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DC to DC CONVERTER
(CHOPPER)
• General
• Buck converter
• Boost converter
• Buck-Boost converter
• Switched-mode power supply
• Bridge converter
• Notes on electromagnetic compatibility
(EMC) and solutions.
DC supply
(from rectifier-
DC output LOAD
filter, battery,
fuel cell etc.)
Vcontrol
(derived from
feedback circuit)
• APPLICATIONS:
– Switched-mode power supply (SMPS), DC
motor control, battery chargers
Linear regulator
• Transistor is operated
in linear (active)
mode. + VCEce − IL
+
• Output voltage Vin
RL Vo
Vo = Vin − Vce
LINEAR REGULATOR
Po = I L 2 × RT
or
Po = Vce × I L
Power Electronics and 3
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Switching Regulator
• Transistor is operated
in switched-mode: IL
+ Vce −
– Switch closed:
Fully on (saturated) +
– Switch opened: Vin
RL
Vo
Fully off (cut-off)
−
SWITCHING REGULATOR
– When switch is open,
no current flow in it IL
– When switch is
closed no voltage SWITCH
+
drop across it. Vin
RL Vo
−
DT T
S L
+
Vd D C RL
Vo
S iL
+ vL −
+
Vd RL Vo
D
vL
• This results in
positive inductor Vd − Vo
voltage, i.e: opened opened
closed closed
t
v L = Vd − Vo
+ vL -
• Because of inductive
energy storage, iL S iL +
continues to flow. Vd C RL Vo
D
−
• Diode is forward
biased vL
Vd−Vo
• Current now flows opened opened
(freewheeling) closed closed
vL = −Vo iLmax
IL
iLmin
(1-D)T
t
DT T
iL
Unstable current
iL Decaying current
iL Steady-state current
Imax
IL ∆iL
Imin
Imax
Imin t
0
∆Q = C∆V −
∆Q
o ∆Vo =
C i m ax
iL
Use triangle area formula :
i L= IR
1 T ∆i L
∆Q = V o/R i m in
2 2 2
0
T ∆i L iC
=
8
Ripple voltage (Peak - to peak)0
T∆iL (1 − D )
∴ ∆Vo = =
8C 8 LCf 2
So, the ripple factor,
∆Vo (1 − D )
r= =
Vo 8 LCf 2
Note : Ripple can be reduced by :
1) Increasing switching frequency
2) Increasing inductor size
3) Increasing capacitor size.
Power Electronics and 12
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Basic design procedures
SWITCH L
Lmin= ?
RL
L = 10Lmin
Vd Po = ?
f=? D
(input C Io = ?
D=? ripple ?
spec.)
TYPE ?
Vd C +
S
RL Vo
−
CIRCUIT OF BOOST CONVERTER
iL L D
+ vL −
Vd +
S C
RL Vo
−
v L = Vd Vd
di
=L L v CLOSED
dt
L
t
diL Vd
= Vd− Vo
dt L
diL ∆iL ∆iL
= = i L
∆iL
dt ∆t DT
diL V
= d
dt L DT T t
V DT
(∆iL )closed = d
L
Power Electronics and 16
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Switch opened
iL
D
+ vL -
+
Vd C vo
S
-
v L = Vd − Vo
diL
=L Vd
dt
diL Vd − Vo vL
= OPENED
dt L t
=
dt L
(Vd − Vo )(1 − DT )
(∆iL )opened =
L
Power Electronics and 17
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Steady-state operation
For CCM,
I min ≥ 0 Vd
vL
Vd Vd DT
2
− ≥0
(1 − D) R 2L
D(1 − D )2 TR
Lmin = V d −V o
2 Imax
D(1 − D )2 R
iL
= Imin
2f
Vo Imin
∆Q = DT = C∆Vo
R
Io=Vo / R
Vo DT Vo D
∆Vo = =
RCf RCf ic
∆V D
r= o =
Vo RCf
∆Q
DT T
Power Electronics and 20
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Examples
• The boost converter has the following parameters: Vd=20V,
D=0.6, R=12.5ohm, L=65uH, C=200uF, fs=40KHz. Determine
(a) output voltage, (b) average, maximum and minimum
inductor current, (c) output voltage ripple.
S
D
+
Vd C
L RL Vo
−
S D
+ +
Vd iL vL Vo
− −
S D
+ +
Vd iL vL
Vo
−
−
∆iL ∆iL Vd iL
= = Imin
∆t DT L
V DT
(∆iL ) closed = d Imax
L iD
Switch opened Imin
di
v L = Vo = L L Io=Vo / R
dt
diL Vo
= ic
dt L
∆iL ∆iL Vo ∆Q
= =
∆t (1 − D )T L DT T
Vo (1 − D)T
(∆iL ) opened =
L
Power Electronics and 23
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Output voltage
Steady state operation :
∆ iL (closed ) + ∆ iL (opened ) = 0
Vd DT Vo (1 − D)T
+ =0
L L
Output voltage :
D
Vo = −Vs
1− D
L Boost
D
Vo 1
=
V + Vd 1 − D
S C Vo
∆Vo D
=
d
RL − Vo RCf
D(1 − D ) 2 R
Lmin =
2f
S Buck − Boost
Vo D
D + =−
V C Vo
Vd 1− D
L RL
d
− ∆Vo D
=
Vo RCf
(1 − D) 2 R
Lmin =
2f
Power Electronics and 27
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Control of DC-DC converter:
pulse width modulation (PWM)
Vo (desired)
+ Vcontrol Switch control
signal
Vo (actual) Comparator
-
Sawtooth
Waveform Sawtooth
Waveform
Vcontrol 1
Vcontrol 2
Switch
control
ton 2 signal
ton 1
T
• Disadvantages
-Complex design
-EMI problems
• Types of SMPS
-Flyback
-forward
-Push-pull
-Bridge (half and full)
Base/
PWM error
gate
Controller Amp
drive
V1 V2 Ideal model
− −
i1 N1 N2 i2
+ +
Lm Model used for
V1 V2
−
most PE application
−
+
C R Vo
Vd LM
−
iD
iS i 1 N1 N2
+
+ − + vD −
iLM v2 iC iR Vo
v1
Vd +
− −
+ vSW − i2
diLm
v1 = Vd = Lm
dt
diLm ∆iLm ∆iLm Vd
= = =
dt dt DT Lm
(
∆iLm
closed
=)Vd DT
Lm
On the load side of the transformer,
N2 N2
v2 = v1 = Vd
N1 N1
N2
v D = −Vo − Vd < 0, i.e. diode turned off
N1
Therefore,
i2 = 0 and i1 = 0
Power Electronics and 33
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Switch opened
iD
N1 N2
+ +
−
iLM v1 v 2 = − VS Vo
Vs − + −
+ vSW −
N1
v1 = −Vo
N2
But v2 = −Vo
N1 N
v1 = v2 = −Vo 1
N2 N2
diL m N1
v1 = Lm = −Vo
dt N2
diL m ∆i L m ∆iL m − Vo N1
= = =
dt dt (1 − D )T Lm N 2
Vd DT Vo (1 − D )T N1
− =0
Lm Lm N2
D N2
Vo = Vd
1− D N1
Ps = P0 Vs
V0 2 v1
Vd I s =
R
I s is related to I Lm as : -V(N 1 /N 2 )
I Lm DT
Is =
T
( )
= I Lm D
i Lm
∆ iLM
Solving for I Lm
is
V02
( )
Vd I Lm D =
R
t
2
V0
I Lm =
Vd DR iD
I Lm can written as :
2 iC
Vd D N2
I Lm =
(1 − D ) 2 R N1
DT T − V o/ R t
V0 N2
=
(1 − D ) R N1
SW1 SW3
Lx
+ + +
NS vx Vo
C R
− −
vp
VS
NS
−
SW4 SW2
SW1,SW2
DT T
SW3,SW4
T T
+ DT
VP 2 2
VS
-VS
Vx
NS
VS
NP
DT T T T
+ DT
2 2
• Output Voltage
Ns
Vo = 2Vs ⋅D
Np