dielectric.
 Surface Plasmon Resonance:
▪ light () in resonance with surface plasmon oscillation
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SURFACE PLASMON DISPERSION

RELATION
 ck x Radiative modes
real 
d  p2 ′m > 0)
m  1 2 real kz (km)
p

1/ 2
Quasi-bound modes
    imaginary 
   m d  d < ′m < 0)
c  m  d  real kz
p
sp 
1 d
k m2  k02 m   2
Dielectric: d
z Bound modes
real 
x imaginary kz
Metal: m = ′m + i″m (′m < d)
″m << 1
Re  (or kx)
SURFACE PLASMON DISPERSION

RELATION
km2  k02 m   2
 Radiative solution (k x and k m real)

lies the left of the light-line. This
happens for  >  p .
 Bound solution (k x real and k m
imaginary) lies to the right of the
light-line.
 Between the regime of the bound
and radiative modes, a frequency
gap region with purely imaginary
 prohibiting propagation exists.
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EXAMPLE OF Ag-SiO2 INTERFACE
Kurva Dispersi - Model Gas Elektron Bebas Kurva Dispersi - Komponen Re[kx] dengan Data Empiris
6 5.82 eV 6
kx'
/ 213 nm
5.5 P  8.85 1015 s 1 5.5 light line
5 5
4.5 4.5 Modus Radiatif 3.73 eV /

(RPP) 332 nm
4 4
Energi (eV)
Energi (eV)
3.5
SP  P 1  2 3.5 Modus Quasi-bound (QB)
3.28 eV /
378 nm
3 3
Modus Terikat 3.44 eV /
2.5 2.5 (SPP) 360 nm
2 2
1.5 Re[kx] 1.5

Im[kx]
1 light line 1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
kx (1/nm) kx' (1/nm)
PROPAGATION LENGTH AND SKIN DEPTH
 For real metals, ″ m is not

negligible, hence  (= k x ) Kurva Propagasi untuk Tiga Konstanta Dielektrik yang Berbeda
will be a complex quantity.

-2
10
-3
 The propagation of surface 10
plasmon wave will be

-4
10
Panjang Propagasi (m)
attenuated. Define 10
-5
propagation length L as 10
-6
RPP
the distance when the 10

-7
intensity has become 1/e 10

-8 SiO2
of the initial intensity. -9

SPP
Udara
Si
10
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
1
L
Lambda Vakum (nm)
2 Im[ ]
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PROPAGATION LENGTH AND SKIN DEPTH

Skin Depth SiO2 Vs. Lambda
2500
 Confinement of the
surface plasmon
2000
SiO2
wave near the 1500
Skin Depth
interface can be
(nm)
1000
360 nm (3.44 eV)
characterize by its 500
skin depth, defined 0

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
as the length d
Panjang Gelombang Vakum (nm)
Skin Depth Ag
when the intensity

0
has become 1/e of -50
the initial intensity. -100

360 nm (3.44 eV)
Skin Depth
1
(nm)
d
-150
Imki  -200 Ag
Alexander A. Iskandar Electromagnetic
-250 Interactions in Matter 18
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Panjang Gelombang Vakum (nm)
Ex DISTRIBUTION AND ENERGY DENSITY
Distribusi Medan Ex, untuk Lambda = 476 nm
0.5
Illumination with  = 476 nm (2.61 eV)

Ex(N/C)
-0.5
Ag
– SPP mode
-1 SiO2
200
100 200
0 150
100
-100 50
z(nm) -200 0
x(nm)
Distribusi Medan Ex, untuk Lambda = 476 nm Distribusi Rapat Energi pada x = 0
200 5
Ag SiO2 Ag
150 4.5
4
100
3.5
50
3
z(nm)
0 2.5
U
-50 2
1.5
-100
1
-150
SiO2 0.5
-200 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
x(nm) z(nm)
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08/01/2018
0.5

Ex(N/C)
-0.5 – SPP mode

Ag
-1
200 SiO2
100 200
0 150
100
-100 50
z(nm) -200 0
x(nm)
200 5
Ag SiO2 Ag
150
4.5
4
100
3.5
50
3
z(nm)
0 U 2.5
-50 2
1.5
-100
1
-150
SiO2 0.5
-200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0
x(nm)
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Alexander A. Iskandar Electromagnetic Interactions in Matter z(nm)
20
0.5

Ex(N/C)
-0.5 Ag – RPP mode

SiO2
-1
200
100 200
0 150
100
-100 50
z(nm) -200 0
x(nm)
200 5
SiO2 Ag
Ag
4.5
150
4
100
3.5
50
3
z(nm)
0 2.5
U
2
-50
1.5
-100
1
-150
0.5
SiO2
-200 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
x(nm) z(nm)
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MULTILAYER SYSTEM
 Similar mode analysis can be made for multilayer

system.
 Field solution for region z > a and z < –a is similar as
before, while field in the region between –a < z < a is
H y ( z )  B1ei ( x  km z )  B2 ei ( x  km z ) , Re[k m ]  0
With the electric field components can be obtained
from the Maxwell’s equations.
MULTILAYER SYSTEM
 Solving the continuity conditions yields two dispersion

relation for k m (symmetric and antisymmetric mode).
 For symmetric configuration (  I =  III =  d ), it is found
 d 
  : L   m k d   d k m tanh  i km   0 Anti-symmetric
 2 
 d 
  : L   m k d   d k m coth  i
k m   0 Symmetric
 2 
These dispersion relations have to be solved
numerically.
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Ex DISTRIBUTION AND FIELD CROSS-SECTION
Profil Medan Listrik Tangensial Untuk Tebal Film = 50 nm, Lambda = 400 nm
1 Ag
0.5 Anti-symmetric mode

Illumination with  = 400 nm
Ex(N/C)
-0.5
SiO2
Ag film thickness 50 nm
-1
400
Propagation length L = 1388.31 nm
200 1500
SiO2
0 1000
-200 500
z(nm) -400 0
x(nm)
Profil Medan Listrik Tangensial Untuk Tebal Film = 50 nm, Lambda = 400 nm Cross-Section Profil Medan E pada x=0, Tebal Film = 50, Lambda = 400 nm
400 1
300 SiO2 0.8

Ag
0.6
200
0.4
100
0.2
z(nm)
0 Ex(z)
0
-100 -0.2
-0.4
-200
-0.6
-300
SiO2 -0.8
-400 -1
0 500 1000 1500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400
x(nm) z (nm)
Ex DISTRIBUTION AND FIELD CROSS-SECTION
Profil Medan Listrik Tangensial Untuk Tebal Film = 50 nm, Lambda = 400 nm
1 Ag
0.5 Symmetric mode

Illumination with  = 400 nm
Ex(N/C)
-0.5
SiO2
Ag film thickness 50 nm
-1
400
Propagation length L = 434.81 nm
200 SiO2 1500
0 1000
-200 500
z(nm) -400 0
x(nm)
Profil Medan Listrik Tangensial Untuk Tebal Film = 50 nm, Lambda = 400 nm Cross-Section Profil Medan E pada x=0, Tebal Film = 50, Lambda = 400 nm
400 1
300 SiO2 0.9
Ag 0.8
200
0.7
100
0.6
z(nm)
Ex(z)
0 0.5
-100 0.4
0.3
-200
0.2
-300
SiO2 0.1
-400 0
0 500 1000 1500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400
x(nm) z (nm)
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08/01/2018
LOCALIZED SURFACE PLASMON
m()
d
 Consider a small metallic sphere ( a <<  ), so that we

can apply a quasi-static approximation, in a region of
constant external electric field E 0 .
 Solve the Laplace equation for the electric potential,
 2  0
 The potential is found to be

3 d
 in   E0 r cos 
 m  2 d
m d cos 
 out   E0 r cos   E0 a 3 2
 m  2 d r
p r m d
  E0 r cos   , p  4 0 d a 3 E0
4 0 d r 3
 m  2 d
 The dipole moment can be written in terms of atomic
polarizability as
 ( )   d
p   0 d  E 0 ,  ( )  4a 3 m
 m ( )  2 d
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08/01/2018
 Note that the atomic polarizability experiences a

resonant enhancement under the condition that |  m +
2  d | is a minimum, which for the case of small or
slowly-varying Im[  m ] around the resonance
simplifies to
Re m ( )  2 d
 This condition is called Fröhlich condition.
Absolute value and phase of the
polarizability α of a sub-
wavelength metal nanoparticle
with respect to the frequency of
the driving field (expressed in eV
units). Here, ε(ω) is taken as a
Drude fit to the dielectric function
of experimental data of silver.
 From the potential, it is easy

to find the field a = 8nm
εd = 1
I = 1 W/cm2
3 d
Ein  E0 ħω = 1.76 eV
 m  2 d
3n(n  p)  p
E out  E 0 
4 0 d r 3
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08/01/2018

εd = 1
I = 1 W/cm2
3 d ħω = 2.43 eV
Ein  E0
 m  2 d
3n(n  p)  p
E out  E 0 
4 0 d r 3

εd = 1
I = 1 W/cm2
3 d
Ein  E0 ħω = 2.88 eV
 m  2 d
3n(n  p)  p
E out  E 0 
4 0 d r 3
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SIZE DEPENDENT SURFACE PLASMON

RESONANCE
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ROMAN TIMES:

THE LYCURGUS CUP AND STAINED-GLASS
 Plasmons of gold nanoparticles in glass reflect
green, transmit red.
 The red color is due to tiny gold particles embedded
in the glass, which have an absorption peak at
around 520 nm.
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08/01/2018
SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE

SPECTROSCOPY

reflectance
prism
0
c angle
prism

SPECTROSCOPY

1
reflectance
prism
0
c angle
evanescent field
evanescent wave: - nearfield standing wave,

- extends about 1/2 ,
- decays exponentially with the distance
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08/01/2018

SPECTROSCOPY

detector
1
reflectance
Au 0
50 nm c o angle
(Kretschmann configuration)

SPECTROSCOPY

detector
1
reflectance
Au 0
c o 1
angle
analyte
To measure: - thickness changes,

- density fluctuation,
- molecular adsorption
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SPECTROSCOPY

SPECTROSCOPY
Reflected intensity / %
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HOMEWORK
 For TE wave propagation at z y

the boundary between the
dielectric
media with given geometry,
show that the magnetic
x
field components can be metal
obtained from
1 E y 
Hx  i , Hz  Ey
0 z 0
 And for TM wave propagation, show that the electric field
components can be obtained from
1 H y 
E x  i , Ez   Hy
 0 z  0
HOMEWORK
 Derive the dispersion relation for the propagation

wavenumber of a surface plasmon
 m d
  k0
m  d
Explain the meaning of this dispersion relation.
20

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08/01/2018

Alexander A. Iskandar Electromagnetic Interactions in Matter 2

Alexander A. Iskandar Electromagnetic Interactions in Matter 3

WAVE EQUATION AT METAL/INSULATOR

WAVE EQUATION AT METAL/INSULATOR

WAVE EQUATION AT METAL/INSULATOR

Alexander A. Iskandar Electromagnetic Interactions in Matter 6

 Consider the TE mode, solution for region of z > 0 is

Alexander A. Iskandar Electromagnetic Interactions in Matter 7

 Applying continuity condition to the E y and H x field

Alexander A. Iskandar Electromagnetic Interactions in Matter 8

 On the other hand, for the TM mode, solution for

Alexander A. Iskandar Electromagnetic Interactions in Matter 9

 Applying continuity condition to the H y and E x field

Alexander A. Iskandar Electromagnetic Interactions in Matter 10

SURFACE PLASMON WAVE

 Combining with the

SURFACE PLASMON WAVE

Alexander A. Iskandar Electromagnetic Interactions in Matter 13

SURFACE PLASMON DISPERSION

SURFACE PLASMON DISPERSION

 Radiative solution (k x and k m real)

EXAMPLE OF Ag-SiO2 INTERFACE

4.5 4.5 Modus Radiatif 3.73 eV /

1.5 Re[kx] 1.5

Alexander A. Iskandar Electromagnetic Interactions in Matter 16

PROPAGATION LENGTH AND SKIN DEPTH

 For real metals, ″ m is not

will be a complex quantity.

 The propagation of surface 10

plasmon wave will be

the distance when the 10

intensity has become 1/e 10

of the initial intensity. -9

PROPAGATION LENGTH AND SKIN DEPTH

skin depth, defined 0

when the intensity

has become 1/e of -50

the initial intensity. -100

Ex DISTRIBUTION AND ENERGY DENSITY

Distribusi Medan Ex, untuk Lambda = 476 nm

Illumination with  = 476 nm (2.61 eV)

Ex DISTRIBUTION AND ENERGY DENSITY

Distribusi Medan Ex, untuk Lambda = 370 nm

Illumination with  = 370 nm (3.35 eV)

-0.5 – SPP mode

Ex DISTRIBUTION AND ENERGY DENSITY

Distribusi Medan Ex, untuk Lambda = 315 nm

Illumination with  = 315 nm (3.93 eV)

-0.5 Ag – RPP mode

 Similar mode analysis can be made for multilayer

 Solving the continuity conditions yields two dispersion

Alexander A. Iskandar Electromagnetic Interactions in Matter 23

Ex DISTRIBUTION AND FIELD CROSS-SECTION

0.5 Anti-symmetric mode

300 SiO2 0.8

Ex DISTRIBUTION AND FIELD CROSS-SECTION

0.5 Symmetric mode

300 SiO2 0.9

LOCALIZED SURFACE PLASMON

 Consider a small metallic sphere ( a <<  ), so that we

Alexander A. Iskandar Electromagnetic Interactions in Matter 26

LOCALIZED SURFACE PLASMON

 The potential is found to be