Limit Rules

Useful rules for finding limits:

Limit Rules
Useful rules for finding limits:
In the following rules assume k = constant
Limit Rules
Useful rules for finding limits:
In the following rules assume k = constant

lim k = k
x→c
Limit Rules
Useful rules for finding limits:
In the following rules assume k = constant

lim k = k
x→c
lim kf(x) = k lim f(x)
x→c x→c
Limit Rules
Useful rules for finding limits:
In the following rules assume k = constant

lim k = k
x→c
lim kf(x) = k lim f(x)
x→c x→c
lim f(x) ± g(x) = lim f(x) ± lim g(x)
x→c x→c x→c
Limit Rules
Useful rules for finding limits:
In the following rules assume k = constant

lim k = k
x→c
lim kf(x) = k lim f(x)
x→c x→c
lim f(x) ± g(x) = lim f(x) ± lim g(x)
x→c x→c x→c
lim f(x) · g(x) = lim f(x) · lim g(x)
x→c x→c x→c
Limit Rules
Useful rules for finding limits:
In the following rules assume k = constant

lim k = k
x→c
lim kf(x) = k lim f(x)
x→c x→c
lim f(x) ± g(x) = lim f(x) ± lim g(x)
x→c x→c x→c
lim f(x) · g(x) = lim f(x) · lim g(x)
x→c x→c x→c
f(x) limx→c f(x)
lim =
x→c g(x) limx→c g(x)(6=0)
Limit Rules
Useful rules for finding limits:
In the following rules assume k = constant

lim k = k
x→c
lim kf(x) = k lim f(x)
x→c x→c
lim f(x) ± g(x) = lim f(x) ± lim g(x)
x→c x→c x→c
lim f(x) · g(x) = lim f(x) · lim g(x)
x→c x→c x→c
f(x) limx→c f(x)
lim =
x→c g(x) limx→c g(x)(6=0)
h in
lim [f(x)n ] = lim f(x)
x→c x→c
Limit Rules
Useful rules for finding limits:
In the following rules assume k = constant

lim k = k
x→c
lim kf(x) = k lim f(x)
x→c x→c
lim f(x) ± g(x) = lim f(x) ± lim g(x)
x→c x→c x→c
lim f(x) · g(x) = lim f(x) · lim g(x)
x→c x→c x→c
f(x) limx→c f(x)
lim =
x→c g(x) limx→c g(x)(6=0)
h in
lim [f(x)n ] = lim f(x)
x→c x→c
lim P(x) = P(c) , P(x) is continuous around c, just plug-in
x→c
Limit Rules
example

x2 − 9
lim =?
x→3 x−3
Limit Rules
example

x2 − 9
lim =?
x→3 x−3
first try “limit of ratio = ratio of limits rule”,
Limit Rules
example

x2 − 9
lim =?
x→3 x−3
first try “limit of ratio = ratio of limits rule”,

x2 − 9
lim =
x→3 x−3
Limit Rules
example

x2 − 9
lim =?
x→3 x−3
first try “limit of ratio = ratio of limits rule”,

x2 − 9 limx→3 x2 − 9
lim = =
x→3 x−3 limx→3 x − 3
Limit Rules
example

x2 − 9
lim =?
x→3 x−3
first try “limit of ratio = ratio of limits rule”,

x2 − 9 limx→3 x2 − 9 0
lim = =
x→3 x−3 limx→3 x − 3 0
Limit Rules
example

x2 − 9
lim =?
x→3 x−3
first try “limit of ratio = ratio of limits rule”,

x2 − 9 limx→3 x2 − 9 0
lim = =
x→3 x−3 limx→3 x − 3 0
0
0
is called an indeterminant form.
Limit Rules
example

x2 − 9
lim =?
x→3 x−3
first try “limit of ratio = ratio of limits rule”,

x2 − 9 limx→3 x2 − 9 0
lim = =
x→3 x−3 limx→3 x − 3 0
0
0
is called an indeterminant form. When you reach an indeterminant form
you need to try someting else.
Limit Rules
example

x2 − 9
lim =?
x→3 x−3
first try “limit of ratio = ratio of limits rule”,

x2 − 9 limx→3 x2 − 9 0
lim = =
x→3 x−3 limx→3 x − 3 0
0
0
is called an indeterminant form. When you reach an indeterminant form
you need to try someting else.

x2 − 9
lim =
x→3 x−3
Limit Rules
example

x2 − 9
lim =?
x→3 x−3
first try “limit of ratio = ratio of limits rule”,

x2 − 9 limx→3 x2 − 9 0
lim = =
x→3 x−3 limx→3 x − 3 0
0
0
is called an indeterminant form. When you reach an indeterminant form
you need to try someting else.

x2 − 9 (x − 3)(x + 3)
lim = lim =
x→3 x−3 x→3 (x − 3)
Limit Rules
example

x2 − 9
lim =?
x→3 x−3
first try “limit of ratio = ratio of limits rule”,

x2 − 9 limx→3 x2 − 9 0
lim = =
x→3 x−3 limx→3 x − 3 0
0
0
is called an indeterminant form. When you reach an indeterminant form
you need to try someting else.

x2 − 9 (x − 3)(x + 3)
lim = lim = lim (x + 3) =
x→3 x−3 x→3 (x − 3) x→3
Limit Rules
example

x2 − 9
lim =?
x→3 x−3
first try “limit of ratio = ratio of limits rule”,

x2 − 9 limx→3 x2 − 9 0
lim = =
x→3 x−3 limx→3 x − 3 0
0
0
is called an indeterminant form. When you reach an indeterminant form
you need to try someting else.

x2 − 9 (x − 3)(x + 3)
lim = lim = lim (x + 3) = 3 + 3 =
x→3 x−3 x→3 (x − 3) x→3
Limit Rules
example

x2 − 9
lim =?
x→3 x−3
first try “limit of ratio = ratio of limits rule”,

x2 − 9 limx→3 x2 − 9 0
lim = =
x→3 x−3 limx→3 x − 3 0
0
0
is called an indeterminant form. When you reach an indeterminant form
you need to try someting else.

x2 − 9 (x − 3)(x + 3)
lim = lim = lim (x + 3) = 3 + 3 = 6
x→3 x−3 x→3 (x − 3) x→3
Limit Rules
example

x2 − 9
lim =?
x→3 x−3
first try “limit of ratio = ratio of limits rule”,

x2 − 9 limx→3 x2 − 9 0
lim = =
x→3 x−3 limx→3 x − 3 0
0
0
is called an indeterminant form. When you reach an indeterminant form
you need to try someting else.

x2 − 9 (x − 3)(x + 3)
lim = lim = lim (x + 3) = 3 + 3 = 6
x→3 x−3 x→3 (x − 3) x→3

Indeterminant does not mean the limit does not exist.

Limit Rules
example

x2 − 9
lim =?
x→3 x−3
first try “limit of ratio = ratio of limits rule”,

x2 − 9 limx→3 x2 − 9 0
lim = =
x→3 x−3 limx→3 x − 3 0
0
0
is called an indeterminant form. When you reach an indeterminant form
you need to try someting else.

x2 − 9 (x − 3)(x + 3)
lim = lim = lim (x + 3) = 3 + 3 = 6
x→3 x−3 x→3 (x − 3) x→3

Indeterminant does not mean the limit does not exist.

It just means that the method you tried did not tell you anything
and you need to try another method.
Limit Rules
indeterminant forms
∞
I when taking limits, 00 , ∞
and ∞ · 0 are called indeterminant
forms.
Limit Rules
indeterminant forms
∞
I when taking limits, 00 , ∞
and ∞ · 0 are called indeterminant
forms.
I indeterminant form means that the method you used to find
the limit led you to a point where you cannot make any
conclusions about the limit.
Limit Rules
indeterminant forms
∞
I when taking limits, 00 , ∞
and ∞ · 0 are called indeterminant
forms.
I indeterminant form means that the method you used to find
the limit led you to a point where you cannot make any
conclusions about the limit.
I when you reach an indeterminant form, you must try another
method to determine the limit. This usually means to first use
an algebra trick and then continue finding the limit.
Limit Rules
indeterminant forms
∞
I when taking limits, 00 , ∞
and ∞ · 0 are called indeterminant
forms.
I indeterminant form means that the method you used to find
the limit led you to a point where you cannot make any
conclusions about the limit.
I when you reach an indeterminant form, you must try another
method to determine the limit. This usually means to first use
an algebra trick and then continue finding the limit.
I indeterminant does not mean that the limit cannot be
determined. It only means that the method you used did not
work. You must try another method to determine the limit. In
some cases this could just mean using the table method.
Limit Rules
example

x−4
lim √ =?
x→4 x−2
Limit Rules
example

x−4
lim √ =?
x→4 x−2
First try “limit of ratio = ratio of limits rule”
Limit Rules
example

x−4
lim √ =?
x→4 x−2
0
First try “limit of ratio = ratio of limits rule” and will again get 0
Limit Rules
example

x−4
lim √ =?
x→4 x−2
0
First try “limit of ratio = ratio of limits rule” and will again get 0
an indeterminant form.
Limit Rules
example

x−4
lim √ =?
x→4 x−2
0
First try “limit of ratio = ratio of limits rule” and will again get 0
an indeterminant form. Try an algebra trick:
Limit Rules
example

x−4
lim √ =?
x→4 x−2
First try “limit of ratio = ratio of limits rule” and will again get 00
an indeterminant form. Try an algebra trick:
√
x−4 ( x)2 − 22
lim √ = lim √ (1)
x→4 x−2 x→4 ( x − 2)
√ √
( x − 2)( x + 2)
= lim √ (2)
x→4 ( x − 2)
√
= lim ( x + 2) (3)
x→4
√
= ( 4 + 2) = 2 + 2 = 4 (4)
Limit Rules
same example, new trick

√
x−4 x−4 ( x + 2)
lim √ = lim √ · √ (5)
x→4 x−2 x→4 ( x − 2) ( x + 2)
√
(x − 4)( x + 2)
= lim √ √ (6)
x→4 ( x − 2)( x + 2)
√
(x − 4)( x + 2)
= lim (7)
x→4 (x − 4)
√
= lim ( x + 2) (8)
x→4
√
= ( 4 + 2) = 2 + 2 = 4 (9)
Limit Rules
0
indeterminant form 0

f(x) 0
There are three cases for limx→c g(x)
= 0
Limit Rules
0
indeterminant form 0

f(x) 0
There are three cases for limx→c g(x)
= 0

f(x)  0 top goes to 0 faster than bottom
lim =
x→c g(x) 
Limit Rules
0
indeterminant form 0

f(x) 0
There are three cases for limx→c g(x)
= 0

f(x)  0 top goes to 0 faster than bottom
lim = 6 0 top and bottom go to 0 at same rate
constant =
x→c g(x) 
Limit Rules
0
indeterminant form 0

f(x) 0
There are three cases for limx→c g(x)
= 0

f(x)  0 top goes to 0 faster than bottom
lim = 6 0 top and bottom go to 0 at same rate
constant =
x→c g(x)
∞ bottom goes to zero faster than top

Limit Rules
∞
indeterminant form ∞

∞
There are three cases for limx→c f(x) = ∞
Limit Rules
∞
indeterminant form ∞

∞
There are three cases for limx→c f(x) = ∞

f(x)
lim =
x→c g(x)
Limit Rules
∞
indeterminant form ∞

∞
There are three cases for limx→c f(x) = ∞

f(x)  ∞ top goes to ∞ faster than bottom
lim =
x→c g(x) 
Limit Rules
∞
indeterminant form ∞

∞
There are three cases for limx→c f(x) = ∞

f(x)  ∞ top goes to ∞ faster than bottom
lim = 6 0 top and bottom go to ∞ at same rate
constant =
x→c g(x) 
Limit Rules
∞
indeterminant form ∞

∞
There are three cases for limx→c f(x) = ∞

f(x)  ∞ top goes to ∞ faster than bottom
lim = 6 0 top and bottom go to ∞ at same rate
constant =
x→c g(x)
0 bottom goes to ∞ faster than top

Limit Rules
∞ 0
indeterminant form ,
∞ 0

Exercise: to demonstrate the preveous six results evaluate the

following six limits by using the table method for each:
x
1. limx→∞ x2

Use powers of 10 for x

Limit Rules
∞ 0
indeterminant form ,
∞ 0

Exercise: to demonstrate the preveous six results evaluate the

following six limits by using the table method for each:
x
1. limx→∞ x2
2
2. limx→∞ xx

Use powers of 10 for x

Limit Rules
∞ 0
indeterminant form ,
∞ 0

Exercise: to demonstrate the preveous six results evaluate the

following six limits by using the table method for each:
x
1. limx→∞ x2
2
2. limx→∞ xx
2
3. limx→∞ xx2

Use powers of 10 for x

Limit Rules
∞ 0
indeterminant form ,
∞ 0

Exercise: to demonstrate the preveous six results evaluate the

following six limits by using the table method for each:
x
1. limx→∞ x2
2
2. limx→∞ xx
2
3. limx→∞ xx2
4. limx→0 xx2

Use powers of 10 for x

Limit Rules
∞ 0
indeterminant form ,
∞ 0

Exercise: to demonstrate the preveous six results evaluate the

following six limits by using the table method for each:
x
1. limx→∞ x2
2
2. limx→∞ xx
2
3. limx→∞ xx2
4. limx→0 xx2
2
5. limx→0 xx

Use powers of 10 for x

Limit Rules
∞ 0
indeterminant form ,
∞ 0

Exercise: to demonstrate the preveous six results evaluate the

following six limits by using the table method for each:
x
1. limx→∞ x2
2
2. limx→∞ xx
2
3. limx→∞ xx2
4. limx→0 xx2
2
5. limx→0 xx
2
6. limx→0 xx2
Use powers of 10 for x