UNIT 4 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE

PLANE PIN-JOINTED TRUSSES

Structure
4.1 Introduction
Objectives
4.2 Internal and External Indeterminacy in Pin-Jointed Trusses
4.2.1 Internally Indeterminate Pin-JointedTrusses
4.2.2 Externally Indeterminate Pln-JointedTmses
4.2.3 Method of Consistent Deformabons

4.3 Lack of Fit in Redundant Members (Internally Indeterminate Trusses)

4.3.1 Lack of Fit and Member Stresses Caused
4.3.2 Sign Convention
4.3.3 Thennal Stresses
4.4 Externally Indeterminate Trusses
'

4.4.1 Lack of Fit -Thermal Stresses

4.4.2 Support Movements
4.5 Internally Indeterminate Trusses subjected to External Loads
4.6 Externally IndeterminateTrusses subjected to External Loads
4.7 Pin-Jointed Trusses with more than One Redundancy
4.8 Summary
4.9 Key Words .
4.10 Answers to SAQs

4.1 INTRODUCTION
You have already studied about staticalIy determinate plane pin-jointed trusses in your
Strength of Materials (ET 502 A - Block 1, Unit 1) and Engineering Mechanics (ET 202
A - Block 3, Unit 10) courses. You have learnt there how to find the reactions at supports
and the forces in the truss members under a given external loading. You also know that
the number of members (m) in such trusses are given by following equation : .

where n is the number of joints (or node points) of the truss.

You have been told that if the number of members, m < 2n - 3, then the truss is
geometrically unstable and cannot be termed as a safe load-bearing structure. But what
will happen if the number of members, m > 2n - 3 ? The truss will be perfectly stable
and safe, but you will not be able to find the forces in all the members of the truss either

(x -
by the method of joints (ET 502 A - Section 1.4) or by the method of sections (ET 502 A
- Section 1.5) or in fact by any method of statics. Why ? Statics provides you only 2n
equations H 0 and V = 0 at each joint), out of which 3 equations are
consumed in determining the three external reactions; hence, we are left with only 2n.- 3
effective equations for determining the member forces, which here is less than the
number of unknowns, i.e. m.
Therefore, you need an additional number of m - (2n - 3) equations from other sources
for solving the force equations completely. Such trusses are called statically
indeterminate trusses and need special techniques for solving them which will be
explained in this unit.

Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to
recognise statically indeterminate pin-jointed trusses, and
analyse such trusses, i.e. to find out the support reactions and the forces in the
members of such trusses.
 I
Rolling Loads and Before continuing with the subject matter of this unit, you are advised to thoroughly
Muence Lines
revise Unit 1 and Unit 10 of "Strength of Materials" and "Engineering Mechanics7'
courses respectively.

4.2 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL INDETERMINACY IN

PIN-JOINTED TRUSSES
4.2.1 Internally Indeterminate Pin-Jointed Trusses
Figure 4.1 shows a few pin-jointed trusses which are statically indeterminate. The truss
shown in Figure 4.1 (a), the number of joints (n) is five whereas the number of members
' (m) is 8. Obviously, m m 22 - 3; left side of the inequality being 8 and right side 7.
Hence, the truss is statically indeterminate, the degree of indeterminacy (or redundency)
being m - (2n - 3) = 8 - 7 = 1 and is denoted by the letter Xi .

(b)
Figure 4.1 :Internally Indeterminate Trusses

Next looking at the Figure 4.1 (b), it is easily seen that the number of members m = 15,
and number of joints n being 8, the quantity 2n - 3 = 13; and hence, the degree of
indeterminacy, Xi = 15 - 13 = 2. Such indeterminate trusses are called internalty
indeterminate.
Thus,,the degree of indeterminacy (Xi) is given by

4.2.2 Externally Indeterminate Pin-Jointed ~ r u s s e s

%
There is also a class of pin-jointed trusses, which is called externally determinate,
shown in Figure 4.2. When you examine the trusses you will find thqt the number of
members (m) satisfy Eq. (4.1), i.e. m = 2n - 3; still, if you proceed to solve it, you will
not be able to determine all the support reactions. And if the support reactions are
indeterminate the joints equations cannot be solved and the forces in the members cannot
be determined.
What is the reason ? Looking at Eq. (4.1), you will recall that the number 3 on the right
hand side of the equation denotes the number of &own support reactions (r) that can
be determined from the three equations of statics available for a plane force system in
equilibrium.
They are as follows :

(i) c F, = 0; (ii) c Fy = 0; (iii) cM z 0

Thus, if the number of support reactions (r) is three, they can be determined from
equations of statics as in the case of the truss of Figure 4.2 (a).
In Figure 4.2 (b) the number of unknown reactions (r) are four. Since there is only one
member at D, the reaction can be only in the direction of its axis DE.-The reaction at C
(roller support) is always perpendicular to the roller, and the reaction at A (immoveable
pin-joint) can have both horizontal and vertical components. Thus, the statically
determinate truss EABC is acted upon by four unknown reactions. These four external
support reactions cannot be determined from the three-equation set given in Eq. (4.3) and
you cannot proceed with the analysis of the truss. Hence, the truss is statically
indeterminate externally.
Thus, the degree of indeterminacy
 In case of the truss shown in Figure 4.2 (c), the tot4 number of external reactions from Statically Indeterminate
Plane Pin-JointedTrusses
the supports r = 5, hence, the degree of indeterminacy

Figure 4.2 :Externally Indetenninate Tmsses

A pin-jointed truss can be indeterminate both internally and externally as in the case
shown in Figure 4.2 (d).
On examination, you will find that
Internal indeterminacy, Xi = m - (2n - 3)

External indeterminacy, X, = r - 3

Total indeterminacy, X, = 2 + 1 = 3

4.2.3 Method of Consistent Deformations

In case of both the types of statically indeterminate trusses, external or internal, we have
to use special strategies to solve them. The, one which is indicated here in this unit for
analysing such trusses, is known as the "Method of Consistent Deformations" and is
' based on the following simple principle :
"The absolute deflection of any point in a statically determinate truss, or the
relative displacement (or deformation) between any two of its nodes, under a given
loading is further affected by the presence or insertion of extra (redundant)
members in the truss or by adding extra (redundant)supports to it. However; this
latter change is consistent wirh the geometry of the truss (or the movement of the
supports, if any)."
'
, Before explaining the application of this principle to actual problems, let us know how
these redundant members are added to a statically determinate truss and the difficulties
that are faced during such a "fitting".
!
I
I 4.3 LACK OF FIT IN REDUNDANT MEMBERS
I (INTERNALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSSES)
I
4.3.1 Lack of Fit and Member Stresses Caused
Consider the statically determinate pin-jointed truss shown in Figure 4.3 (a). As the truss
is formed by the two triangles DAC and BAC, the lengths of the sides of which are fixed,
the apex points A, B, C, D are absolutely fixed in space, so that the distance BD is also
Rolling Loads and fixed (say, 5 m). Now, if you want to fit in an additional member B'D' between these
Influence Lines
points B and D, it should be exactly of this length, i.e. 5 m long. However, if the member
~ ' D ' i hs mm too small as in Figure 4.3 (b), it will have to be pulled out before fitting in
place thereby introducing a tensile force Tin it [Figure 4.3 (c)] which by virtue of its
connection to the main truss will cause a pair of forces T acting at B and D along BD as
shown in Figure 4.3 (d).
Therefore, the addition of a misfit member BD as at Figure 4.3 (c) will have following
two effect-components; [Figure 4.3 (d) and Figure 4.3 (e)] :
(a) At Figure 4.3 (d), the pair of forces T acting at joints B and D of the truss will
cause the joints B and D to move towards each other by an amount ABD, say.
(b) At Figure 4.3 (e), the pair of tensile forces T acting on the elastic member B'D'
T1
will extend it by an amount- ,where 1 and A are the length and cross .
AE
sectional area of BD respectively and E is modulus of elasticity of the material.

By the principle ofconsistent deformations, the total effect of these two movements will
be to bridge the initial gap of h between the member B'D' and the distance BD.
In other words,

The Eq. (4.5) is also called a condition of geometrical compatibility.

Here, it may be noted that any lack of fit in a member of a statically determinate truss
will not introduce any stress in it. For example, if the member AB of the truss shown in
Figure 4.3 (a) is a few mm too small or too large, it will adjust itself to form a slightly
different triangle with very little angular changes and hence, there is little change in the
geometry of the truss. It will not cause any change in length of any other member of the
truss and hence, no stresses are introduced in them. Whereas the introduction of a
iedundant member as in Figure 4.3 (c) will cause a displacement of all the joints of the
truss, causing changes in length of all the members. These changes in length, however,
small will cause strains of the members resulting in stresses or axial forces in the
members. Such a truss will be called a self-straining truss. As the axial force are not
caused by any external loads and the supports are free to move, it will nut create any
reactions at supports. Thus, the support reactions VD,HD and V, will all remain zero.
If you refer to Section 10.6 of the Strength of Materials (Block 2), you will find that the
deflectionldeformation Ap at a point P in a particular direction due to a load system is
given by Ap =
(E}
- where F are the axial forces in the truss members due to the
 Statically Indeterminate
external load system, and k are the axial forces in the corresponding truss members due to Plane Pin-JointedTrusses
a unit load acting at P in the required direction. Hence, the relative displacement A B ~
between the points B and D is similarly given by, x(E} - where F are member forces
due to the loads T acting at B and D as shown in Figure 4.3 (d) and k will be member
forces due lo unit loads placed at the same points and acting in the same direction, i.e. for
T = 1.
As we do not know the magnitude of the forces T, the following method is adopted.
Apply a pair of unit forces T = 1 kN at the points B and D and find the relative deflection
tiBD due to this unit load. As the truss materiql is linearly elastic, the deflection ABD due
to unknown loads Twill be proportional to it and will be equal to T x tiBD . Here, it may
be pointed out that in this case, both the external and deflection load systems being
identical, F forces and k forces are also identical, hence, ~ A B= 21
-
AE '

Thus, we have,

Substituting this in Eq. (4.5), we get,

It gives

As all the quantities on the right hand side (RHS) of the

- Eq. (4.7) is known, T can be
x
h+l
determined. For easy calculation of the quantity - you have to apply the method
AE '
given in Section 10.3 (Strength of Materials, Block 2) where all the quantities are laid out
in a tabular form. For calculating the forces F or k, you can apply either the methods of
joints or method of sections for calculating the forces h truss members.
Example 4.1
The cross-sectional area of members AB, BC, CD and DA of the pin-jointed truss
shown in Figure 4.4 (a) is 1250 mm2 each, and that of diagonal members AC and
BD, it is 625 mm2 each. The member BC is found to be 2.5 mm too short before
fitting in place.
)r
Find the forces in the members of the truss, if modulus of elasticity of the material
is 200 lcN/mm2.

(a) with *sfit (b)Primary Structure (c) k-forre System (d) Flinal Member
Member F o m s (in IrN)
I
1 Figure 4.4
Solution
Here, in this problem, it can be easily seen that the m s s is externally determinate

L
but internally indeterminate (indeterminacy Xi = 1). By removing the misfit
Rolbing Loads and member BC, it is converted into a statically determinate primary structure as
Influence Lines
shown in Figure 4.4 (b).
'
Now, the step-by-step methodology is as follows :
(i) If the member BC is forced fit into the place, the unknown tepsile forces Tact
at B and C along BC. Assuming the value of this force T = 1, the truss is
analysed to find the member forces k in the truss members due to this and is
shown in Figure 4.4 (c).
(You are advised to check the calculations yourself.)
(ii) The values of the quantities k, I and A for all the members of the primary truss
are tabulated in Table 4.1. (E being constant for all the members is not tabulated
separately.)
Table 4.1

s - Final Forces
Axial
1 sA-p E ~~oinm ( k ) k21
- (in kN>

4 a
r.5
mm Members
AE P = kxT
P = k x 27.492

Substituting the values in Eq. (4.7),

Thus, we get,
2.5 200 = 27.492 LN (tensile)
T =
18.1868

(iii) Thus, the force in the redundant member BC is 27.492W (tensile). The force
in the other members of the truss is T times k. This is calculated in the last
column of Table 4.1 and shown in Figure 4.4 (d). You are required to verify all
these calculations independently. (You must take care to convert all the forces
and dimensions etc. to the same system of units, e.g. kN and mm here.)
4.3.2 Sign Convention
In the above discussion, tensile forces are considered as positive and compressive forces
as negative. This sign convention is also followed in the direction of arrows shown in
member force diagrams. Here, in the case of shorter members' lack of fit, h is positive. If
the misfit member is longer than the actual distance, it has to be compressed before
actually 'fitting' in place, In such cases, h will have negative sign and T then will have
negative sign denoting compressive stress in it. n e sign of all the member forces will be
now reversed. Students are advised to follow a consistent sign convention in all cases.
 Statically Indeterminate
5:iQ il
..-
.
blr~tlthe forccs ill the members of thr' [rus.; shown ir~Fiyi~r;,-l,.i;,il :lie ! ? I \ ~ ? : ~ I ~ , ~ I - S i :
Plane Pin-JointedTrusses

is I mrn I t - ~ i )$?up, Ail thtl mcnlbcrs <!L lire truss have !he .;;:nlc. c!.i>S':,xil(,ti!;l,l,i! :!:.Y.,
o f i000 moi- tl~ltl1~1lglh ol the ~ncnlhcrsAB, F3C:. C:i, all(! DA ; j f i l -1 11, c ; ~ ~ ,ai!iLh :ii~.
;uiglcs art2 right aliglcs. Takc E = 200 kN/!?\nlL.

4.3.3 Thermal Stresses

If a correctly-fitted statically indeterminate pin-jointed truss is heated or cooled
uniformly (all the members together), no internal stresses or strains are set in, as the
changes in length are all geometrically proportional. However, if only one or a few out of
all the members are heated or cooled, there will be a differential change in the geometry
of the figure and proceeding on the same arguments as put forth in Section 4.3.1, there
will be changes in lengths of the members. Thus, there will be internal stresses induced in
the members (similar to those caused by "lack of fit"). This condition will continue as
long as the temperature differential is maintained, and the stresses set in may be called
"thermal stresses". It may be recalled that no stresses will be set up in a statically ,
determinate truss, as the joints while freely moving in space can adjust to the minor
change without any changes in length of other members of the truss.

Figure 4 6 :Thermal Stresses

Referring to Figme 4.6 (a); imagine that b e statically indeterminate truss is of correct
shape and size and stress-free under normal temperature. Now, if one of the members, AC
for example, is heated it will cause the negative movement of the joints A and C away
i'rom each other, but as these are apexes of triangles fixed in space, it will cause changes
in the length of the members meeting at these joints, producing a strained condition as
shown in Figure 4.6 (b), which in turn will induce stresses in the members of the truss.
The member AC after heating has become actually longer by an amount crtl (where
a =coefficient of linear expansion of the material, t = temperature rise, and 1 = length of
the member) but has been forced to fit within a smaller length and hence, compressive
stresses will be set witbin it as shown in Figure 4.6 (c). On the other hand, if the member
is cooled as in Figure 4.6 (d), it becomes shorter in length and is thus, under tension
Rolling Loads and while fitted in place. So the problem can be solved by the methods similar to that given in
Influence L i
Section 4.3.1. The only difference is that the lack of fit, h is replaced by the amount of
change in length in the member, i.e. atl.
The sign is negative for rise in temperature (heating) and positive in the case of fall in
temperature (cooling).
Following example will make the discussion clear.
Example 4.2
If the top chord member BC of the truss shown in Figure 4.7 (a) is heated by a
temperature rise of 4oWc,find the member forces caused in the truss.
Take coefficient of linear expansion of the material, a = 0.000012/°C and modulus
of elasticity of the material, E = 200 k N h 2 .

(a) Trusa with Heated (b) Free Thermal (c) Primary Structure and (d) Final Member
Member BC Expansion k-force System Forces (in kN)

Figure 4 7
Solution
Imagine the member BC as the redundant member and let it be first removed from
the place, heated by 40°C,so that the increase in its length is now as follows :
at1 = 0.000012 x 900 x 40 = 0.432 mm [Figure 4.7 (b)].

If we now place it back in position between the joints B and C, we have to

compress the member which when released tends to push the joints away by forces
as shown in Figure 4.7 (c).
The problem from this point onwards will become identical with that of given
Example 4.1 except that the lack of fit, h is replaced by the thermal expansion at1
which is 0.432 mm as calculated above. The sign will be negative as the member
has become too large. Hence, the Eq. (4.7) modifies to as under :

0.432 x 200
giving T=- = - 5.159 kN (compressive)
17.4668- 0.72
The forces in other members can be calculated with the help of the relationship, i.e.
P = kT = - 5.159k or can be solved by the method of joints substituting the value of
Tin the self-strained truss.
SAQ 2
What will happen in the case given in Example 4.2, if member AC is cooled bv
30°C ? Find all the member forces due to this effect.
I
4.4 EXTERNALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSSES
_
statically Indeterminate
Plane Pin-Jointed Trusses

4.4.1 Lack of Fit - Thermal Stresses

In the examples of Section 4.3, we have analysed the cases of pin-jointed trusses which
are statically indeterminate internally only (but externally the reactions are determinate).
What will happen in the case of trusses which are externally indeterminate, i.e. r > 3 ? In
such cases also as the apex points of the truss polygons are all fixed in space, any 'lack of
fit' in a member, or its expansion/contraction due to heatingkooling will cause
self-straining of the structure and introduces stresses in the members. In addition, any
movement or yielding of the supports will also cause change in the lengths of the truss
members resulting in stresses being induced in them. However, reactions will be set-up at
the supports due to these actions as the supports are restrained to move. Wheareas in the
case of internally indeterminate trusses, no such support reactions will he produced. This
is an important point of difference between the two. If the number of support reactions
are r, the external indeterminacy of the truss is, Xe = r - 3. Thus, we shall need ( r - 3)
equations of compatibility to solve such trusses. These will be provided by applying the
principle of consistent deformations.
In the following examples, the problem of self-strained externally indeterminate trusses
are analysed using the method of consistent deformations.
Example 4.3
The top chord members of the pin-jointed truss shown in Figure 4.8 (a) are
subjected to a temperature increase of 35OC. Determinate the forces in the truss
members.
Take modulus of elasticity, E = 210 k ~ l r n r nand
~ coefficient of linear expansion,
a = 0.000012 O C .
All members have cross-sectionalirea of 6250 mm2 except the vertical member
AC which is 3125 rnm2 in area.

(a) fhrs (b) Primary Stmcture (c) Horizontal Movement of Support

k+ll Mm+sioas in mm) D due to Heating of AB and AD

(d) Horizontal Movement of (e) Unit Horizontal Force, HD= 1 (0Final Member Forces and
Support D due to Force, HD = X (k-forces in Primary Structure) Support Reactions (i IdY)

Figure4.8 '

6olution
Step 1 You can easily verify that internally the truss is determinate as we get,
Xi= m - ( 2 n - 3 ) = 5-[(2x4)-31 = 0.
Externally, the reactions are four, namely VB , HB, and VD ,HD as both
the supports B and D are immovable. Hence, external indeterminacy is
as follows :
Xe = r - 3 = 4 -'3 = 1 [Figure 4.8 (a)].
93
Rolling Loads and Step 2 Remove one of the support constraints to make the structure statically
Muence Lines
determinate. Here, the horizontal constraint at D is removed, making
the support on rollers as shown in the "Primary Structure" given in
Figure 4.8 (b).
Step 3 If the top chord members AB and AD are now heated, their lengths will
change and all the joints except the fixed support point B will move.
Let the point D (onrollers) now move to D' so that the horizontal
movement DD' = A$ [Figure 4.8 (c)].
Step 4 Now we will apply a horizontal force X at D ( its values is not known
as yet), so that the point D' comes back to D ; that is the movement of
D in Step 3 is neutralised.
If this movement of point D due to for$ X is called A$ ,then by the
principle of consistent displacements [Figure 4.8 (d)], we get,

A$ + 0 (4.8)

as there has not, been any horizontal movement of support D.

Step 5 Now referring to Section 10.6 (Strength of Material, Block 2) if k are
the member forces in the truss due to a unit horizontal load acting at D
in the positive direction, i.e. towards right +.
Then, A$ = x k 6 1
where 61 are the thermal movements and is equal to all.
Also the horizontal displacement A 5 due.to force X is equal to X. 66 ,
where 6b is a similar displacyent due to a known unit load in the
direction of X. 'But you know that

6b = x-
21
AE
and A 5
$1
= X Z-
AE

Substituting these values in Eq. (4.8), we get,

Table 4.2
 From Table 4.2, we get Statically Indeterminate
, Plane Pin-JointedTrusses

We know,

13.106 x 210
It gives, X =- = - 87.74 kN ( t towards left)
I
31.368
Negative sign is given to thermal movement 61, as due to heating the
member becomes longer than normal (Section 4.3.3).
Step 6 The k-forces in the members are shown in th&Figure 4.8 (e). The k61
21
and -values for all the truss members are tabulated in Table 4.2 and
AE
the final value of X is calculated as - 87.74 kN in Step 5. The negative
sign shows that the unknown horizontal reaction at D is 87.74 kN and
acting towards left. Finally, the other reactions and member force are
shown in Figure 4.8 (f) as calculated by equation of statics, which you
should verify yourself using any of the methods for solving a truss, say
method of joints.

SAQ 3
If the member AC o f the truss shown in Figure 4.8 (a) is 3 rn!c*t,)i!:.:tni~llbefore
I'irting in place, find the support reaction and forces in h e uuss ~neitibers.iisc the
sania data as given in Exa~nple4.3.

4.4.2 Support Movements

In an externally indeterminate truss, the movements of any of the supports against a
constraint will cause a deflection of that point in the direction of motion. As all the nodal
pqints and member lengths are fixed this movement will induce reaction at tlle supports
and self-straining of the truss members. Thus, there will be forces introduced in the
members, although there may not be any external loads.

(a)Externally Redundant Truss (bf Settlement at Support D (c) ‘‘Primary Truss" with Unit
Vertical Load at D

Figure 4.9
The pin-jointed truss shown in Figure 4.9 (a) is internally determinate as we get,

but externally indeterminate as there are four support reactions, namely VB , Vc , VD , HB

L
Hence, external indeterminacy, X, = r - 3 = 4 - 3 = 1.
Rolling Loads and Now if the support at D moves vertically to D' (due to a soil settlement etc,) such that
Influence Lines
DD' = A then, the 1engths.of the members of the truss will change as the points A and C
will move to A' and C' as shown in Figure 4.9 (b) and thus, there will be {tresses induced
in the members. Also an unknown vertical reaction X will be produced at support D. This
in turn will cause reactions to be produced in the direction HB , Vg and V c which of
course, can be expressed in terms of X (by using the equations of statics).
Here, again you can take the help of principle of consistent deflections to find the
-own force X which simply states that the vertical truss deflection due to force X must
be equal to the known settlement A, i.e.

But hTt = X x 6rt where 6Tt is the vertical deflection at D due to a unit vertical
load X = 1 applied at D to the statically determinate primary truss of Figure 4.9 (c). If k
are the member forces produced in the various truss members due to this unit load, then
we get,

Thus, we have,

Hence, we get,

This process is explained stepwise in Example 4.4.

Example 4.4
The support c of the truss in Figure 4.10 (a) settles down by 5 mrn. Find the
support reactions and member forces in the truss due to this settlement. All the
members of the truss have the same cross-sectional area (A) of 15 cm2 and
modulus of elasticity ( E ) of 210 kN/rnm2.

(a) Externally Redundsd Truss

with Support Settlement at C

(c) k-forcesin Primary Structure doe to (d) Final Member Forces & Reactiolrp
Unit Load pt C due to 5 mm Settlement at C
Solution Statidly Lndetenninate
Plane Pin-JointedTrusses
Step 1 The truss shown in Figur 4.10 (a) is internally determinate but
externally, the four reactions, namely VB , VC , VD and HB form an
indeterminate system. Assume the reaction at C as indeterminate so
that Vc = Xis acting downwards. The primary structure is shown in
Figure 4.10 (b).
Step 2 Apply a downwards unit load to act at C. Calculate the reactions and
k-forces in the members of the truss [Figure 4.10 (c)].
$1
Step 3 All the parameters, i.e. 1, A, E, k, - values are entered in tabular
AE
form as given in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3

ig sa
3:
Area
(A)
(mm2)
E k -
k21
AE
P=kX

AB 4 0 0 0 a Constant Constant 2000 ~ A E - 95.54

--
1
a
AC 4000
AD 4 0 0 0 a *'
8
u
i
w
- 224
'

'
+1

--1
43
40WAE
~ W O ~ / A E
+ 135.11
- 95.54

+67.56
BC 4000
+-21 100WAE ,

BD 4000
+-21 100WAE + 67.56

From Table 4.3, we get,

Step 4 Substituting the value in Eq. (4.10), we get

AAE
which is the support reaction Vc acting downwards.
By symmetry, and considering vertical equilibrium, we get,-

Step 5 Now, we can solve for the member forces by the method of joints as in
Figure 4.10 (d) or from the equation P = kX = 135.11k where k are
the member forces in col. 5 of Table 4.3. This is calculated in col. 7.
In Sections 4.3 and 4.4, you have seen that in statically indeterminate pin-jointed trusses
(whether the redundancy is external or internal), the stresseslaxial forces will be caused
merely due to movement of supports, small lack of fit in any member, or even by thermal
movements (heatinglcooling). These stresses do not need any external loading as its
cause. However, such is ngt the case for statically determinate pin-jointed trusses. The
small lack of fit or slight support movements, hardly affects the geometry of such trusses.
No stresses or strains are produced in them. This is an important point of'difference
between the two classes of structure.
111 the next section, we shall learn how to analyse statically indeterminate trusses
subjected to external loads.
Rolling Loads and
Intluence L i e s
Sb4Q 1
Wh;lt wlll be the support rsactions and forces in the va~iousmembers ot h e truss
111 F ~ ~ u4.8
r c (a) if the support D niovcs hor~zontallyaway from B by 3 mi ?

4.5 INTERNALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSSES

SUBJECTED TO EXTERNAL LOADS -
The most commonly met cases are those where statically indeterminate structures are
subjected to external loads. Figure 4.11 (a) is one such case where an internally
indeterminate truss (indeterminacy, Xi = 1) is subjected to a system of external loads P I ,
P2, P3 etc.

(a) Statically Iodetenninate (b)Primary Structure (c) Primary Structure with (d) Foree (T) in
- TRlsswithExternal with External Laads Indeterminate Foree T Redundant Member C1
Loads (F-force System) (k-force System)

Figure A l l
The structure is first converted into a primary structure after removing the redundancies.
Here, Figure 4.1 1 (b) can be taken as primary structure where bar CF of the original
structure is taken as the redundant member and is removed.
The indeterminate problem of Figure 4.11 (a) can be broken up into three determinate
components shown in Figures 4.11 (b), (c) & (d) and each one can be analysed separately.
Subsequently, the three can be connected together by a compatibility condition.
(i) In Figure 4.1 1 (b), the primary structure is subjected to the given external loads
P I , P2 and P3 and the member forces F are calculated. The movement AcF
between the joints C and F is also computed.
Fkl
It may be recalled that AcF = where k are the forces in the truss
members due to a pair of unit loads acting at C and F along CF. In other words,
k-forces are the forces in the primary structure due to loads, T = 1 as shown in
Figure 4.11 (c).
(ii) Next, the primary structure is subjected to the unknown loads T caused by the
force in the redundant member CF [Figure 4.11 (c)]. The movement KcF
between the joints C and F is computed. This is again easily done-by fxst
calculating deflection 6cF due to the k-system member forces for unit loads as
above and multiplying simply by T. The deflection- between joints C and F due
P&
- l as
j already explained in
to these forces will be AtcF = T x 6cF = T
Section 4.3.
(iii) Finally, the force Tin Figure 4.11 (d) (here assumed tensile, but the sign will
- final algebraic values are substituted)will cause a
deformation, TI&]
take care of itself
- when

'

CF
in the redundant member CF.
 S t a t i d y Indeterminate
Now when you are putting back the redundant member CF in position in Figure 4.11 (b), Plane Pin-Jointed Trusses
you cannot do it without straining it as the joints C and F have already been moved
towards each other by an amount ACF due to the external loading as calculated in step (i)
whereas the mCmber CF was exactly fitting to the original distance CF. Hence, it is
similar to a case of "lack of fit7'as discussed in Section 4.3.
Now by the principle of consistent deformations, we have,

Since initially there had not been any lack of fit in any menber.
On substituting their values, we.get,

which is similar to Eq. (4.7) and hence, T can be calculated by

The final forces in the members we sum of forces due to external loads (F)and T times
those due to redundant load (k), i.e.

Step-by-step Methodology
In practice, we have to proceed as follows :
(a) Choose the member(s) which you consider as redundant.
(b) Convert the indeterminate structure to a determinate Primary Structure by
removing the redundant member(s).
(c) Apply the external loads and calculate the F-forces in the truss members
[Figure 4.1 1 (b)] of the primary structure.
(d) Apply the pair of unit loads in direction of the redundant member at its
end-joints (it should be assumed as tensile in the beginning).
Calculate the k-forces in the truss members [Figure 4.11 (c)].
Fkl
(e) Tabulate the results and calculate Z-
AE
and
k21
-by summing the
AE
appropriate columns.
(f) Calculate the force Tin the indeterminate member by the Eq. (4.1lb).
(g) Calculate the member forces by the Eq. (4.12).
Example 4.5
Compute the forces in the members of the truss subjected to the external loads as
shown in Figure 4.12 (a). The area of the members in mm2 are given in brackets. E
is constant for all the members.
Solution
Step 1 The truss shown in Figuri 4.12 (a) is externally determinate but is
internally statically indeterminate. The degree of indeterminacy, Xiis
m - (2n - 3) = 10 - [(2 x 6) 31 = 1. Member CD is chosen as
redundant and removed to form primary structure.
Step 2 To the primary structure shown in Figure 4.12 (b), the external loads
are applied and the reactions and member forces F are determined.
(You must verify the results by actual calculation.)
Rolling Loads and
Influtnce Lines

?
n
+r 8 %I, sacb as7
Q~
!L! cab

(a) Statically Indetenninate Truss (b) Primary Structure subjected to External Loads
(All D i e m i o m in mm) (F-force System in Members)

(c) Primary Structure subjected to Unit Redundant (d) Final Member Forms & Reactions
Load (T = 1) (k-force System in Members)

Figure 412

All values are tabulated and are given in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4

$1 Area
(A)
F-Force k-Fom
(W
Fkl
AE
fi
AE
Axial Force
in member
P = F+kT

AC 4000 3000 + 44019 0 0 - + 48.89

(tensile)
-

AB 5000 3000 - 32519 0 0 - - 36.11

(compressive)

BC 3000 2000 0 - 315 3 27

- - 10.43
5OE (compressive)
-
BD 4000 5000 - 22019 - 415 704
+-45E 64
- - 38.35
125E (compressive)

BE 5000 2000 - 27519 +1 - 1375

l8E
-
--1408
27E

DF 5000 5000 - 27519 0 0

DE 3000 2000 + 5519 -315 --33

50E

EF 4000 3000 + 22019 0 0

(tensile)

C=--129.393
E

CD 5000 2000 - +1 2.5 + 17.38

' E (tensile)
 Step 3 Next, we apply unit forces T = 1 at joints C and D of the primary Statically Lndeterninate
Plaue Pin-JointedTrusses
structure, along the direction of the removed member CD. Reactions
and members forces k are determined [Figwe 4.12 (c)].
Step 4 The length ( I ) , cross-sectional area (A), F and k forces for all the
Fkl k21
members are tabulated in Table 4.4 and the quantities -and -for
AE AE
each member are calculated in col. 6 and 7 and their summations are
calculated. (You must verify the calculations.)
Step 5 . Now substituting the values in Eq. (4.11b) with the proper algebraic
signs, we get

giving, T = 17.38 kN (tensile)

Step 6 Next the final member forces are calculated by the formula P = F + kT
and are tabulated in col. 8 of Table 4.4 and shown in Figure 4.12 (d) as
the final member forces.
Choice of a Member as She Redundant Member
In Example 4.5, we have chosen member CD as the redundant member. As a
matter of fact, in such cases, there is no special preference for a particular member
to be chosen as the redundant member. And any other member chould have been
equally chosen as the redundant (for example, BE or BD). However, in the cases of
"lack of fit" and "thermal stresses", it will be more convenient to choose the
"non-fitting" or "heated/cooled" member as the redundant.
s,\y5
.-
I.31xdt l ~ cfi~rccsir, die mernhcx~of the tru\;se< shown ~ r rFipure 4.13 ( a ) and (h).

Mernhess ha??the Samr (b) PA and PR have Dooble the

6 ~ ! . o ~ k - ~ r k i.and
o n S m e Materid Cross-sectionalArea bhd of PC

4.6 EXTERNALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSSES

SUBJECTED TO EXTERNAL LOADS
If the redundancy in the pin-jointed truss is extemal, that is duk to an extra (redundant)
reaction, the problem can be solved on the same lines as above. The following steps give
a brief outline :
Step 1 Remove the redundant support constraint and make the structure
determinate. In other words, convert it into a primary structure.
Step 2 Apply the extemal loads to the primary structure and calculate the
member forces F due to it. Also calculate the deflection A. in the
direction of the removed constraint.
Rolling Loads and Step 3 Apply a unit load in the direction of the removed constraint. Calculate
Influence Lines
the member forces k due to it. Also calculate the deflection 6, due to it
in the direction of the removed constraint.
Step 4 Now, if the unknown redundant support reaction is R, then (R x 63 will
be the deflection due to it. But since in the original structure, there is
no support movement at the redundant constraint, we must have

Step 5 From our previous knowledge, we know that the deflection A, due to
external loads is given by where Fare the member forces
obtained in Step (2) and k a r h e &ember fo~cescalculated in Step (3).
Similarly, we know,

On substituting these values in Eq. (4.13), we get,

giving, R = -

Step 6 Now, the final member forces are the sum of the F forces (due to
external loads) and R times k forces (due to unit value of redundant) as
shown below :

This is illustrated in the next example.

Example 4.6
Find the forces in the members of the pin-jointed truss shown in Figure 4.14 (a) 1
I subjected to a horizontal load of 40 kN acting at the joint A. The cross-sectional
area of the members BC, CD and AC is 3000 mm2, of AB it is 4000 mm2 and of
AD it is 6000 mm2.E is same for all the members.
Solution .
Step 1 The truss is internally determinate, i.e. X, = [5 - (2 x 4) - 31 = 0.
Externally, because of the four reaction components VB ,HB , VC and
VD ,there is an indeterminacy X, = (r - 3) = 4 - 3 = 1. Assume the '4
vertical reaction (Vc) at the roller support at C as the redundant. To
make a primary structure, this roller support at C is removed as shown
in Figure 4.14 (b).
Step 2 Apply the external horizontal load to 40 kN to the primary truss. The
F-forces are shown in Figure 4.14 (b) which can be verified.
Step 3 Next, apply the unit redundant force of R = 1 kN downwards at the
reaction point C. Calculate the k-forces due to this unit load as shown
in Figure 4.14 (c).
Step 4 Tabulate the 1, A, E, F and k value as shown in Table 4.5. Calculate the
Fkl kL1
-
AE
and -values and their summations, and check to find
AE
 Statically Indeterminate
Plane Pin-JointedTrusses

(a) Statically Indeterminate 'Ihrss @) Primary Structure subjected to External Loads

(Externally Indeterminate) (F-forceSystem in Members)

( c ) F'rimary
Structure subjected to Unit Redllpdant (d) Final Member Forces & Reactions
Load at C (k-force System in Members)

Figure 4.14

Table 4.5

Final
1
E &'
Area

(mm2)
F-Forces

(kN)
k-Forces

(W)
~ k l
-
AE
&
AE
Members
Force
P=F+kR

AB 4000
+- 1 670 G 3 fi
-- --9 6 0 f i +- 18 fi + 33.77
7 49E 49E
AC 4000 3000 0 +1 0 -
4 - 2.38
3E
AD 5000 6000 - 200 5
-- 2500 125 - 26.87
7 7 147E 294E
BC 4000 3000 120 3 480
+-49E - + 16.12
+7 + -7
12
49E
CD 3000 3000
+ -1720 3 360
+-49 -
9 + 16.12
+ ? E 49E

2.707
E

On substituting these values in Eq. (4.15),we get

Simplificationof above equation gives R = - 2.38 kN ? acting

upwards, as originally it was assumed acting downwards.
Step 5 Finally, at the end, calculate the final members forces by the formula,
P = F + kR = F - 3.38k as tabulated in ~ 0 1 . ~of8Table 4.5.This is also
shown in Figure 4.14(d).
I Rolling Loads and
Iduence Lines
Note :
If there is a known support movement, h, the Eq. (4.13) can be suitably
modified as follows :

SAQ 6
Fin(] th* forci::: ill chi, mcrrabt.ls !:f 1!;*: ~ r ? , r ,..ti, ,? .& i 5. :i : ; .. . v . .. . ~ ~..r. .
< i y i s i , i:! F?:->:; ,c .?..

fhc 1.1.1pckl(?r(fare 5()()(]fn11:- arr>;k.\*,!i~;i,!.: ~.h[-ts~~ x!) !I;:;!,~;:) . $ i: :: ,

cross-seCtional area r-,f 3;)0(3aim-' -17ii::.lia;:r)t)ilj ~I::~~:[Y::~~ 21'' ':;,:l~!:: j i ~ : > ~ .:r' .,:., .: .
sectional area, Morja~lilsof rlnsticity. I< I;* the sJi:i;! f i x 4!li [ill. f ] > ~ a ~ i f : i : t - i

Find the support reacttons alld t l ~ t.v.

r (-. 31) tI1,- :!I: I:I+; \;. -' I . ,. . . :r .:
Figure 4.14 (a) (Example 4.6). ~f the y q s p ~ r I? t --~rak. I?: :srr:.--r.r 4 .! , . *:!
the given load~ngT i k ~E = 2 10 000 % P;I I

4.7 PIN-JOINTED TRUSSES WITH MORE THAN

ONE REDUNDANCY
Uptill now, we had been dealing with cases of statically indeterminate trusses, where the
degree of redundancy was only one. However, quite commonly, we meet with cases
where the degrees of redundancy is more than one. Here, the total number of redundant
members (Xi) and redundant reactions (X,) will be more than one, i.e.
[Xt = (Xi + X,)] > 1

In such cases, you must have as many extra equations as there are total number of.
redundants (Xt) for solving the truss. Each one of these equations are obtained from the
conditions of compatibility as already stated, which may be explained as below :
(a) Fist of all, the redundant reactions and members (which are often at our choice)
are identified, and numbered XI, X2, X3 . . . etc.
(b) After removing the redundants, the primary structure (statically determinate) is
created.
(c) The extemal load is applied to the primary structure and the defle'ction, Ale in
the directicin of the redundant XI, due to external loads only, is calculated.
 statically 1ndetennin;ltr
(d) Then, unit load(s), XI = 1 is applied to the truss in the direction of redundant XI Plane Pin-JointedTrurwr
and the deflection 61 in the direction of XI is calculated. The actual deflection
(Al due to the redundant X1 will be (XI x 611).
(e) Next, unit load(s), X2 = 1 is applied to the truss in the direction of the redundant
X2 and the deflection 612 in the direction X1 is calculated. The actual deflection
A in the direction X1 due to the redundant X2 will be (X2 x 6 12).
(t This process is repeated for all the redundant so that the total deformation in the
direction of X1 due to all the external loads and redundant is now known.

(g) By applying the principle of consistent deformations, the total of all these ,
deformations along the direction of X1 (including the deformation of the
redundant member or movement of redundant support, if any) will be equal to
zero. That is,

This is called the compatibility equation for the redundant direction XI.
(h) Similarly, the total deformation A2 along the redundant X2 will be zero. And A2
will be calculated similarly as above. Thus,

This is the compatibility equation for the redundant direction X2.

(i) Thus, if there are n number of redundants, we will have n number of
compatibility equations similar to these equations from which the values of the
redundants XI, X2, X3, etc. can be found out. So the problem reduces to that of
solving a set of ~imultaneousequations.
0 ) To find out the values of Alo, A20, . . . ,and 611, 612, . . . , and 621, h 2 , . . . etc.
the method is same as in the previous cases. That is, if (a) Fare the forces in the
primary truss members due to external loads, (b) kl are the forces due to unit
load XI = 1, and (c) k2 are the forces due to X2 = 1, etc. Then, we have the
following relations :

61, = xE,$1
612 = xAE.klk21
613 = xs etc.

= xw,AE
622 = 6 1 , 623 =
xE xz k2k31 etc.

mote :You may however note that coefficient 621 = xk2k31

AE
-= I:k3k21
= 632
or in general, 6ii = ijji, this is the famous Maxwell's Reciprocal Law which
states that "the deflection at i due to a unit load at j is equal to the deflection at j
due to a unit load placed at i." Hence, you need not to calculate all the
coefficients.]
(k) The final value of the member forces (P) will be the sum of the effects of the
external loading and those of the redundants and will be given by
P = F+klXl+k2x2+k3X3+. . . (4.18)
The actual calculation procedure is explained in the next example.
Rolling Loads and
Influence Lines
Find the forces in the members of the pin-jointed truss shown in Figure 4.16 (a)
under the given loading. The cross-sectional area (in mm2) of the members are
given within brackets.
Take E is same for all members.

Figure 4.16 (a) :Statically Indeterminate Truss

Figure 4.16 (b) Figure 4.16 (c) Figure 416 (d)

External Loads applied to Redundaot XI= 1 applied to Redundant Xz = 1 applied to
Primary StFacture Primary Structure Rimary Structure
(F-Fom System in Members) (kl-ForceSystem in Members) (kz-Force System in Members)

Figure 4.16 (e) :F i Member Forces & Reactions

Solution
(a) As the truss is externally determinate, the reactions can be found by the
equations of statics. You can verify that these are as follows :

(b) The truss is internally indeterminate as degree ofindeterminacy is

Thus, the redundancies aie two in number. Assuming the members CH and CF
as redundants, the primary structure shown in Figure 4.16 (b) is obtained by
removing them and the F-forces in members due to the external loads is
calculated as given in Figure 4.16 (b).
(c) Let X I be the unknown redundant force in the bar CH. Next, put equal and
opposite unit loads at the joints C and H in place of the redundant bar CH in the
primary structure. The kl forces in the members of the truss are calculated and
shown in Figure 4.16 (c).
, td) If X2 is the unknown redundant force in CF, then Figure 4.16 (d) shows the
primary structure and member forces k2 due to X2 = 1 applied at the joints C
and F. C

(You are required to verify the calculations.)

 Table 4.6

I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 Final Forces (P) 1

-
Fkll Fk2l
- kl21 kz21 &h
J
Member 1 A '1 kl k2 AE . AE
-.
AE AE AE
P = F +klxl+ k 9 2
= F - 16.95kl
- 21.0k2
I Rolliug Loads and
I Influence Lines Fkll Fk2l Gl
(e) The values of 1,A, F, kl, k2,-
gl klk21
- - - -are tabulated for all the
AE ' A E ' AE' AE' A E
truss members in Table 4.6. The summation of the last mentioned five
quantities ate also shown there.
(0 Now writing down the compatibility Eq. (4.16). we have,

These equations can be re-written as follows [Eq. (4.17)] :

Substituting the values from Table 4.6, we get,

207.57 + 11.319X1 + 0.750X2 = 0

or, 229.24 + 0.750X1 + 10.309 X2 = 0
giving, XI = - 16.95 kN (compression); X2 = - 21.0 kN (compression)

(g) The final forces in the members can be calculated by the following equation :
P =F + klXl + k2X2
On substituting the values of XI and X2, we have in the present case, we get

This is calculated for all the members in the last column of Table 4.6 and
displayed in Figure 4.16 (e).
 Statically InSete~minale
4.8 SUMMARY Plane Pin-Jointed Trusses

In this unit, you have been introduced to the analysis and solution of one of the important
class of structures, namely indeterminate structures. The structural type chosen here is
pin-jointed plane trusses. The method of solution chosen is one of the most common
methods available, namely, the method of consistent deformations.
Following are the briefly summarising statements :
(a) An internally indeterminate pin-jointed plane truss is that in which the numbers
of members, m > 2n - 3. The degree of internal indeterminacy,

(b) In an externally indeterminate pin-jointed plane truss, the number of reaction,

r > 3. The degree of external indeterminacy,

1 (c) The total number of indeterminacy (or redundants),

In the case of statically indeterminate trusses, forces may be introduced in the members,
even thgugh there may not be any external loadings. This may occur due to
(a) lack of fit in one of the redundant members,
(b) thczmal gradient or temperature difference between members, and
(c) movemer~tof the redundant supports.
Redundant member forces or redundant reactions cannot be determined by the equations
of statics alone. Here, additional equations are required to get the complete solution.
These may be obtained from the equations of compatibility, which requires that the
movements (deformations or deflections) of the vatious joints of the truss must be
geometrically consistent with the movements caused either by
(a) external loading,
(b) lack of fit in members,
(c) temperature changes causing change in length of members, and/or
(d) support movements.
In practical analysis, the foilowing steps are generally taken :
(a) The statically indeterminate structure is first converted into a statically
determinate one by removing the redundant members (or reactions). This is
called the Primary Structure.
(b) The redundant force directions XI, X2,. . .etc. are recognised.
C (c) The external loads (if any) is next applied to the primary structure, and the
external reactions and members forces (F-force system) are calculated.
(d). Unit forces are applied, one by ohe, to the primary structure in the redundant
directions XI, X2, . . . etc. and the member forces (kl, k2, . . . force systems etc.)
are determined in each case.
(e) The deflections/defonnationsin the redundant direction due to
(i) external loads (Alo, A20 ,etc.),
(ii) each of redundant forces, i.e. X1 = 1 (6i1, 612 etc.); X2 = 1 (621, h2etc.)
etc. are determined from Eqs. (4.17a), (4.17b) and (4.17~).
We get a following set of equations of compatibility :
Rolling Loads and The number of equations available from the above set will be equal to the
hlflrrcnce Lines
(f)
number of unknown redundants, XI,X2 . . . and hence, these can be determined
by solving the above set of simultaneous equations.
(g) The final member forces, P can be determined by adding the effect of the
external loads and of all the redundants :

4.9 KEY WORDS

Statically Determinate : Statically determinate trusses are those trusses which can
Trusses be analysed by methods of statics only.
Statically Indeterminate : Statically indeterminate trusses are those trusses in which
Trusses there are extra number of support reactions or internal
members, which makes solution by statical methods
impossible.
Redundant Member(s) : Redundant member(s) is the member(s) which when
removed makes a indeterminate structure statically
determinate.
Geometrical : Geometrical compatibility is a principle stating that the
Compatibility basic geometrical conditions joining the members among
themselves or to their structural supports must be satisfied.
Lack of Fit : Lack of fit situation arises when a member is longer or
shorter than the exact distance between the two nodes
(joints) members.
Thermal Stresses : Thermal stresses are the stresses caused in a structure due
to difference in temperature between various members of
the structure.
Primary Structure : Primary structure is.the determinate structure obtained
after removing the redundant member(s).

4.10 ANSWERS TO SAQs

SAQ 1
FAB = FBC = FCD = FDA = + 7.322 W (tensile)
FBD = FAC = - 10.355 kN (compressive)
SAQ 2
FAB = - 13.856 W (compressive) = FCD
FBC = - 10.392W (compressive) = FAD
F B =~ + 17.320W (tensile) = FAc
SAQ 3
HB = 60.252 W ,

FBC = FCD = 150.63W (tensile) ;

F m = FAD = - 108.634kN (compressive),
FAc = 180.756 W (tensile)
SAQ 4
HB = + 20.084 kN (t) B = 0, HD = 20.084W (+),
V, VD = O
FBC = FCD = - 50.210 kN (~om~r'essive)

FAC = - 60.252 W (compressive)

 Statifally Indeterminate
SAQ 5 Plaoe Pin-Jointed Trusses
(a) FBc = - 14.94 kN ; FBA = + 20.08 kN ; FAC = + 24.9 kN
(b) FAP = - 9.451 kN ; FBp = + 15.895 kN ; Fcp = + 7.053 kN
SAQ 6
Lower chord members :
FL14 = + 25.15 (tensile)
F ~ L =, + 45.46 (tensile) FbL4 = + 5.77 (tensile)
FU, = - 6.81 (compressive) FLSk = + 7.73 (tensile)
. ,

Upper chord members :

FUlu2 = - 50.31 (compressive) FuZu3 = - 40.62 (compressive)
FU,u4 = + 29.1 (tensile) FU4u5 = - 15.46 (compressive)
Inclined members :
FulLl = - 41.92 (compressive) FUlk = + 41.92 (tensile)
FUzk = + 8.1 (tensile) FUzb = - 8.1 (compressive)

FU3& = + 58.1 (tensile) F u 3 ~ ,= - 58.1 (compressive)

F u 4 ~ 4= - 37.11 (compressive) Fu4L5 = + 37.11 (tensile)
Fu45 = + 12.9 (tensile) FuA = - 12.9 (compressive)

SAQ 7
Hint : Here you have to take the reaction VD at the support D as the redundant.
After calculating A$ , the deflection at D due to the external loads and 6b ,
deflection due to a.unit load in the direction of redundant VD L, we get the
following equation :

:A + VD SD= 5 mrn.
On further solving, k e get,
HB = 40 kN ;
(t) VB = 118.887kN (J)
vc = 224.070.kN (?) ; vD=105.183kN (L) '

b
FA^ = + 168.132 kN (tensile) FAD = + 131.479 kN (tensile)
'FBC = - 78.887 kN (compressive) FcD = - 78.887 kN (tensile)
FAC = - 224.070 kN (compressive)
SAQ 8
Refer Section 4.7 and Example 4.7.
FURTHER READING
Norris, C. H. and Wilbur J. B., "Elementary Structural Analysis", McGraw Hill Book
Company Inc., New York, 1960, International Student Edition.
Reddy C. S.,"Basic Structural Analysis", Second Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Company Limited, New Delhi, 1996.
Prakash D. S., "Graphkal Methods in Structural Analysis", Universities Press (India)
Ltd., Hyderabad, 1997.
Rao Prakash D. S., "Structural Analysis - A United Approach", Universities Press (India)
Ltd., Hyderabad.
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