Volume 3, Issue 3, March– 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Determine the Material Flow Behavior AZ31B Mg-

Alloy by Changing it into a Conical Shape
K.Jaganathan#, G.Balaji*,M.Damodharan* ,C.V.DineshBabu*, S.Shankar *
#
Assistant professor: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel tech,avadi, Chennai.
*
UG Student: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel tech, avadi, Chennai.

Abstract:- In this work, the shaping conduct of a
business sheet of AZ31B magnesium compound at
hoisted temperatures is assessed and revealed utilizing
protruding test. The test action has been completed to
decide the material stream conduct of magnesium
combination by transforming it into a conical shape. The
procedure includes applying diverse weight and
temperature levels. In free protruding tests, the example
arch stature is utilized as portraying parameter; the
strain rate affectability file is figured utilizing an
expository approach. In this manner, suitable shaping
parameters, for example, temperature and weight, are
individuated and utilized for consequent framing tests.
At that point the shaping parameters are connected to
decide the strain rate affectability of magnesium
combination. The impact of applicable process
parameters concerning shaping outcomes as far as cavity
filling, filet radii on the last example profile are broke
down. Shut bite the dust framing tests put in prove how
the analyzed business magnesium sheet can effectively be
shaped in muddled geometries if process parameters are
satisfactorily picked.
turbine plates and half breed strong and thin shell segments,
for example, fan sharp edges. Albeit initially spearheaded by
the air ship industry SPF is progressively utilized as a part of
the car business and all the more as of late for the
development of dental and restorative prostheses where high
exactness is fundamental. connection amongst volume and
surface zone of the throwing, and state of the shape.
B. Strain rate
The nature of the last framing is primarily relying
on the stream example of the metal and rate of strain.
Consequently it is an imperative factor in the framing
procedure. As the strain rate impact the nature of the last
shaping on the off chance that it can be controlled the nature
of the framing can likewise controlled to great level. The
extent of this undertaking additionally for the most part
manages the control of strain rate of the shaping to create a
quality framing material. The strain rate is found as far as
bend which is drawn the pressure strain bend. The general
strain rate bend for magnesium is shown in the fig 1.

Keywords:Superplasticity,formability,AZ31Bmagnesium,all
oy,temperature,weight,formingtime,thickness distribution.

I. INTRODUCTION
A. Superplasticity

The normal for Superplasticity is some fine-grained

(3– 5 lm) amalgams and earthenware production to display,
under certain procedure conditions, before break high Fig 1:- True stress-strain curves at different temperatures
pliability bringing about vast ductile disfigurement. Such and at strain rates of 10-3s-1
sort of materials are framed at high temperatures, ordinarily
of the request of a large portion of unquestionably the II. MODELLING OF CONICAL DIE
dissolving temperature, and at particular strain rates or
stream stresses. Since the material conduct amid shaping is
A conical model was created with the dimensions
viscoplastic high dimensional exactness can be
as shown in fig 2. A straightforward model is accepted for
accomplished with almost no springback related with icy
this undertaking with essential measurements
framing. Super plastic shaping (SPF) is generally utilized as
a part of aviation ventures to frame an assortment of mind
boggling, light, fundamentally solid thin sheet segments
regularly extremely impervious to unfriendly in-benefit
conditions. Specifically the mainstream titanium aluminum
vanadium alloy,Ti– 6Al– 4V, can dispersion bond (SPF-
DB), whereby material coming into contact amid SPF
intertwines to shape a bond having the quality of the parent
compound. Thus a solitary SPF fabricating procedure can
Fig. 2:- Model of conical die
create complex cell auxiliary segments without the
requirement for welding or riveting parts together. SPF can
At first it is accepted that the roundabout magnesium
likewise be utilized to fashion strong segments, for example,
amalgam sheet has been mounted on kick the bucket and the

IJISRT18MA164 www.ijisrt.com 92
Volume 3, Issue 3, March– 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

steady weight has been connected to it. And furthermore the

temperature has been kept up by temperature controller.

III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

A. Construction
The machine route consists of a urge clamp to
threw in one lot with the bought a one way ticket, a
thermocouple to study the latitude, a crew heater to
incinerate the what one is in to piece and a atmospheric
condition controller to strengthen the temperature. The
oblige cylinder containing urge of 2bar has been dig the
course of action for dope blowing. The headquarters
temperature for magnesium incorporate is 350oc in term to
subsidize the strain arm and a leg and urge cycle of it. A
depart made of stainless hearten with the bias of conical has
been secondhand for the experiment as shown in fig.3(a). Fig. 3(b). Cone height at different temperature

Fig. 3 (a):- Experimental setup

Fig 3(c) :- .Cone height at different pressure
B. Working
The given work piece has been put on the kick the
bucket which was get braced, the bite the dust has been pre- Pole
warmed to a specific temperature with the assistance of band Temp Pressure Time
height
warmer keeping in mind the end goal to make the material 0.4 2.5 280
hot at beginning time, after that the work piece has been 350
0.5 24 182
mounted on it and are warmed by the band radiator all 0.3 27 80
through its environment. The thermocouple has been utilized 400 0.4 27 35
for controlling the temperature. With the temperature of
0.5 27 23
350oc has been kept as base temperature and a weight of
0.3 27 252.5
2bar was connected for gas blowing. With the connected
450 0.4 27 85
consistent weight and changing temperature the strain rate
and prolongation has been figured as for the time, the post 0.5 27 59.5
tallness of the cone shaped at various temperatures with Table I. Pole Height at Different Temperature
steady weight has been shown in table.1.
IV.MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION

Commercial AZ31B Mg Sheets have been tried in

the as got conditions. No mechanical or warm treatment has
been done on the material; sheet has been bought in the
toughened conditions with a normal thickness of 1.5mm. In
superplastic material portrayal, typically pliable tests at
various temperatures and strain rates are performed keeping
in mind the end goal to get ideal conditions in which
material has the best exhibitions with the most astounding
lengthening to failure[1].This should be possible by
estimating the extension to disappointment in standard

IJISRT18MA164 www.ijisrt.com 93
Volume 3, Issue 3, March– 2018
malleable tests and the strain rate affectability list in bounce
strain rate tests . A few creators have exhibited that, when
grain limit sliding (GBS) is the overwhelming mishappening
instrument, the anxiety condition has a peripheral part in the
material characterization[2].Some different creators have
shown likewise that uni-pivotal malleable anxiety conditions
are not successful for getting material parameters because of
the way that amid a framing procedure the sheet[3],
connecting with the pass on, experiences to an anxiety
condition that is totally extraordinary. In addition, Mg
combinations have an awesome propensity to grain
coarsening and in a few cases GBS can't be considered as
the predominant deformation mechanism[4].Furthermore,
testing setup and example geometry for uni-hub pliable tests
in superplastic conditions must be legitimately composed. A
few benchmarks exists, for example, ISO 20032 and ASTM
E2448, giving signs on the best test techniques and
equipments[5].In superplastic conditions, the colossal
preferred standpoint of malleable tests is the likelihood of
controlling in an adequately exact manner the strain rate
amid the test.
In this work, the material has been described with
blow shaping tests: steady weight swell tests at various
temperatures and distinctive weight levels have been
performed utilizing the previously mentioned research
center gear appeared in fig 4.a.Tests have been performed
running weight from 0.3 MPa to 0.5 MPa and temperature
from 350°C to 450°C, as indicated by material physical
properties and to the hardware capacities. Weight has been
kept steady amid the entire test until the point that crack
happened. For each test, the arch tallness has been obtained
amid the entire test utilizing installation appeared in fig.4.c.
Last tallness of the example has additionally been estimated
after the test. In Fig.3.b, tried examples are appeared,
regardless of the utilization of a latent shaping gas, the
framed example, after a framing time of 2100s, show up
notably oxidized. Great outcomes, as far as vault tallness at
disappointment, can be discovered likewise at 450°C
appeared in fig.3.b , particularly for low weight levels, with
a less obvious review of oxidation on the shaped sheet.
Another outcome that can be featured is that, lessening the
temperature, the thickness of the example get diminishes
with increment in stature as appeared in fig.4.a. Estimation
of the thickness dispersion amid the test can be figured by
the accompanying articulation:
h/h0=1/(1+δYp/b02)
where,
h = instantaneous thickness of sheet
h0 = initial thickness of sheet
Yp= height of bulge during free bulging
b0 = die aperture radius
Yp= b0(1-sinθ)/cosθ
θ = semi angle of cone,
IJISRT18MA164 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
where 2θ =900
It can be visually perceived that the composing time needed
to get the same dome height, has a more than linear decrease
when pressure level increases has been shown in fig.4.c.
Analogous demeanor can be optically discerned withal at
other temperatures. One of the most paramount parameters
in the sultry composing process is the strain sensitivity
index, m, which can be facilely calculated from tensile tests
at different strain rates. In bulge composing Jovane and then
other authors, like Enikeev and Kruglov , proposed
analytical approaches to estimate constitutive parameters
from bulge tests. For instance, quantifying the height during
bulge tests at two different pressure levels, the strain
sensitivity index and the composing time of the material can
be found by the following expression:
m = log(σ2/σ1)/log(ε2/ε1)
m=strain rate sensitivity
T = 1+1/m (1+Y2)-1-2/m dY
Y = Yp/b0
T= (Pb0/2σ0h0)1/m t1
Where,
P= composing pressure
t1 = composing time to cessation of free bulging stage of
composing
As mentioned afore, Mg alloys during composing
at elevated temperatures, is subjected to microstructural
changes that influences additionally the ‘m’ value. Thus, the
‘m’ value calculated by equation is a mean value but it can
be considered a good commencement parameter to analyse
how pressure influences the composing demeanor of the
material. The highest ‘m’ values can be found both for the
low pressure levels (between 0.3 and 0.5 MPa) and for high
pressure levels at the highest temperatures . Corroborating
the paramountcy of this index, the highest dome heights to
failure correspond to the highest values of ‘m’. Utilizing
elevated, composing temperature can bring to a coarse grain
size in post-composing conditions; in integration,
considering withal the oxidation of the sheet, reducing the
temperature of the process brings to a better quality of the
final component. Thus, according to experimental results
and these considerations, the best temperature, among those
that have been examined, for this alloy can be considered
450°C at which a good compromise between equipollent
elongation to failure and estimated material post composing
is achieved.
94
Volume 3, Issue 3, March– 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Temp=350

Time(min)
Thickness(mm)

350C
3 bar
400C
4 bar
450C
5 bar

Pressure(MPa)
Height(mm)
Fig.4(c). Height of cone at different temperature with
respect to time and pressure
Fig 4:- Thickness of cone at different height at 3500c
V. CONCLUSION

The composing department of a commercial

Temp=400 AZ31B Mg alloy sheet has been analyzed at elevated
temperature both in closed die tests. Results from the
experimental activities highlighted that:
 Even if the material is not pre-treated in order to have a
Thickness(mm)

3 bar super plastic demeanor, it shows sizably voluminous

equipollent elongation to failure in the as-received
4 bar
conditions.
5 bar  The most sizably voluminous elongation to failure can
be recorded for the highest temperature and the lowest
pressure; among temperature levels that have been
explored, at 450°C a good compromise between
Height(mm) elongation to failure.
 Decrementing the composing temperature the influence
of pressure on the dome height to failure is reduced;
Fig.4(a):-Thickness of cone at different height at 4000c vigorous non linearities can be found when analyzing
the strain rate as a function of pressure, at a constant
temperature, or as a function of temperature, at a
constant pressure.
Temp=450  In closed die composing, the material can achieve
minutely diminutive fillet radii, denoting an immensely
colossal ductility at elevated temperature.
 In the examined range of temperature and pressure, the
Thickness(mm)

die filling increases more than linearly with pressure

3 bar
and less than linearly with composing time.
4 bar
5 bar Further investigations are needed to better
understand the efficacy of composing Mg alloys at elevated
temperature with the BF technique. Composing
characteristics, due to micro structural changes and
cavitation have to be deeper analyzed. Considering that
Height (mm) pressure can be managed during the process to expedite the
composing cycle and to optimize thickness distribution
along the sheet, the BF process can be considered a good
Fig.4(b).Thickness of cone at different height at 4500c competitor in manufacturing thin walled Mg alloys
component with intricate shapes.

IJISRT18MA164 www.ijisrt.com 95
Volume 3, Issue 3, March– 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

REFERENCE

[1]. A.K. Ghosh and C.H. Hamilton , Mechanical behaviour

and hardening characteristics of a superplastic Ti–6Al–
4V alloy. Metall. Trans. A 10a (1979).
[2]. T.G NIEH, J. WADSWORTH et O.D CHERBY ,
‗Superplasticity in metals and ceramics‘, Cambridge
university press, 1997.
[3]. F. Jovane. An approximate analysis of the superplastic
forming of a thin circular diaphragm: theroy and
experiments. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 10, pp 403-424, (1968).
[4]. T-H. Chuang, J-H. CHENG, W-H. WANG, C-F Yang
and C-H. KOO, Research on the superplastic forming
(SPF) and Diffusion Bonding (DB) of Aerospace
Materials, Proc. Natl. Sci. Counc. ROC(A) Vol. 22, No.
1, 1998.
[5]. Mugarra, K. Ostolaza and J. L. Alcaraz. Validation of
In718 SPF and DB processes for the design of aircraft
engine parts, Journal of Materials Processing
Technology, Volumes 125-126, 9 September 2002,
[6]. Youssef Aoura, Serge Boude, Philippe Dal Santo , and
LatifaOuzizi- Experimental Validation of Pressure
Cycle for Superplastic Forming of Ti–6Al–4V alloys
[7]. D. Banabic, M. Vulcan - Bulge Testing under Constant
and Variable Strain Rates of Superplastic Aluminium
Alloys
[8]. Cornfield, G.C., Johnson, R.H., 1970, The Forming of
Superplastic Sheet Metal, Int. J. Mech. Sci., 12: 479-
490.
[9]. Dutta, A., Mukherjee, A.K., 1992, Superplastic
Forming: an Analytical Approach, Mat. Sci. Eng.,
137:9-13.
[10]. R.S.Mishra, Z.Y. Ma, I.Charit G. Palumbo , D.
Sorgente, L. Tricarico, O.G. Lademo . K.O. Pedersen ,
T. Berstad , T. Furub, O.S. Hopperstad . Yeong-Maw
Hwang, Wen-chihchen,Y.H. Kim, J.J. Park, Fuh-Kuo
Chen, Tyng-Bin Huang, Hua Zhang.

IJISRT18MA164 www.ijisrt.com 96