ECE 35a Industrial Electronics

JOHN MARK A. CARPIO INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

BSEE-4A JANUARY 9, 2018

SIMULATION ACTIVITY 1: OP-AMPS

In this portion of the activity, set up a schematic of a cascaded pair of inverting op amps in the chosen
simulator and simulate them in various ways. The component values and configuration are shown below
in the figure. Calculate the voltage value of specified nodes in the circuit and then run a DC operating
point simulation to verify their calculations. Next, sweep the input voltage to the circuit using the DC
sweep simulation. The following step in the procedure is to simulate the frequency response of the
system by using an AC sweep simulation. Lastly, the load of the circuit is varied and the effects are
measured with more DC operating point simulations for each specified load value.

Figure 1.1: Schematic Diagram for Simulation Activity 1

Figure 1.2: Schematic Diagram for Simulation Activity 1 using LTspice XVII
ECE 35a Industrial Electronics

Results and Discussion:

1. Discuss what happen in each stage and complete the below table for values in each operating
point – Nodes 1~4.
The DC node voltage can be determined using the ideal op amp rules by inspection. The circuit consists
of two stages, both of which are inverting amplifiers. By the ideal op amp rules nodes 1 and 3 are
grounded and are therefore at zero volts. The first stage has a DC gain of 5 while the second stage has
a gain of 2. The gain of the two stages multiply because they are cascaded and inverted twice, so the
total DC gain of the circuit is +10. Node 2 is the output of the first stage which has a gain of -5, so for
an input of 1 V has a voltage of -5 V. Node 4 is the output of the whole circuit which has been
determined to be 10 times that of the input so for a 1 V input the output is +10 V. The DC operating
simulation results as are presented below in Table 1 along with the expected values from the
calculations.

Figure 1.3: DC Operating Point Simulation Results

Table 1: Calculated and Simulated Voltages

in each Node in the Circuit
Calculated Simulated
Node
Voltages Voltages
1 0𝑉 2.45985𝜇𝑉
2 -5 𝑉 -4.99999 𝑉
3 0𝑉 -4.62847 𝜇𝑉
4 10 𝑉 9.99996 𝑉
ECE 35a Industrial Electronics

2. Paste the screenshot of the circuit diagram assembled inside the simulator and plotted results of the
below items.

(a) Output vs. Input voltage that resulted from the DC sweep simulation

Figure 1.4: Output vs. Input voltage that resulted from the DC sweep simulation

(b) Frequency response of the op amp circuit as a result of an AC sweep simulation.

Figure 1.5: Frequency response of the op amp circuit as a result of an AC sweep simulation
ECE 35a Industrial Electronics

SIMULATION ACTIVITY 2: R AND RC FIRING CIRCUIT FOR SCR

Resistance Firing Circuit

Resistance trigger circuits are the simplest & most economical method. During the positive half cycle
of the input voltage, SCR become forward biased but it will not conduct until its gate current exceeds
gate threshold, Vgt . Diode D allows the flow of current during positive half cycle only. R1 is the variable
resistance and is used to limit the current through the circuit (Ig) and to vary the gate voltage and thus
the firing angle. During the positive half cycle current Ig flows. Ig increases and when Vg=Vgt= IgminR
the SCR turns ON .The firing angle can be varied from 0 — 90° by varying the resistance R1.

RC Firing Circuit
By varying the variable resistance R1, the firing angle can be varied. Capacitor, C charges and
discharges with a phase shift. When the capacitor voltage equal to the gate threshold voltage V gt,SCR
get triggered. Diode D prevents the negative voltage to gate.

Procedure:
(a) Resistance Firing Circuit:
1. Complete the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the potentiometer R1 in minimum position (maximum resistance in the circuit)
3. Turn on the power switch
4. Observe the output voltage waveform, SCR voltage and gate signals for various firing angle
5. Observe the range of firing angle control.

(b) RC Firing Circuit:

1. Complete the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the potentiometer R1 in minimum position (maximum resistance in the circuit)
3. Turn on the power switch
4. Observe the output voltage waveform, SCR voltage and gate signals for various firing angle
5. Observe the range of firing angle control.

Circuit Diagram:
Resistance Firing Circuit RC Firing Circuit
ECE 35a Industrial Electronics

Results and Discussions:

1. If the potentiometer is adjusted at minimum resistance value, what happens to the output voltage?

(a) Resistance Firing Circuit

In a resistance firing circuit, if the potentiometer is adjusted at minimum resistance value its output
voltage is not change at all. The output voltage is not really affected by the change of resistance
value of the Potentiometer R1.

Figure 2.1: Resistance Firing Circuit- potentiometer in its minimum resistance value

Figure 2.2: Resistance Firing Circuit- potentiometer at its maximum resistance value.
ECE 35a Industrial Electronics

(b) RC Firing Circuit

For an RC Firing Circuit, if the potentiometer is adjusted at minimum resistance value its output
voltage is change a bit. Increasing the value of R1 has the effect of delaying the triggering voltage
and current supplied to the thyristors Gate which in turn causes a lag in the devices conduction
time.

Figure 2.3: RC Firing Circuit- potentiometer at its manimum resistance value

Figure 2.4: RC Firing Circuit- potentiometer at its maximum resistance value

ECE 35a Industrial Electronics

2. Copy and paste the resulting output voltage waveform, SCR voltage and gate signals for various
firing angle. (Use the screenshot captured during simulation)

(a) Resistance Firing Circuit

(i) Output Voltage Waveform

(a) (b)
Figure 2.5: Output Voltage Waveform at (a) minimum resistance value and (b) maximum resistance value

(ii) SCR Voltage Waveform

(a) (b)

Figure 2.6: SCR Voltage Waveform at (a) minimum resistance value and (b) maximum resistance value

(iii) Gate Voltage waveform

(a) (b)

Figure 2.7: Gate Voltage Waveform at (a) minimum resistance value and (b) maximum resistance value.
ECE 35a Industrial Electronics

(b) RC Firing Circuit

(i) Output Voltage Waveform

(a) (b)

Figure 2.8: Output Voltage Waveform at minimum resistance value

(a) minimum resistance value and (b) maximum resistance value

(ii) SCR Voltage Waveform

(a) (b)

Figure 2.9: SCR Voltage Waveform at (a) minimum resistance value and (b) maximum resistance value

(iii) Gate Voltage waveform

(a) (b)

Figure 2.10: GateVoltage Waveform at (a) minimum resistance value and (b) maximum resistance value
ECE 35a Industrial Electronics

SIMULATION ACTIVITY 3: UJT TRIGGER CIRCUIT FOR SCR

Theory
A synchronized UJT triggered circuit using an UJT is shown in the figure. Diode Rectifier converts
input ac to dc. Resistor R limits the circuit current to a suitable value for the zener diode and UJT. Zener
diode ‘Z’ functions to clip the rectified voltage to a standard level. The zener voltage V2 is applied to
the RC charging circuit. Charging of capacitor C is at a rate determined by R1 and R3.When voltage
across the capacitor,V3 reaches the unijunction threshold voltage ηV2, the UJT junction breaks down
and the capacitor C discharges through the primary of pulse transformer. As the current is in the form
of pulse, windings of the pulse transformer have pulse voltages at their secondary terminals and can
turn on the SCR.As the charging rate of capacitor varies by varying R3, firing angle can be controlled
by varying R3.Firing angle can be controlled in a range of 00 to 1800 .

Procedure:
1. Complete the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the potentiometer R1 in minimum position (maximum resistance in the circuit)
3. Turn on the power switch
4. Observe the output voltage waveform, SCR voltage and gate signals for various firing angle
5. Observe the range of firing angle control.

Results and Discussions:

1. If the potentiometer is adjusted at minimum resistance value, what happens to the output voltage
ECE 35a Industrial Electronics

Figure 3.1: The output voltage at minimum resistance value.

Figure 3.2: The output voltage at minimum resistance value.

When the minimum resistance value is set to the potentiometer, the output voltage is just steady on the
range of 1.854.-8.856 mV. In figure 3.1, the output voltage is 1.855 mV. But when I set the
potentiometer to its maximum resistance value, the output voltage is the same as in the minimum
resistance value but I observe that there is a period of time that the output voltage will gradually increase
up to 4.589 V (as shown in Figure 3.2) but then will be back to normal and increase again.

2. Copy and paste the resulting output voltage waveform, SCR voltage and gate signals for various
firing angle. (Use the screenshot captured during simulation).

(a) Output Voltage Waveform

ECE 35a Industrial Electronics

(a) (b)

Figure 3.3: Output Voltage Waveform at minimum resistance value

(a) minimum resistance value and (b) maximum resistance value

(b) SCR Voltage Waveform

(a) (b)
Figure 3.4: SCR Voltage Waveform at (a) minimum resistance value and (b) maximum resistance value

(c) Gate Signals Waveform

(a) (b)
Figure 3.5: Gate Signals Waveform at (a) minimum resistance value and (b) maximum resistance value
ECE 35a Industrial Electronics

SIMULATION ACTIVITY 4: HALF WAVE POWER CONTROL

Procedure:
1. Complete the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Run the circuit and observe the resulting voltage at load resistance.

Results and Discussions:

1. Paste the screenshot of both the circuit diagram and corresponding result below.
 Vin vs Voltage output across the load resistance (screenshot)
ECE 35a Industrial Electronics

Figure 4.1: Voltage Output VS Voltage Input (at maximum resistance value)

Figure 4.2: Voltage Output Waveform VS Voltage Input Waveform (at maximum resistance value)
2. What is the effect of adjusting R2 at minimum? Show the resulting waveform (screenshot)

Changing R2 from maximum resistance value to minimum resistance value shows big change on its
output voltage. As shown in Figure 4.1, when the potentiometer is at its maximum resistance value the
voltage input and voltage output is approximately equal to each other. But when the potentiometer is
adjusted to minimum, then the voltage input decreases to 65.90V from 120.325V and Voltage input and
output is not equal anymore. In terms to its waveform also, when the potentiometer was at its maximum
resistance value the waveform for the output and input voltage are just the same but the when the
potentiometer is adjust/change to its minimum resistance value the waveform for the output voltage
also change.
ECE 35a Industrial Electronics

Figure 4.3: Voltage Output VS Voltage Input (at minimum resistance value)

Figure 4.4: Voltage Output Waveform VS Voltage Input Waveform (at minimum resistance value)