1 1

Bab Chapter

Pengenalan Introduction to
kepada Sains Science

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ISTILAH ! WORD UP!

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1
PENTING! BIG Picture!
• Luas – Area Area – Luas

Konsep • Daya graviti – Gravitational force The Gravitational force – Daya graviti
• Hipotesis – Hypothesis Hypothesis – Hipotesis
• Panjang – Length Length – Panjang
• Jisim – Mass Mass – Jisim
• Fenomena semula jadi – Natural Natural phenomena – Fenomena
phenomena semula jadi
• Isi padu – Volume Volume – Isi padu
• Berat – Weight Weight – Berat

Soalan Tahun-tahun Lepas PMR PMR Past-year Questions

Kertas 2 Paper 2
Tahun Kertas 1 Year Paper 1
Bhg. A Bhg. B Sec. A Sec. B
2005 S1 S1 2005 Q1
2006 S1 S1 2006 Q1
2007 S1, S2
S1, S2 2007 Q1, Q2
2008 S1 S1 2008 Q1
2009 S1 S1 2009 Q1
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 Objektif Pembelajaran Learning Objective
1.1 Memahami sains adalah sebahagian daripada kehidupan harian 1.1 Understanding that science is part of everyday life

Aktiviti Sains dan fenomena semula jadi DISCUSSION Science and natural phenomena
1.1 PERBINCANGAN Kontekstual 1.1 Activity Contextual
Chapter 1
Introduction to Science

Introduction to Science
Chapter 1
Mark (✓) in the boxes provided the natural phenomena.
Tandakan (✓) dalam petak yang disediakan bagi fenomena semula jadi.
✓ ✓
✓ ✓

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1
1

✓ ✓
✓ ✓

Objektif Pembelajaran Learning Objective

1.2 Mengetahui langkah-langkah keselamatan dan radas dalam makmal sains 1.2 Knowing the safety percautions and apparatus in a science laboratory
Aktiviti Radas makmal dan kegunaannya DISCUSSION Laboratory apparatus and their uses
1.2 PERBINCANGAN Kontekstual
1.2 Activity Contextual

Namakan radas makmal dalam jadual di bawah. Name the laboratory apparatus in the table below.
Kelalang kon Buret Balang gas Tungku kaki tiga Conical flask Burette Gas jar Tripod stand
Tabung didih Bikar Rod kaca Kelalang dasar bulat Boiling tube Beaker Glass rod Round-bottomed flask
Tabung uji Pipet Takung kaca Corong turas Test tube Pipette Glass trough Filter funnel
Silinder penyukat Kasa dawai Mangkuk pijar Corong tisel Measuring cylinder Wire gauze Crucible Thistle funnel
Kelalang volumetri Kaki retort Mangkuk penyejat Penunu Bunsen

MINDRobics
MINDRobics

Volumetric flask Retort stand Evaporating dish Bunsen burner

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

Tabung uji Tabung didih Bikar Kelalang kon Kelalang volumetri Test tube Boiling tube Beaker Conical flask Volumetric flask

6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10

Silinder penyukat Pipet Buret Kelalang dasar bulat Corong tisel Measuring cylinder Pipette Burette Round-bottomed flask Thistle funnel

1.1 HP • Menerangkan kepentingan sains dalam kehidupan harian 1.2 HP • Menggunakan radas saintifik yang umum dalam 1.1 LO • Explain the importance of science in everyday life 1.2 LO • Use some common scientific apparatus in the
• Menyenaraikan perkara di sekeliling anda yang berkaitan makmal • Make a list of things around you that are related to laboratory
dengan sains 2 science 2

1.1 Understanding that science is part of everyday life 1.2 Knowing the safety precautions and apparatus in a science laboratory
DISCUSSION DISCUSSION
1.1 Activity 1 What are the occurrences in nature involving living things and non-living things called? (Natural 1.2 Activity 1 Name the apparatus that is used to
phenomena)
(a) hold small amounts of liquid (Test tube) (f) support apparatus such as beakers when
2 Give three examples of natural phenomena. (Lightning, melting of ice, flowers blossoming…) (b) measure a fixed volume of liquid (Pipette) heating them (Tripod stand)
3 Name the field of knowledge that relates to the world around us. (Science) (c) evaporate liquid (Evaporating dish) (g) measure temperature (Thermometer)
(d) measure the volume of a liquid (not accurate) (h) transfer liquid into a container (Filter funnel)
4 State three branches of science. (Physic, chemistry and biology) (Measuring cylinder) (i) hold a test tube when it is being heated. (Test
5 State three careers related to science. (Doctor, science teacher, biochemist…) (e) measure accurately the volume of a liquid tube holder)
(Pipette or burette) (j) pick up solid chemicals (Spatula)

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 11 12 13 14 15 11 12 13 14 15
Chapter 1
Introduction to Science

Introduction to Science
Chapter 1
Corong turas Balang gas Mangkuk penyejat Mangkuk pijar Takung kaca Filter funnel Gas jar Evaporating dish Crucible Glass trough

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16 17 18 19 20 16 17 18 19 20

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Kaki retort Kasa dawai Tungku kaki tiga Penunu Bunsen Rod kaca Retort stand Wire gauze Tripod stand Bunsen burner Glass rod

Objektif Pembelajaran Learning Objective

1.3 Memahami langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik 1.3 Understanding the steps in scientific investigation
Aktiviti Langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik DISCUSSION Steps in a scientific investigation
1.3 PERBINCANGAN Masteri
1.3 Activity Mastery

KBSB TSTS
Susun mengikut urutan yang betul bagi langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik. • Membuat urutan Arrange in the correct sequence the steps in a scientific investigation. • Arranging

• Merancang penyiasatan • Menganalisis data • Teori sains • Plan the investigation • Analyse data • Science theory
• Membuat hipotesis • Mengumpul data • Membuat laporan • Make hypothesis • Collect data • Make report
• Menjalankan eksperimen • Membuat kesimpulan • Mengenal pasti masalah • Conduct experiment • Make conclusions • Identify problem
• Hipotesis • Mentafsirkan data • Mengawal pemboleh ubah • Hypothesis • Interpret data • Control variables

MINDRobics
MINDRobics

Mengenal pasti Merancang Mengawal Plan the

Membuat hipotesis Identify problem Make hypothesis Control variables
masalah penyiasatan pemboleh ubah investigation

Jika hipotesis Menjalankan eksperimen If hypothesis is

ditolak Conduct experiment
wrong
untuk menguji hipotesis to test hypothesis
• Mengumpul data • Collect data
• Menganalisis data • Analyse data
• Mentafsirkan data • Interpret data
Jika hipotesis diterima, If hypothesis is right,
teori sains • Membuat kesimpulan science theory
Membuat laporan • Make conclusions
dibina Make report
is built

1.3 HP • Menyatakan langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik 1.3 LO • State the steps in a scientific investigation

3 3

1.3 Understanding the steps in scientific investigation 5 An experiment is carried out to study the relationship between time and temperature. The results obtained
DISCUSSION are recorded in the table below. State the types of variables shown by the time and the temperature.
1.3 Activity 1 What can be formed if a hypothesis is accepted after going through experiments? (Theory)
2 What can be done if the hypothesis formed is rejected? (A new hypothesis has to be formed) Time Temperature
DISCUSSION 10 35
1.4 Activity 3 State two types of variables that are required to be related during the formation of a hypothesis.
(Manipulated variable and responding variable) 20 45
GUIDED
1.5 Experiment PEKA 4 State three types of variables. (Manipulated variable, responding variable and fixed/constant/controlled Time: …………………… (Variable that is manipulated)
variable)
Temperature : …………………… (Variable that responds)

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 Aktiviti Membuat hipotesis dan mengawal pemboleh ubah DISCUSSION Making hypothesis and controlling variables
1.4 PERBINCANGAN Masteri
1.4 Activity Mastery

BAHAGIAN SECTION
A A
benang string
Pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan dan yang bergerak balas dapat bandul Variable that is manipulated and that responds can be determined from pendulum
ditentukan daripada jadual atau graf bagi suatu penyiasatan saintifik. the table or the graph of a scientific investigation.

Tentukan pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan dan yang bergerak balas dalam ruang yang disediakan di Determined the variable that is manipulated and that responds in the space provided below. Then,

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bawah. Kemudian, hubung kaitkan pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan dengan pemboleh ubah yang relate the variable that is manipulated and that responds to form a hypothesis.
bergerak balas untuk membentuk satu hipotesis.
(a) Variable that is manipulated (b) Variable that responds
(a) Pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan (b) Pemboleh ubah yang bergerak balas (change)

1
1

(berubah) Time taken for

10 complete oscillations/s
Masa bagi 10 ayunan
Panjang bandul/cm 10 20 30 40 50 lengkap/s Length of pendulum/cm 10 20 30 40 50

Masa bagi 10 Time taken for 10

complete oscillations/s Variable that is
ayunan lengkap/s Pemboleh ubah yang manipulated
dimanipulasikan
responds
Pemboleh ubah yang bergerak balas Variable that
Length of the
(keputusan/pemerhatian) (result/observation) pendulum/cm
Panjang bandul/cm

INFERENS Panjang bandul mempengaruhi masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap. INFERENCE The length of the pendulum affects the time taken for 10 complete
oscillations.
Petunjuk: pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan mempengaruhi pemboleh ubah
bergerak balas Hint: manipulated variable affects the responding variable
HIPOTESIS Semakin panjang/pendek bandul, semakin panjang/pendek HYPOTHESIS The longer/shorter the length of pendulum, the longer/shorter
masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap. the time taken for 10 complete oscillations.
Petunujuk: mengaitkan pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan dengan pemboleh ubah Hint: relate the manipulated variable with the responding variable
yang bergerak balas
BAHAGIAN SECTION B
B 2006 Bhg. B, S8(c) 2006 Sec. B, Q8(c)

Satu penyiasatan dijalankan untuk mengkaji panjang tapak tangan bagi tiga orang budak lelaki pada An investigation is carried out to study the length of palms of three boys of different ages. The results of
umur yang berlainan. Keputusan penyiasatan ditunjukkan dalam jadual di bawah. the investigation are shown in the table below.
Panjang tapak tangan/cm Length of palms/cm
Length of the
16 Age of boys/year
Umur budak Panjang tapak palms/cm 16

lelaki/tahun tangan/cm 14 1 6 14
1 6 6 10
12 12
6 10 13 16
10 10
13 16
(a) Berdasarkan keputusan dalam jadual di atas, lukis
satu carta bar untuk menunjukkan panjang tapak
8 (a) Based on the results in the table above, draw a 8

tangan bagi budak lelaki yang berlainan. bar chart to show the length of palms of
6 6
different boys.
(b) Nyatakan pemboleh ubah yang
4 (b) State the variable that 4
(i) dimanipulasikan: Umur budak lelaki
2
(i) is manipulated: Age of boy
(ii) bergerak balas: Panjang tapak tangan 2

(ii) responds: Length of the palms

0 0
1 6 13 1 6 13
Umur budak lelaki/tahun Age of boys/year

1.4 HP • Menyatakan langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik

1.4 LO • State the steps in a scientific investigation

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 Eksperimen PEKA Mereka bentuk dan menjalankan eksperimen GUIDED Designing and carrying out an experiment
1.5 TERBIMBING Inkuiri-penemuan
1.5 Experiment PEKA Inquiry-discovery

Anda diberikan bahan dan radas serta maklumat seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di bawah. Anda You are given materials, apparatus and information as shown in the diagram below. Design and carry
dikehendaki mereka bentuk dan menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji bagaimana panjang out an experiment to study how the length of a simple pendulum affects its period of oscillation.
suatu bandul ringkas mempengaruhi tempoh ayunannya.

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string
benang
A B A B

1
1
retort
kaki stand
retort
pendulum
bandul one complete oscillation
satu ayunan lengkap
(pergerakan dari A ke B (movement from A to B
dan kemudian kembali and then back again to A)
semula ke A)

TUJUAN Mengkaji bagaimana panjang suatu bandul ringkas mempengaruhi tempoh ayunannya AIM To study how the length of a simple pendulum affects its period of oscillation
PERNYATAAN
MASALAH Bagaimanakah panjang suatu bandul ringkas mempengaruhi tempoh ayunannya? PROBLEM
STATEMENT How does the length of a simple pendulum affect its period of oscillation?

HIPOTESIS Semakin pendek bandul ringkas, semakin pendek tempoh untuk 10 ayunan bandul ringkas.
E1C11 HYPOTHESIS The shorter the length of the pendulum, the shorter the time taken for 10 oscillations.
E1C11
PEMBOLEH (a) yang dimalarkan: Bilangan ayunan
UBAH (b) yang dimanipulasikan: Panjang bandul ringkas E1C10 VARIABLE (a) that is kept constant: Number of oscillation
(c) yang bergerak balas: Tempoh untuk 10 ayunan bandul ringkas/Tempoh ayunan (b) that is manipulated: Length of the simple pendulum E1C10

BAHAN (c) that responds: Time for 10 oscillations/Periods of oscillation

Bandul, benang
MATERIALS Pendulum, string
RADAS Kaki retort dan pengapit, pembaris meter, jam randik
APPARATUS Retort stand and clamp, metre rule, stopwatch
PROSEDUR 1 Sediakan satu bandul ringkas dengan benang sepanjang 10 cm.
2 Tarik bandul pada suatu kedudukan, kemudian lepaskan. PROCEDURE 1 Prepare a simple pendulum with a 10 cm long thread.
3 Catatkan masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap dalam jadual. 2 Pull the pendulum to one side, then release.
4 Ulangi eksperimen dengan menggunakan panjang bandul ringkas yang berbeza-beza 3 Record the time taken for 10 complete oscillations in a table.
seperti dalam jadual. 4 Repeat the experiment using a simple pendulum of different lengths as shown in the
5 Lukis graf yang menunjukkan masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap melawan masa pada ruang table.
yang disediakan. 5 Draw a graph showing the time taken versus length of pendulum for 10 complete
CARA KERJA oscillations.
1 Satu bandul ringkas dengan benang sepanjang 10 cm disediakan.
STEPS 1 A simple pendulum with a 10 cm long thread was prepared.
2 Bandul ditarik pada suatu kedudukan kemudian dilepaskan.
3 Masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap dicatat dalam jadual. 2 The pendulum was pulled to one side, then it was released.
4 Eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan panjang bandul ringkas yang berbeza- 3 The time taken for 10 complete oscillations was recorded in a table.
beza seperti dalam jadual. 4 The experiment was repeated using a simple pendulum of different lengths as shown
5 Graf masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap lawan panjang bandul dilukis. in the table.
5 A graph showing the time taken for 10 complete oscillations versus the length of
pendulum was drawn.
1.5 HP • Menyatakan langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Contoh 2, 1.5 LO • State the steps in a scientific investigation
saintifik Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Example 2,
hlm. 12; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 1.1, • Carry out a scientific investigation p. 12; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 1.1, p. 8
• Menjalankan penyiasatan saintifik
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 KEPUTUSAN RESULTS
Eksperimen Panjang bandul ringkas/cm Masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap/s Experiment Length of simple pendulum/cm Time taken for 10 complete oscillations/s
E1 E1
C 1 10 8.8 C 1 10 8.8
3 3
4 2 20 13.2 4 2 20 13.2
5 5
6 3 30 16.5 6 3 30 16.5
7 7
8 4 40 18.4 8 4 40 18.4

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10
11 5 50 20.0 11 5 50 20.0
S S
(Jawapan pelajar) E1C3 E1C6 E2C14 (Student’s answers) E1C3 E1C6 E2C14

1
1

ANALISIS 1 Nyatakan perbezaan dalam masa bagi bandul panjang dan bandul pendek untuk ANALYSIS 1 State the difference in the time taken for a long pendulum and a short pendulum to
melakukan 10 ayunan lengkap. make 10 complete oscillations.
E2 Bandul yang lebih panjang/pendek mengambil masa yang lebih E2 A longer/shorter pendulum takes a longer/shorter time to
C C make 10 complete oscillations. E1C8 E2C15
panjang/pendek untuk melakukan 10 ayunan lengkap. E1C8 E2C15
14 14
15 2 Apakah inferens yang dapat dibuat bagi eksperimen ini? 15 2 What inference can be made for this experiment?
16
Panjang bandul mempengaruhi masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap. 16 The length of the pendulum affects the time taken for 10 complete oscillations.
S S
TSTS E1C4
KBSB E1C4
• Making inference
• Membuat inferens

3 Berdasarkan keputusan dalam 3 Based on the results in the table,

jadual, plotkan graf masa bagi plot a graph of the time taken to
10 ayunan lengkap melawan panjang make 10 complete oscillations
bandul. against the length of the pendulum.

Time taken for 10 complete oscillations/s

20
4 Nyatakan hubungan antara panjang 20 4 State the relationship between the
bandul dengan masa bagi 10 ayunan length of the pendulum and the time
Masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap/s

lengkap. taken for 10 complete oscillations.

Semakin panjang/pendek longer/shorter
15 15 The the
bandul semakin panjang/pendek length of the pendulum, the
masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap. E1C7 longer/shorter the time
10 10 taken for 10 complete oscillations.
5 Ramalkan masa yang diambil bagi
E1C7
satu 60 cm panjang bandul untuk
melakukan 10 ayunan lengkap. 5 Predict the time taken for a 60 cm
5 22 s (lebih daripada 20 s) 5
long pendulum to make 10 complete
E1C5 oscillations.
22 s (more than 20 s)
KPS
10 20 30 40 50 • Meramalkan 10 20 30 40 50 E1C5
SPS
Panjang bandul/cm Length of the pendulum/cm
• Predicting
E1C6 E2C15 E1C6 E2C15

KESIMPULAN 1 Hipotesis adalah diterima . E2C16 CONCLUSION 1 The hypothesis is accepted . E2C16

2 Masa yang diambil untuk bandul ringkas membuat satu ayunan lengkap meningkat 2 The time taken for the simple pendulum to make one complete oscillation
dengan panjang bandul. E2C16 increases with the length of the pendulum. E2C16

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 Objektif Pembelajaran Learning Objective
1.4 Mengetahui kuantiti fizik dan unitnya 1.4 Knowing physical quantities and their units

Aktiviti Kuantiti fizik dan unit SI

DISCUSSION Physical quantities and the SI units
1.6 PERBINCANGAN Masteri 1.6 Activity Mastery
Chapter 1
Introduction to Science

Introduction to Science
Chapter 1
Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi, lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan unit SI dan simbol unit. Based on the given information, complete the table below with suitable SI units and its symbol.
Saat Meter Kilogram Kelvin Ampere Second Metre Kilogram Kelvin Ampere
A K m kg s A K m kg s

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Kuantiti fizik Unit SI Simbol unit Physical quantity SI unit Symbol
Panjang Meter m Length Metre m
Jisim Kilogram kg Mass Kilogram kg

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Suhu Kelvin K Temperature Kelvin K
Arus elektrik Ampere A Electric current Ampere A
Masa Saat s Time Second s

Aktiviti Kuantiti fizik dalam bentuk imbuhan dan bentuk piawai THINKING Physical quantities in the prefix and standard forms
1.7 BERFIKIR Masteri
1.7 Activity Mastery

1 Tulis nilai imbuhan bagi imbuhan dalam Jadual (a). Kemudian, tukar nilai kuantiti fizik yang diberi 1 Write the prefix value of prefixes in Table (a). Then, change the value of the physical quantity given to
kepada bentuk piawai dalam Jadual (b). the standard form in Table (b).

1 mm = 1 000 μm 1 mm = 1 000 μm
1 cm = 10 mm 1 cm = 10 mm
1m = 100 cm 1m = 100 cm
1 km = 1 000 m 1 km = 1 000 m
1 Mm = 1 000 000 m 1 Mm = 1 000 000 m
1 kg = 1 000 g 1 kg = 1 000 g

MINDRobics
MINDRobics

Imbuhan Nilai imbuhan Nilai kuantiti fizik Bentuk piawai Prefix Prefix value Value of physical quantity Standard form
mega 1 000 000 6 500 m 6.5 × 103 m mega 1 000 000 6 500 m 6.5 × 103 m
kilo 1 000 kilo 1 000
0.09 m 9 × 10–2 m 0.09 m 9 × 10–2 m
desi 0.1 deci 0.1
800 000 m 8 × 105 m 800 000 m 8 × 105 m
senti 0.01 centi 0.01
mili 0.001 0.000005 m 5 × 10–6 m milli 0.001 0.000005 m 5 × 10–6 m

mikro 0.000001 0.007 m 7 × 10–3 m micro 0.000001 0.007 m 7 × 10–3 m

Jadual (a) Jadual (b) Table (a) Table (b)

2 Tukar nilai kuantiti fizik di bawah kepada nilai imbuhan. 2 Change the values of the physical quantities below to the prefix forms.
(a) 200 g = 0.2 kg (d) 0.02 m = 2 cm (a) 200 g = 0.2 kg (d) 0.02 m = 2 cm
(b) 0.005 A = 5 mA (e) 760 m = 0.76 km (b) 0.005 A = 5 mA (e) 760 m = 0.76 km
(c) 4 000 000 g = 4 Mg (f) 0.008 m = 8 mm (c) 4 000 000 g = 4 Mg (f) 0.008 m = 8 mm

1.6 HP • Menyatakan kuantiti fizik: panjang, jisim, masa, suhu 1.7 HP • Menyatakan simbol dan nilai imbuhan bagi unit 1.6 LO • State physical quantities: length, mass, time, 1.7 LO • State the symbols and values of prefixes for units of
dan arus elektrik panjang dan jisim: mili-, senti-, dan kilo- temperature and electric current length and mass: milli-, centi-, and kilo-
• Menyatakan unit SI dan simbol yang berkaitan 7 • Mengenal pasti dan menggunakan imbuhan yang
sesuai dalam pengukuran panjang dan jisim
• State the SI units and the corresponding symbols for
these physical quantities
7 • Identify and use appropriate prefixes in the
measurement of length and mass
dengan kuantiti fizik ini

1.4 Knowing physical quantities and their units 3 State the prefix value of
DISCUSSION
(a) kilo (1 000)
1.6 Activity 1 State the SI unit and the symbol of (b) mega (1 000 000)
(a) mass (Kilogram, kg) (d) temperature (Kelvin, K) (c) deci (0.1)
(b) length (Metre, m) (e) electric current (Ampere, A) (d) milli (0.001)
(c) time (Second, s) 4 Give the standard form of 1 000 km (1 x 103 km)
THINKING
1.7 Activity 2 Give the symbol of the prefix of 5 Give in the prefix form of 5 000 g (5 kg)
(a) mega (M)
(b) kilo (k)
(c) centi (c)

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 Objektif Pembelajaran Learning Objective
1.5 Memahami konsep jisim 1.5 Understanding the concept of mass
Eksperimen Jisim dan berat INQUIRY Mass and weight
1.8 INKUIRI Inkuiri-penemuan
1.8 Experiment Inquiry-discovery
Chapter 1
Introduction to Science

Introduction to Science
Chapter 1
TUJUAN Menyukat jisim dan berat bagi pelbagai objek AIM To measure the mass and weight of various objects

BAHAN Bongkah kayu, buku, botol plastik, kotak pensel, ladung MATERIALS Wooden block, book, plastic bottle, pencil box, pendulum bob
RADAS Neraca tuas, neraca spring APPARATUS Lever balance, spring balance

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1
1

Rajah (a) Neraca tuas Rajah (b) Neraca spring Diagram (a) Lever balance Diagram (b) Spring balance

PROSEDUR 1 Periksa sebuah neraca tuas dan neraca spring seperti dalam Rajah (a) dan Rajah (b). PROCEDURE 1 Examine a lever balance and a spring balance as in Diagram (a) and Diagram (b)
2 Tentukan jisim objek yang disenaraikan dalam jadual dengan menggunakan neraca respectively.
tuas. Catat jisim tersebut dalam jadual yang diberi. 2 Find out the mass of the objects listed in the table using a lever balance. Record the
3 Ulangi proses di atas untuk mencari berat setiap objek dengan menggunakan neraca mass in the table given.

MINDRobics
MINDRobics

spring. Catat berat tersebut dalam jadual yang diberi. 3 Repeat the process to find out the weight for all the objects using a spring balance.
4 Bandingkan nilai jisim dan berat setiap objek yang anda ukur. Record the weight in the table given.
4 Compare the values of the mass and weight of the objects you have measured.

KEPUTUSAN RESULTS
Objek Jisim objek/g Berat objek/N Object Mass of object/g Weight of object/N

Bongkah kayu Wooden block

Buku Book

Botol plastik Plastic bottle

Kotak pensel Pencil box

Ladung Pendulum bob

(Jawapan pelajar) (Student’s answers)

1.8 HP • Menentukan berat objek Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, 1.5 Konsep 1.8 LO • Determine the weight of an object Refer to Essential Science Form 1, 1.5 Concept of
• Menerangkan konsep berat jisim, hlm. 15; Essential Science PMR, 1.5 Concept • Explain the concept of weight mass, p. 15; Essential Science PMR, 1.5 Concept of
• Menerangkan konsep jisim of mass, hlm. 10 • Explain the concept of mass mass, p.10
•
•
Menentukan jisim objek
Menerangkan perbezaan antara jisim dan berat
8 •
•
Determine the mass of an object
Explain the difference between mass and weight
8

1.5 Understanding the concept of mass 1.9

DISCUSSION
Activity &6 Which is affected by the gravitational force, the mass or the weight? (The weight)
INQUIRY DISCUSSION
1.8 Experiment 1 State two devices that can be used to measure the mass of an object. (Lever balance and electronic 1.10 Activity 7 State the SI unit for weight. (Newton, N)
balance/triple beam balance) 8 An object has a mass of 5 kg on the Moon. Predict the mass of the object on Jupiter. Give reason for your
2 State two devices that can be used to measure the weight of an object. (Spring balance and compression answer. (5 kg. The mass of the object is not affected by the gravitational force/The mass of the object is
balance) constant)
3 State a type of balance of mass that gives the most accurate reading. (Electronic balance) 9 Explain why the weight of an object differs from place to place? (The weight of an object depends on the
4 What is the measuring unit for mass? (Kilogram) gravitational attraction force at a given place)

5 What is the measuring unit for weight? (Newton)

8 8

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 ANALISIS 1 Nyatakan maksud, unit sukatan dan simbol bagi jisim dan berat suatu objek. ANALYSIS 1 State the meanings, measuring units and symbol for the mass and weight of an object.
Chapter 1 Maksud Unit sukatan dan simbol Meaning Measuring unit and symbol
Introduction to Science

Introduction to Science
Chapter 1
(a) Jisim objek Kuantiti jirim yang Kilogram, kg
(a) Mass of The quantity of matter Kilogram, kg
terkandung di dalam suatu objek an object in the object
(b) Berat objek Daya tarikan graviti yang Newton, N
(b) Weight of The force of the gravitational Newton, N
bertindak ke atas suatu objek pull
an object that acts on

CHAPTER
the object

BAB
2 Sukatan neraca yang manakah tidak dipengaruhi oleh daya tarikan graviti?
Jisim 2 Which balance measurement is not influenced by the gravitational force?
Mass
3 Adakah jisim suatu objek tetap sama jika ditimbang di tempat lain KBSB

1
1
seperti di kutub Bumi? Terangkan jawapan anda. • Membuat inferens TSTS
3 Is the mass of an object remains the same if the object is weighed
Ya . Jisim objek adalah sentiasa tetap . in places like the Earth’s poles? Explain your answer. • Making inferences

Yes . The mass of an object is constant .

4 Namakan dua penimbang lain yang digunakan untuk menimbang jisim objek di makmal.
4 Name two other balances used to weigh the mass of an object in the laboratory.

Neraca tiga alur Neraca elektronik

Triple beam balance Electronic balance
5 Namakan sejenis neraca yang dapat memberi nilai bacaan jisim KBSB
TSTS
objek dengan sangat tepat. • Menjanakan idea
5 Name a type of balance which gives very accurate reading of the • Generating ideas
Neraca elektronik mass of an object.
6 Namakan satu penimbang lain yang boleh digunakan untuk mengukur berat objek. Electronic balance

6 Name one other type of balance which can be used to measure weight of objects.

MINDRobics
MINDRobics

The Earth attracts all

Bumi menarik semua bodies with a force. This
jasad dengan suatu force is called the weight
daya. Daya ini disebut of a body.
berat jasad.

Neraca mampatan
Compression balance

KESIMPULAN Neraca tuas menyukat jisim manakala neraca spring menyukat CONCLUSION The lever balance measures mass while the spring balance measures
berat . weight .

9 9

10 What is the quantity of matter that is present in an object called? (Mass) 14 What is the use of the spring balance? (To measure the weight of an object)
11 State the SI unit for mass and its symbol. (Kilogram, kg) 15 What is the use of the lever balance? (To measure the mass of an object)
12 What is the force of the gravitational pull that acts on an object, the mass or the weight? (The weight)
13 What is the symbol of newton? (N)

9 9

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 Aktiviti Jisim dan berat objek DISCUSSION Mass and weight of an object
1.9 PERBINCANGAN Konstruktivisme
1.9 Activity Constructivism

Fill in the blanks with suitable words about mass and weight.
Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai tentang jisim dan berat objek.
fixed kg gram milligram
tetap kg gram miligram N change kilogram mass
N berubah kilogram jisim newton gravitational force matter changes

CHAPTER
BAB

newton daya tarikan graviti jirim berubah-ubah

The mass of an object is the amount of matter contained in the object.

1
1

Jisim sesuatu objek ialah jumlah jirim yang terkandung di dalam objek kilogram kg
The SI unit for mass is and the symbol for this unit is . The units of
tersebut. Unit SI bagi jisim ialah kilogram dan simbol bagi unitnya ialah kg . Unit gram milligram
mass that are smaller are or . The mass of an object is
jisim yang lebih kecil ialah gram atau miligram . Jisim suatu objek adalah malar atau fixed
constant or , regardless where that object is.
tetap , walaupun di mana objek itu berada. gravitational force changes
The weight of an object is influenced by the , which
Berat suatu objek dipengaruhi oleh daya tarikan graviti , yang change
according to place. Therefore, the weight of an object may in a different place. The
berubah-ubah mengikut tempat. Oleh itu, berat objek mungkin berubah di suatu tempat newton N
measuring unit of weight is and its symbol is .
lain. Unit sukatan bagi berat ialah newton dengan simbol N .

Aktiviti DISCUSSION Comparison between the concepts of mass and weight

1.10 PERBINCANGAN
Perbandingan antara konsep jisim dengan berat
Masteri 1.10 Activity Mastery

KBSB TSTS
• Membandingkan dan
Compare and contrast the concepts of mass and weight in the spaces provided.
• Compare & contrast
Banding dan bezakan konsep jisim dengan berat dalam ruang yang disediakan. membezakan

Jisim Ciri-ciri Berat Mass Characteristics Weight

Tidak dipengaruhi Dipengaruhi oleh Not influenced Influence of gravitational Influenced by

Pengaruh daya tarikan graviti by
oleh daya tarikan graviti daya tarikan graviti gravitational force force gravitational force

Nilai sukatan di tempat- Berubah-ubah Measurement taken in Changes

Tetap Constant
tempat yang berlainan mengikut tempat different places according to place

kilogram Unit sukatan newton kilogram Measuring unit newton

Alat sukatan digunakan Neraca spring/Neraca Weighing instruments used in Spring balance/Compression
Neraca tuas/Neraca palang Lever balance/Beam balance
di dalam makmal mampatan laboratory balance

1.9 HP • Menerangkan konsep berat 1.10 HP • Menerangkan perbezaan di antara jisim dengan berat 1.9 LO • Explain concept of weight 1.10 LO • Explain the differences between mass and weight
• Menerangkan konsep jisim • Explain concept of mass
10 10

F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 10 7/22/10 10:31:07 AM

 Objektif Pembelajaran Learning Objective
1.6 Memahami penggunaan alat-alat pengukur 1.6 Understanding the use of measuring tools

Eksperimen Panjang garis lurus dan garis lengkung INQUIRY Length of straight and curved lines
1.11 INKUIRI Inkuiri-penemuan 1.11 Experiment Inquiry-discovery
Chapter 1
Introduction to Science

Introduction to Science
Chapter 1
TUJUAN Mengukur panjang AIM To measure
(a) garis lurus dengan menggunakan pembaris meter dan pita pengukur (a) straight lines using metre rule and measuring tape
(b) garis lengkung dengan menggunakan benang dan pembaris (b) curved lines using thread and ruler
BAHAN Benang, pensel, pen, bola MATERIALS Thread, pencil, pen, ball

CHAPTER
BAB
RADAS Pembaris meter, pita pengukur APPARATUS Metre rule, measuring tape

1
1
ball
bola
10 measuring
pita pengukur 9

24
10
tape
8

25
9

24
7

26
27
8

25
7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

26
27
30 4
31
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 30 4 3
32 2
31 3 33
32 2
33

37
38

30
38
37
38

30
38
Diagram (a) Diagram (b) Diagram (c)
Rajah (a) Rajah (b) Rajah (c)

PROSEDUR PROCEDURE 1 Measure the length of a pencil and a pen as shown in Diagram (a) with the use of a
1 Ukur panjang pensel dan pen seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (a) dengan
pembaris meter. Ukur sebanyak tiga kali dan tentukan nilai purata panjangnya dalam metre rule. Measure each object thrice and determine the average value of the length
jadual yang disediakan. of the object in the table provided.
2 Ukur panjang ukur lilit sebiji bola seperti pada Rajah (b) dengan menggunakan pita 2 Measure the circumference of a ball as shown in Diagram (b) with a measuring tape
pengukur sebanyak tiga kali. three times.
3 Ukur sepanjang garis lengkung dalam Rajah (c) dengan bantuan seutas benang dan 3 Measure along the curved line in Diagram (c) with the help of a strand of thread and a
pembaris. ruler.
4 Ulangi pengukuran sebanyak tiga kali untuk menentukan nilai purata panjangnya. 4 Repeat the measuring task thrice to determine the average value of its length. Record
Catatkan keputusan dalam jadual yang sama. the results in the same table.
KEPUTUSAN RESULTS
Pengukuran/cm Measurement/cm
Objek Object

MINDRobics
MINDRobics

1 2 3 Purata 1 2 3 Average

Pensel 8.4 8.3 8.5 8.4 Pencil 8.4 8.3 8.5 8.4

Pen 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.1 Pen 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.1

Bola 45.1 45.2 45.0 45.1 Ball 45.1 45.2 45.0 45.1

Garis lengkung 7.5 7.3 7.4 7.4 Curved line 7.5 7.3 7.4 7.4

(Jawapan pelajar) (Student’s answers)

KBSB TSTS
ANALISIS 1 Apakah itu panjang? • Mendefinisi secara ANALYSIS 1 What is length? • Defining operationally
operasi
Jarak di antara dua titik. The distance between two points.

2 Mengapakah nilai purata daripada beberapa bacaan perlu diambil? 2 Why should the average value of a few readings be required?
Untuk mendapat keputusan yang lebih jitu . To get a result that is more accurate .

1.11 HP • Memilih alat yang betul dan mengukur panjang Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Pengukuran 1.11 LO • Choose the right tool and measure length Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Measurement of
panjang, hlm. 16; Essential Science PMR, length, p. 16; Essential Science PMR, Measurement of
11 Measurement of length, hlm. 11 11 length, p.11

1.6 Understanding the use of measuring tools 6 Name the devices that can be used to measure the internal diameter of a beaker. (Internal calipers and ruler)
INQUIRY 7 Name the devices that can be used to measure the external diameter of a measuring cylinder. (External
1.11 Experiment 1 What is the distance between two points? (Length) calipers and ruler)
2 What can be used to measure the width of a book? (Ruler) 1.13
INQUIRY
Experiment 8 What is the total surface covered by an object? (Area)
3 What can be used to measure the length of a classroom? (Measuring tape) 9 What can be used to estimate the area of an irregular-shaped object? (Graph paper)
4 What can be used to measure the length of a curved line? (Thread and ruler) 10 What is the estimated area of the leaf on the right?
1 cm

1 cm
INQUIRY
1.12 Experiment 5 Name the device. (a) (Internal calipers) (b) (External calipers)
(3 cm2)

11 11

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 3 Tandakan (✓) dalam petak bagi bahan yang sesuai diukur dengan menggunakan 3 Mark (✓) in the box for the item that is suitable to be measured using a thread
benang dan pembaris. and a ruler.
Chapter 1 ✓ ✓

Introduction to Science

Introduction to Science
Chapter 1
Panjang gambar Ketebalan buku Panjang sungai The length of picture
The thickness of The length of
di atas peta the book river on the map

CHAPTER
BAB 4 Pembaris meter tidak sesuai digunakan untuk mengukur: 4 Metre rule is not suitable to measure:
lebih daripada 1 m (a) the length of a classroom which is more than 1 m .
(a) panjang bilik darjah yang .
kurang daripada 1 mm (b) the thickness of a strand of hair which is less than 1 mm .
(b) ketebalan rambut yang .

1
1

5 Cadangkan bagaimana anda dapat mengukur panjang suatu sungai pada peta. 5 Suggest how you would measure the length of a river on a map.
benang pembaris By using thread and ruler .
Dengan menggunakan dan .
6 Tandakan (✓) bagi kedudukan mata yang betul untuk mengambil bacaan panjang 6 Mark (✓) the correct eye position to take the reading of the length of the chalk in the
kapur dalam rajah di bawah. Kemudian, tentukan panjang kapur. diagram below. Then, determine the length of the chalk.

✓ Pembaris meter tidak ✓

sesuai digunakan untuk Metre rule is not suitable
mengukur panjang bilik to measure the length of
darjah yang lebih a classroom which is
daripada 1 m dan tebal more than 1 m and the
cm 0 1 2 3 sehelai kertas yang cm 0 1 2 3
thickness of a piece of
kurang daripada 1 m. paper which is less than
1 m.

Length of chalk = 2.5 cm .

Panjang kapur = 2.5 cm .
CONCLUSION 1 The length of an object can be measured by using a metre rule or
KESIMPULAN 1 Panjang objek dapat diukur dengan menggunakan pembaris meter
measuring tape .
atau pita pengukur .
2 The length of a curved line can be measured with the use of thread and
2 Panjang garis lengkung dapat diukur dengan menggunakan benang
ruler .
dan pembaris .

MINDRobics
MINDRobics

INQUIRY Diameter of objects

Eksperimen Diameter objek 1.12 Experiment Inquiry-discovery

1.12 INKUIRI Inkuiri-penemuan

AIM To measure the external and internal diameters of objects using calipers
TUJUAN Menyukat diameter luar dan diameter dalam objek menggunakan angkup APPARATUS Internal calipers, external calipers, metre rule, 100 cm3 beaker
RADAS Angkup dalam, angkup luar, pembaris meter, bikar 100 cm3 PROCEDURE 1 Measure the external diameter of a 100 cm3 beaker using a pair of external calipers
PROSEDUR and a metre rule as shown in Diagram (a).
1 Ukur diameter luar sebuah bikar 100 cm3 dengan menggunakan angkup luar dan
pembaris meter seperti pada Rajah (a).
external
angkup calipers
luar

Rajah (a) Diagram (a)

2 Ulangi penyukatan sebanyak tiga kali pada bahagian bikar yang berlainan. Catat
keputusan dalam jadual yang disediakan. Hitung nilai puratanya.
1.12 HP • Memilih alat yang betul dan mengukur panjang Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Pengukuran
diameter suatu objek, hlm. 17; Essential Science PMR,
12 Measuring the diameter of an object, hlm. 13
2 Repeat the measurements thrice at different parts of the beaker. Record your readings
in a table. Calculate the average.
1.12 LO • Choose the right tool and measure length Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Measurement of
the diameter of an object, p. 17; Essential Science
12 PMR, Measuring the diameter of an object, p.13

1.14
INQUIRY
Experiment 11 What is the total space occupied by an object? (Volume) 15 Which is the correct eye level in taking the volume of the following liquids?
12 State three apparatus that can be used to measure volume of liquids. (Measuring cylinder, pipette and (a) (b) X
burette) P Y (✓)
13 State two apparatus that can be used to measure accurately the volume of liquids. (Pipette and burette) Q (✓) Z
14 State one precautionary step when using measuring cylinder to take the reading of the volume of a liquid. R
(Take the reading at eye level)

Water Mercury

12 12

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 3 Ulangi langkah 1 dan 2 untuk mendapatkan diameter dalam bikar menggunakan 3 Repeat steps 1 and 2 to find the internal diameter of the beaker using a pair of
angkup dalam dan pembaris meter seperti pada Rajah (b). internal calipers and a metre rule as shown in Diagram (b).

angkup
Chapter 1
Introduction to Science

Introduction to Science
Chapter 1
internal
dalam calipers

Rajah (b)
Diagram (b)

CHAPTER
BAB
KEPUTUSAN RESULTS
Panjang/cm Length/cm
Ukuran Measurement
1 2 3 Purata 1 2 3 Average

1
1
Diameter luar 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.0 External diameter 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.0

Diameter dalam 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.8 Internal diameter 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.8

(Jawapan pelajar) (Student’s answers)

ANALISIS 1 Mengapakah ketiga-tiga bacaan bagi diameter dalam dan diameter luar adalah tidak ANALYSIS 1 Why are the three readings for the internal diameter and the external diameter different?
sama? not uniform
The thickness of the beaker is .
Ketebalan dinding bikar adalah tidak sekata .
2 Name the type of calipers used and determine the internal diameter and external
2 Namakan jenis angkup yang digunakan dan tentukan diameter dalam dan diameter diameter of objects.
luar bagi suatu objek.
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Internal External
Angkup Angkup
calipers calipers
dalam luar

MINDRobics
MINDRobics

0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 cm cm
cm cm

3.0 cm 2.8
3.0 2.8 Internal diameter = External diameter =
Diameter dalam = cm Diameter luar = cm

3 State how you would use a pair of external calipers to measure the thickness of a
3 Nyatakan bagaimana anda dapat menggunakan angkup luar untuk mengukur ketebalan sheet of paper.
sehelai kertas.
angkup luar Measure the thickness of a hundred sheets of the paper with the
Ukur ketebalan seratus helai kertas dengan dan bahagikan
external calipers and divide the value you obtained by 100 .
nilai yang diperoleh dengan nilai 100 .

CONCLUSION The external diameter and the internal diameter of a beaker can be measured by using
KESIMPULAN Diameter luar dan diameter dalam bikar dapat diukur dengan menggunakan
calipers and a ruler .
angkup dan pembaris .

13 13

DISCUSSION
1.15
INQUIRY
Experiment
16 What method can be used to measure the volume of regular and irregular-shaped solids? (Water 1.17 Activity 18 Suggest two devices that can be used to measure the length of a river on the map. (A thread and a ruler)
& displacement method)
DISCUSSION
1.16 Activity 19 What is the volume of the water? (23 ml) 20 What is the volume of the mercury? (25 ml)
17 Determine the volume of the solids.
measuring thread Volume of stone = 60 – 40 = 20 cm3
cylinder
Volume of cork = 65 – 60 = 5 cm3
60 cm3 65 cm3
40 cm3 20 ml 20 ml
cork

water stone

13 13

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 Eksperimen Luas bentuk sekata dan tidak sekata INQUIRY Area of regular and irregular shapes
1.13 INKUIRI Inkuiri-penemuan
1.13 Experiment Inquiry-discovery

TUJUAN Menganggarkan luas objek berbentuk sekata dan tidak sekata AIM To find the area of a regular and irregular-shaped objects
BAHAN Pemadam pensel, daun, objek berbentuk segi tiga, kertas graf MATERIALS Pencil eraser, leaf, triangle-shaped object, graph paper
RADAS Pembaris meter APPARATUS Metre rule

CHAPTER
PROSEDUR
BAB

1 Tentukan bilangan petak segi empat sama yang diliputi oleh pemadam pensel. PROCEDURE 1 Determine the number of squares covered by the outline of the pencil eraser. Count
Bilangan segi empat sama yang separuh atau lebih daripada separuh dihitung sebagai all 1 squares and all squares that are more than 12 as full squares. Mark (✓) for every
satu segi empat sama. Tandakan (✓) pada setiap segi empat sama yang dikira. (Setiap 2
segi empat sama berukuran 1 cm2) square counted. (Each square counted = 1 cm2 )
1

1
2 Ulangi langkah 1 dengan menggunakan sehelai daun dan objek berbentuk segi tiga. 2 Repeat step 1 using a leaf and a triangle-shaped object.

KEPUTUSAN 1 cm RESULTS 1 cm

1 Luas pemadam 1 Area of pencil eraser

1 cm 1 cm
1 3 = 8 cm2 1 3 = 8 cm2
2 Luas daun 2 Area of leaf
= 23 cm2 = 23 cm2
3 Luas objek 3 Area of triangle-
berbentuk segi tiga shaped object
= 4 cm2 = 4 cm2
2 2

ANALISIS 1 Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan luas? ANALYSIS 1 What is meant by area?
Jumlah permukaan yang diliputi oleh suatu objek. The total surface covered by an object.
2 Nyatakan unit sukatan bagi luas yang dianggarkan dalam aktiviti ini. 2 State the measuring unit for area estimated in this activity.
Sentimeter persegi/cm2 Square centimetre/cm2

3 Adakah luas objek yang ditentukan dalam aktiviti ini jitu? Tidak 3 Is the area of the object determined in this activity accurate? No

KESIMPULAN Luas objek yang sekata dan tidak sekata dapat dianggarkan dengan menggunakan CONCLUSION The area of an object that is regular and irregular can be estimated by using a
kertas graf . graph paper .

1.13 HP • Menganggarkan luas bentuk sekata dan tidak sekata Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Pengukuran 1.13 LO • Estimate area of regular and irregular shapes using Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Measurement of
dengan menggunakan kertas graf luas, hlm. 20; Essential Science PMR, Measurement graph paper area, p. 20; Essential Science PMR, Measurement of
14 of area, hlm. 14 14 area, p.14

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 Eksperimen Isi padu cecair INQUIRY
1.14 INKUIRI Inkuiri-penemuan
1.14 Experiment
Volume of liquids
Inquiry-discovery

TSTS
KBSB
• Using scientific
TUJUAN Mengukur isi padu cecair dengan menggunakan silinder penyukat
• Menggunakan peralatan
AIM To measure the volume of liquids using a measuring cylinder apparatus correctly
sains dengan betul

BAHAN Air, kertas putih MATERIALS Water, white piece of paper

RADAS Silinder penyukat 100 cm3, tabung didih, tabung uji, 25 ml pipet, pam sedutan, buret, kaki

CHAPTER
APPARATUS

BAB
100 cm3 measuring cylinder, boiling tube, test tube, 25 ml pipette, suction pump, burette,
retort dan pengapit
retort stand and clamp
PROSEDUR 1 Isi satu tabung didih penuh dengan air. PROCEDURE 1 Fill a boiling tube completely with water.
2 Tuangkan air ke dalam silinder penyukat dan rekodkan isi padu air.

1
3 Ulangi langkah 1 dan 2 dengan menggunakan satu tabung uji. 2 Pour the water into a measuring cylinder and record the volume of water.
4 Isi sebuah bikar dengan air. 3 Repeat steps 1 and 2 with a test tube.
5 Dengan bantuan satu pam sedutan, guna satu pipet untuk menyedut air sehingga ke 4 Fill a beaker with water.
tanda senggatan 25 ml. 5 With the help of a suction pump, use a pipette to draw up the water until it reaches
6 Lepaskan air ke dalam sebuah silinder penyukat kosong dan rekodkan isi padu air. the 25 ml graduated mark.
7 Isi sebuah buret dengan air. 6 Release the water into an empty measuring cylinder and record the volume of water in it.
8 Lepaskan 25 ml air ke dalam sebuah silinder penyukat kosong dan rekodkan isi padu 7 Fill a burette with water.
air. 8 Release 25 ml of water into an empty measuring cylinder and record the volume of
water in it.
100 ml
pam
kaki retort 100 ml
90 retort stand
penyedut penyepit 90 suction
80
retort 80 pump retort
70 clamp
70
60
60
50
25 ml buret 50
40 burette
pipet 40 25 ml

30
30 pipette
20
20
10
10

Rajah (a) Rajah (b) Rajah (c)

Diagram (a) Diagram (b) Diagram (c)
KEPUTUSAN RESULTS
Jenis bekas Isi padu air/ml (cm3) Type of container Volume of water/ml (cm3)
Tabung didih 57 Boiling tube 57
Tabung uji 18 Test tube 18
Pipet 25 Pipette 25
Buret 25 Burette 25

ANALISIS 1 Apakah itu isi padu? ANALYSIS 1 What is volume?

Jumlah ruang The total space occupied by an object.
yang diisi oleh suatu objek.
ml/cm3 3
2 Apakah unit sukatan bagi silinder penyukat, pipet, dan buret? 2 What is the measuring unit for a measuring cylinder, a pipette and a burette? ml/cm
3 Nyatakan dua langkah berjaga-jaga semasa menggunakan silinder penyukat. 3 State two precautionary steps taken when using a measuring cylinder.
(a) Letakkan silinder penyukat di atas permukaan rata . (a) Place the measuring cylinder on a flat surface .
(b) Mata mesti berada pada paras yang sama dengan meniskus cecair.
(b) The eye must be on the same level as the meniscus of the liquid.
1.14 HP • Memilih pengukur yang betul dan ukur isi padu cecair Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Pengukuran 1.14 LO • Choose the right tool and measure the volume of Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Measurement of
dalam konteks eksperimen isi padu cecair, hlm. 20; Essential Science PMR, a liquid volume of liquids, p. 20; Essential Science PMR,
15 Measuring the volume of liquids, hlm. 15 15 Measuring the volume of liquids, p. 15

F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 15 7/22/10 10:31:08 AM

 4 Tandakan (✓) pada aras mata yang betul pada rajah di bawah untuk menunjukkan 4 Mark (✓) the correct eye level in the diagrams below to show the correct way to take
cara pengambilan bacaan isi padu yang betul bagi larutan gula dan merkuri. the volume readings of a sugar solution and mercury.

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

larutan merkuri sugar mercury

gula solution

5 Circle the measuring instruments for liquid below which are more accurate.
5 Bulatkan alat penyukatan cecair di bawah yang lebih tepat.

CHAPTER
BAB

Measuring cylinder Pipette Burette

Silinder penyukat Buret Pipet

CONCLUSION The volume of liquids can be measured by using measuring cylinder ,

1

1
KESIMPULAN Isi padu cecair boleh disukat dengan menggunakan silinder penyukat , pipette burette
and .
pipet dan buret .

Eksperimen Isi padu pepejal berbentuk sekata dan tidak sekata

INQUIRY Volume of regular and irregular-shaped solids
1.15 INKUIRI Inkuiri-penemuan 1.15 Experiment Inquiry-discovery

TUJUAN Mengukur isi padu pepejal sekata dan tidak sekata AIM To measure the volume of regular and irregular-
shaped solids
BAHAN Guli, batu, air, benang
MATERIALS Marbles, stone, water, thread
RADAS Silinder penyukat 100 ml water
air APPARATUS 100 ml measuring cylinder marble
PROSEDUR 1 Isikan air sehingga separuh penuh dalam sebuah guli

silinder penyukat. PROCEDURE 1 Half fill a measuring cylinder with water.

2 Catat bacaan awal paras air. 2 Record the initial reading of the water level. Diagram (a)
Rajah (a)
3 Masukkan lima biji guli yang sama saiz (objek 3 Slowly drop five marbles of equal size (regular
sekata) perlahan-lahan ke dalam silinder penyukat object) into the measuring cylinder as shown in
itu seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (a). Diagram (a). thread
benang
4 Catat bacaan akhir (isi padu) paras air pada 4 Record the final reading (volume) of the water
silinder penyukat. level in the measuring cylinder.
5 Ulangi aktiviti di atas dengan menggunakan 5 Repeat the above steps using a stone (irregular water
sebiji batu (objek tidak sekata) seperti dalam air object) as in Diagram (b). Tie the stone with a
Rajah (b). Ikat batu dengan benang dan string and slowly let it down into the water. stone
masukkan batu ke dalam silinder penyukat batu
dengan perlahan-lahan. Diagram (b)
Rajah (b)
KEPUTUSAN RESULTS
Pepejal Bacaan awal/ml Bacaan akhir/ml Isi padu pepejal/ml Solid Initial reading/ml Final reading/ml Volume of solid/ml
Lima biji guli 50 65 15 Five marbles 50 65 15
Batu 50 63 13 Stone 50 63 13
(Jawapan pelajar) (Student’s answers)

ANALISIS ANALYSIS 1 What method is used in this activity?

1 Apakah kaedah yang digunakan dalam aktiviti ini?
Kaedah sesaran air Water displacement method

2 Hitung isi padu bagi satu biji guli. 2 Calculate the volume of one marble.
15 = 3 cm3 15 = 3 cm3
5 5
1.15 HP • Menentukan isi padu pepejal dengan menggunakan Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Pengukuran 1.15 LO • Estimate the volume of solids using the water Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Measurement of
kaedah sesaran air isi padu pepejal, hlm. 23; Essential Science PMR, displacement method the volume of solids, p. 23; Essential Science PMR,
16 Measuring the volume of solids, hlm. 17 16 Measuring the volume of solids, p. 17

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 3 Bolehkah kaedah ini digunakan untuk mengukur isi padu seketul hablur gula? 3 Can this method be used to measure the volume of a lump of sugar crystal? Give a
Berikan alasan kepada jawapan anda. reason for your answer.
Tidak , hablur gula akan larut dalam air. No , the sugar crystal will dissolve in water.
4 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan kaedah lain yang boleh digunakan untuk menentukan 4 The diagram below shows another method that can be used to dertermine the volume
isi padu pepejal berbentuk sekata dan tidak sekata. Labelkan radas dan nyatakan isi of a regular or an irregular-shaped solid. Label the apparatus and give the volume of
padu batu dalam rajah tersebut. the stone.

Tin eureka Eureka can/

ur Displacement can

CHAPTER
BAB
20 ml 20 ml
Silinder

1
Measuring
penyukat
10 ml cylinder 10 ml

Isi padu batu = 13.0 ml 13.0 ml

Volume of stone =
KESIMPULAN Isi padu objek yang sekata dan tidak sekata dapat ditentukan dengan menggunakan CONCLUSION The volume of a regular or irregular-shaped object can be determined by using the
kaedah sesaran air . water displacement method .

Aktiviti Pengukuran isi padu

1.16 PERBINCANGAN Masteri DISCUSSION Measurement of volume
1.16 Activity Mastery

1 Jawab soalan yang berikut berdasarkan rajah yang diberi.

1 Answer the following questions based on the diagram given.
Bacaan awal Bacaan akhir
X Initial reading Final reading
X
60 ml 60 ml
blok plumbum 60 ml 60 ml
lead block
50 ml 50 ml
air 50 ml 50 ml
water

Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk mengukur isi padu satu blok plumbum seperti yang ditunjukkan
dalam rajah di atas. An experiment is carried out to measure the volume of a lead block as shown in the diagram above.

(a) Namakan radas X. Silinder penyukat (a) Name apparatus X. Measuring cylinder
(b) Apakah kaedah yang digunakan untuk menyukat isi padu blok plumbum? (b) What is the method used to measure the volume of the lead block?
Kaedah sesaran air Water displacement method

(c) Apakah bacaan awal dan bacaan akhir bagi air dalam radas X? (c) What are the initial and final readings of the volume of water in apparatus X?
49 cm3/ml 56 cm3/ml (i) Initial reading: 49 cm3/ml (ii) Final reading: 56 cm3/ml
(i) Bacaan awal: (ii) Bacaan akhir:
3
(d) Calculate the volume of the lead block. 56 – 49 = 7 cm
3
(d) Hitungkan isi padu blok plumbum. 56 – 49 = 7 cm
(e) Nyatakan dua langkah berjaga-jaga yang perlu diambil dalam eksperimen ini. (e) State two precautionary steps need to be taken in this experiment.
dijatuhkan perlahan-lahan (i) The lead block should be dropped slowly into the water.
(i) Blok plumbum harus ke dalam air.
aras mata (ii) The reading has to be taken at eye level .
(ii) Bacaan perlu diambil pada .
1.16 HP • Menentukan isi padu pepejal dengan menggunakan 1.16 LO • Estimate the volume of solids using the water
kaedah sesaran air displacement method
17 17

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 2 Tentukan isi padu objek pepejal yang ditunjukkan di bawah. Kemudian, jawab soalan yang diberi. 2 Determine the volume of the solid object shown below. Then, answer the questions.

silinder benang measuring thread

penyukat cylinder

50 cm3 56 cm3 56 cm3

50 cm3
45 cm3 45 cm3
gabus cork

air ketulan kuprum water copper lump

CHAPTER
BAB

(a) (i) Isi padu ketulan kuprum = 50 – 45 = 5 cm3 (a) (i) Volume of copper lump = 50 – 45 = 5 cm3
(ii) Isi padu gabus = 56 – 50 = 6 cm3 (ii) Volume of cork = 56 – 50 = 6 cm3
1

1
(b) Mengapakah gabus ditenggelamkan dengan bantuan pepejal yang boleh tenggelam? (b) Why is the cork made to sink with the help of solids that can sink?
Gabus tidak tenggelam dalam air/Gabus kurang tumpat daripada air. Cork does not sink in water/Cork is less dense than water.

Aktiviti Alat pengukuran DISCUSSION Measuring instruments

1.17 PERBINCANGAN Masteri
1.17 Activity Mastery

Pilih alat pengukur yang diberi dan isi ruang kosong yang bersesuaian dengan pengukurannya. Choose the measuring instrument given and fill in the blanks which relate to their measurement.

External calipers Thread Internal calipers Measuring tape

Angkup luar Benang Angkup dalam Pita pengukur
Ruler Lever balance Spring balance
Pembaris Neraca tuas Neraca spring

Measurement
Pengukuran

Length of a Internal External Length of a

Panjang garis Diameter dalam Diameter luar Panjang garis curved diameter of a diameter of Mass Weight
Jisim Berat straight line
lengkung tabung didih bikar lurus line boiling tube a beaker

Thread Internal External Measuring

Benang Angkup Angkup Pita
Thread calipers calipers tape
B dalam luar pengukur
and and and or
dan dan dan atau

Lever Spring
Neraca Neraca
ruler ruler ruler ruler balance balance
pembaris pembaris pembaris pembaris tuas spring

1.17 HP • Memilih alat yang betul untuk mengukur panjang, 1.17 LO • Choose the right tool to measure length, mass, and
jisim dan berat weight
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 PMR Kunci Kejayaan
Soalan-soalan berikut melibatkan konsep atau fakta yang
kerap ditanya dalam peperiksaan PMR. Pastikan anda
boleh menjawap semua soalan berikut. PMR Key To Success
Questions in this section contain concepts and facts that
are frequently tested in the PMR exam. Make sure you can
answer all the questions correctly.

1 Namakan neraca. Kemudian, nyatakan sama ada ia digunakan untuk menyukat ‘jisim’ atau ‘berat’ objek.
(a) (b) (c) 1 Name the balances. Then, state whether it is used to measure the ‘mass’ or ‘weight’ of an object.
gm 10 0
(a) (b) (c)
9 1
2
4 2 gm 10 0
6 8 1
9
8 2
10 3 4 2
7 6 8

4 8
6 10 3
5
7
4
6
5

• Neraca spring • Neraca tuas • Neraca mampatan

• Spring balance • Lever balance • Compression balance
• Berat • Jisim • Berat
• Weight • Mass • Weight
2 Isi tempat kosong.
Panjang 2 Fill in the blanks.
(a) ialah jarak antara dua titik. Length Area
Luas (a) is the distance between two points. (b) is the total surface covered by an object.
(b) ialah jumlah kawasan yang diliputi oleh suatu objek. Volume
Isi padu (c) is the total space occupied by an object.
(c) ialah jumlah ruang yang diisi oleh suatu objek.
3 Mark (✓) at the correct eye positions.
3 Tandakan (✓) pada kedudukan mata yang betul. (a) (b) (c)
✓ ✓
(a) (b) (c) ✓
✓ ✓ water
✓
air mercury
merkuri

4 State the apparatus or material that can be used to measure the following length.
4 Namakan alat atau bahan yang dapat digunakan untuk mengukur panjang yang berikut. Metre rule Internal calipers and ruler
(a) Straight line – (c) Internal diameter of a beaker –
(a) Garis lurus – Pembaris meter (c) Diameter dalam bikar – Angkup dalam dan pembaris
(b) Curved line – Thread and ruler (d) External diameter of a boiling tube – External calipers and ruler
(b) Garis lengkung – Benang dan pembaris (d) Diameter luar tabung didih – Angkup luar dan pembaris
1 cm
5 Estimate the area of the leaf.
5 Anggarkan luas daun. 1 cm
8
1 cm
✓ ✓
Estimated area of the leaf = cm2
8
1 cm
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
graph paper
Anggaran luas daun = cm2 kertas graf
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
✓ ✓ ✓
6 Name the apparatus below. Tick (✓) in the boxes the apparatus that can be used to measure accurately the volume of a liquid.
6 Namakan radas-radas di bawah. Tandakan (✓) dalam kotak bagi radas yang dapat digunakan untuk menyukat
dengan tepat isi padu suatu cecair. (a) (b) ✓ (c) ✓
(a) (b) ✓ (c) ✓

Measuring cylinder Pipette Burette

Silinder penyukat Pipet Buret
7 Calculate the volume of objects by using water displacement method.
7 Hitung isi padu objek dengan menggunakan kaedah sesaran air. (a) (b) Volume of stone
3
(a) (b) Isi padu batu 48 cm
3
3
45 cm
3 45 cm
3 40 cm
cork
= 40 – 30 = 10 cm3
48 cm 3 = 40 – 30 = 10 cm3 40 cm
3 3
40 cm 30 cm
3 3
gabus water stone
40 cm 30 cm marble water stone Volume of cork
air guli batu batu Isi padu gabus
air
48 – 40 = 45 – 40 = 5 cm3
= 45 – 40 = 5 cm3 Volume of a marble = = 2 cm3
4
48 – 40
Isi padu satu guli = 4 = 2 cm3

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 PMR Sudut Pengukuhan 1 PMR Enhancement Corner 1
KERTAS 1 PAPER 1
Tiap-tiap soalan yang berikut diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik. Each question is followed by four options, A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.

1 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah 5 Seorang pelajar ingin mengukur 8 Rajah 3 menunjukkan sehelai daun. 1 Which of the following is a natural 5 A student wants to measure accu- 8 Diagram 3 shows a leaf.
fenomena semula jadi? dengan tepat 25 cm3 larutan natrium 1 cm
phenomenon? CLONE rately 25 cm3 of sodium hydroxide 1 cm
A Forestry 2007 solution. What instruments can be
A Perhutanan KLON hidroksida. Apakah alat yang boleh 1 cm
1 cm
2007 B Flowers blossoming used for this purpose?
B Bunga berkembang digunakan untuk tujuan ini?
C Penciptaan kapal angkasa I Pipet C Invention of space shuttle I Pipette
D Penghasilan garam biasa II Buret D Production of table salt from II Burette
daripada air laut B III Tabung uji sea water B III Test tube
A I dan II sahaja A I and II only CLONE Diagram 3
KLON Rajah 3
B I and III only 2003
B I dan III sahaja 2003 2 Which of the following is the prefix Estimate the area of this leaf.
2 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah Anggarkan luas daun ini. C II and III only
C II dan III sahaja value of centi? A 4 cm2 C 7 cm2
nilai imbuhan bagi senti? A 4 cm2 C 7 cm2 D I, II and III A
D I, II dan III A A 0.001 B 5 cm2 D 9 cm2
A 0.001 KLON B 5 cm2 D 9 cm2 CLONE
B 0.01 2006 CLONE
B 0.01 2006 KLON B
B C 0.1 6 Table 1 shows the volumes of 2008
2008
C 0.1 6 Jadual 1 menunjukkan isi padu bagi different quantities of marbles, deter-
D 10 B
D 10 B guli yang bilangannya berbeza, yang mined by using the water displace- 9 Diagram 4 shows four eye positions
ditentukan dengan menggunakan 9 Rajah 4 menunjukkan 4 kedudukan ment method.
3 Which of the following is correct? labelled A, B, C and D.
kaedah sesaran air. mata berlabel A, B, C dan D.
3 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah A measuring
A Quantity SI unit Instrument Quantity of
betul? Bilangan guli Isi padu/cm3 Volume/cm3 cylinder
silinder penyukat marbles
A Mass of kg Lever D
Kuantiti Unit SI Alat 3 6 D 3 6
table salt balance B
A Jisim garam kg Neraca 6 12 B
6 12
biasa tuas B Temperature A Thermo- mercury
merkuri
Jadual 1 of water meter Table 1 C
B Suhu air A Termo- C
meter Ramalkan isi padu bagi 8 biji guli. Rajah 4 C Length of m Internal Predict the volume of 8 marbles. Diagram 4
A 14 cm3 paper calipers A 14 cm3
C Panjang m Angkup KLON Kedudukan yang manakah betul CLONE Which position is correct when
B 15 cm3 2007 D Time taken K Measuring B 15 cm3 2007 taking a reading of the mercury in
kertas dalam semasa mengambil bacaan merkuri
C 16 cm3 dalam silinder penyukat? for water cylinder C 16 cm3 the measuring cylinder?
D Masa untuk K Silinder D 18 cm3 C D to boil D 18 cm3 C D
air mendidih penyukat
CLONE A
KLON A 7 Rajah 2 menunjukkan sebuah 10 Rajah 5 menunjukkan beberapa 2009 7 Diagram 2 shows a pendulum which 10 Diagram 5 shows several steps to
2009 bandul berayun dari kedudukan P langkah menyukat isi padu gabus. swings from P to R and then back measure the volume of a cork.
ke R dan balik semula ke P. to P.
K L M 4 Diagram 1 shows a measuring K L M
4 Rajah 1 menunjukkan silinder
cylinder containing a liquid.
penyukat yang mengandungi suatu
cecair. gabus 30 thread cork
benang measuring
cylinder
30 silinder air air water water water
penyukat 20 P R
air P R Q
Q silinder penyukat measuring cylinder
20 Diagram 1 Diagram 2
Rajah 2 Rajah 5 Diagram 5
What is the volume of water in The period for a pendulum swing is
Rajah 1 Tempoh ayunan bandul dipengaruhi Susunan langkah yang betul bagi The correct sequence to measure
Diagram 1? CLONE affected by
Apakah isi padu air dalam Rajah 1? oleh menyukat isi padu gabus ialah the volume of the cork is
A 24.0 ml 2004 A the mass of the pendulum
A 24.0 ml A jisim bandul KLON A K, L, M A K, L, M
KLON 2001 KLON B 24.5 ml B the number of swings
B 24.5 ml 2004 B bilangan ayunan B K, M, L 2002 CLONE B K, M, L CLONE
C 25.0 ml C the condition of the 2001 2002
C 25.0 ml C keadaan udara sekeliling C M, K, L C M, K, L
D 25.5 ml surrounding air
D 25.5 ml B D panjang benang D D M, L, K C D M, L, K
B D the length of the thread D C

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 KERTAS 2 PAPER 2
Bahagian A Section A
Jawab semua soalan. Answer all the questions.

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan alat pengukuran K, L, dan M. 1 Diagram 1 shows measuring instruments K, L and M.

100 ml
90 100 ml
80 90
70 80
60 70
50 60
40 50
30 40
20 30
10 20
10

K: Neraca tuas L: Neraca spring M: Silinder penyukat

K: Lever balance L: Spring balance M: Measuring cylinder
Rajah 1
Diagram 1
(a) Label alat pengukuran P, Q, dan R dalam Rajah 1 menggunakan perkataan-perkataan yang berikut:
(a) Label the measuring instruments P, Q and R in Diagram 1 using the following words:

Silinder penyukat Neraca tuas Neraca spring

Measuring cylinder Lever balance Spring balance

(b) Lukiskan garisan untuk menunjukkan padanan yang betul antara alat pengukuran dan fungsinya.
(b) Draw lines to show the correct match betwen the measuring instruments and their functions.
K Untuk menyukat isi padu cecair
K To measure the volume of liquids

L Untuk mengukur jisim objek

L To measure the mass of objects

M Untuk mengukur berat objek

M To measure the weight of objects

(c) Bulatkan alat pengukuran di bawah yang dapat digunakan untuk mengukur jisim objek.
(c) Circle the measuring instruments below which can be used to measure the mass of objects.

10 0
9 1

10 0
2 1
8 9

3 2
8
7
4 3
6
5 7
4
6
5

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 Bahagian B Section B
Jawab soalan di bawah. Answer the below question.

2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan empat jenis alat pengukuran yang digunakan di dalam makmal. 2 Diagram 2 shows four types of measuring instruments which are used in the laboratory.
KLON
2006 Bhg. B, S7 CLONE
2006 Sec. B, Q7

J K
J K

L M
L M Diagram 2
Rajah 2 (a) Observe the measuring instruments in Diagram 2. Based on your observations, state one usage of each instrument.
(a) Perhatikan alat pengukuran dalam Rajah 2. Berdasarkan pemerhatian anda, nyatakan satu kegunaan bagi J: Use to measure the volume of liquid
setiap alat.
K: Use to measure the length of object
J: Digunakan untuk menyukat isi padu cecair
L: Use to measure the volume of liquid
K: Digunakan untuk mengukur panjang objek
M: Use to measure the volume of liquid
L: Digunakan untuk menyukat isi padu cecair
M: Digunakan untuk menyukat isi padu cecair (b) Classify instruments J, K, L and M into two groups based on their usage. Write the letters of the instruments belonging
to each group.
(b) Kelaskan alat J, K, L, dan M kepada dua kumpulan berdasarkan kegunaannya. Tulis huruf-huruf yang
mewakili alat itu bagi setiap kumpulan. J, K, L, M

J, K, L, M

Group 1 Group 2
Kumpulan 1 Kumpulan 2 Usage To measure the volume To measure the length
Kegunaan Digunakan untuk Digunakan untuk
of liquid of object
menyukat isi padu cecair menyukat panjang objek

J, L, M K Letters of the J, L, M K
Huruf alat instruments

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