Selection of various types of Flanges:

This article will provide a guideline for selection of metallic pipe flanges, and provides
information on pressure-temperature ratings, dimensions, tolerances, materials, marking,
and testing of flanges and flanged fittings in sizes NPS 1/2 to 48, and classes 150 to 2500
which can be used in conjunction with ASME B16.5, B16.47, B31.3, B31.4, and B31.8.

Pressure Temperature Rating:

 Ratings for the applicable materials listed in ASME B16.5, Table 1A shall be the
maximum allowable working gage pressures at temperatures shown in Table 2 of
the same standard. The basis for establishing ratings shall be the minimum wall
thickness, which shall be in accordance with ASME B16.5, Annexure D. The
material groupings are based on closely matched allowable and yield strength
values.

 Within each pressure class, the dimensions are held constant, irrespective of the
material. Physical properties, and thereby the allowable stress values, of different
materials vary, so the pressure temperature ratings within each pressure class
vary with the material. For example, a class 600 forged carbon steel (A 105)
flange is rated at 1270 psig at 400 °F, whereas a class 600 forged stainless steel
(A182-F304) flange is rated at 995 psig at 400 °F.

Flange Dimensional Standards:

 The following dimensional standards shall apply to metallic flanges, and bolthole
patterns of non metallic companion flanges:

 ASME B16.1, for integral cast iron flanges and blind flanges

 ASME B16.5, Classes 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500 up to NPS 24 and class 2500 up to
NPS 12. Class 400 carbon steel flanges shall not be used.

 Flanges larger than NPS 24 shall be specified in accordance with ASME B16.47.
ASME B16.47 series A for NPS 26 to NPS 60 in class 150 to 900 replaces these
flange sizes in MSS SP-44. This is usually used in plants for mating certain valves.

 Series B supersedes API 605 in sizes NPS 26 to 60. Series B is used for pipelines and
is restricted to flanges used for joints.

 MSS SP-44 shall be used for steel pipeline flanges for sizes smaller than ASME
B16.47 where the material grade is not listed in ASME B16.5

 Flanges of unlisted materials and flanges not covered by the above standards
shall be designed in accordance with ASME Section VIII Div 1, Appendix 2, and
for blind flanges, in accordance with ASME Section VIII Div 1, Section UG-34
  Tolerances for flanges shall be in accordance with ASME B16.5, section 7 for
flanges up to NPS 24, and ASME B16.47 for flanges over NPS 24.

Flange Facings

 Dimensions for facings shall be in accordance with ASME B16.5, Table 4 for flat
face, raised face, and tongue and groove flanges, and Table 5 for ring joint
flanges. These tables shall be used in conjunction with ASME B16.5, Figure 7.

 Flat face flanges, with full-face gaskets, shall be used when one or both of the
mating flanges in a joint are ASME B16.1. Class 125 gray cast iron, aluminum, or
plastic, can be over-stressed by bearing against a raised face. Adapter rings
may be necessary in some cases, to level off the surface, for mating equipment.

 Raised face flanges shall be specified in ratings up to Class 600. These flanges
are supplied with a 0.06 inch raised face, which is included in the minimum
flange thickness. Finished height of the face shall be less than nominal pipe wall
thickness. Flanges in classes over 600 are supplied with a 0.25 inch raised face
that is additional to the minimum flange thickness.

 In ring joint flanges, thickness of lap remaining after machining the ring groove
shall not be less than the nominal wall thickness of the pipe used. Ring joint
flanges for use with ASME B16.20 ring joint gaskets shall be used for:

 Flanges in Class 900 and higher ratings

 Design temperatures in excess of 480 °C

 API 6A Type 6B flanges (well head piping)

 Hazardous fluid mediums

 Tongue-and-groove facing, and male-and-female facing joints, shall not be

used except in high-pressure service, or when it is necessary to match existing
equipment.

 Flanges shall be finished in accordance with MSS SP-6, and ASME B46.1. Table I
provides acceptable ranges of contact surface finishes for each type of gasket
and service. The surface finishes shall be in Ra, Roughness average, expressed in
micrometers, followed by micro-inches.

 Flange roughness shall be judged by visual comparison to Ra standards using

GAR model S-22 Micro Finish Comparator.

 Ring joint flanges shall have flat-bottom type grooves in accordance with ASME
B16.20.
Bore of Welding Neck Flanges and Hub Design

o Dimensions of welding ends, bevel slopes and bores shall be in accordance with
ASME B 16.5, Table 6, and Figures 8 to 14. Ratings of welding neck flanges shall be
based upon their hubs at the welding end having thicknesses equal to that calculated
for pipe having a 40 ksi specified minimum yield strength (SMYS). When SMYS of the hub
is less than that of the attached pipe, the minimum thickness of the hub at the welding
end shall be at least equal to the product of the pipe wall thickness and the ratio, pipe
to flange, of the specified minimum yield strengths. See MSS SP-44.

o Mis-matches between pipe and flange shall be corrected during fabrication.

Weldneck shall be taper bored, if specified in the purchase description. Pipe wall
thickness shall be specified in the purchase description to ensure that the flange is
bored within the specified tolerance.

Flange Material Limitations

o Flanges and flanged fittings shall be castings, forgings, or plates.

o Bolting materials shall conform to ASME B16.5, Table 1B.

o The material for flanges in pipeline service shall be suitable for welding. The carbon
equivalents shall match the pipe material.

Iron Flanges

o Cast Iron Flanges. Gray cast iron flanges shall not be used for process piping within
the battery limits of any plant. The only exception shall be for use in approved fire
systems. The material shall be ASTM A 126, Class B.

o Ductile Iron Flanges. Ductile iron flanges may be used, in proprietary systems, for
example plastic lined steel piping, as back-up flanges for lapped joints.

o ASME B16.1 Class 125 and class 250 cast iron flanges may be mated with ASME B 16.5
class 150 and 300 steel flanges respectively. However care shall be exercised to ensure
that a flat-faced cast iron flange shall mate only with a flat faced steel flange, and vice
versa.

Carbon Steel Flanges

o Carbon steel flanges shall not be used in services over 425 °C.

o General Service. Standard carbon steel material shall be ASTM A 105. Standard
material shall be used between minus 29 °C and 425 °C.
o Low-temperature Alloy Steel Flanges. Carbon steel flanges used for services below
minus 29 °C, shall conform to the impact-testing requirements of ASME B 31.3. ASTM A
350-LF2 shall be the standard material for this service.

Low and Intermediate Alloy Steel Flanges

o Material for Low alloy steel flanges (11/4 Cr – 1/2 Mo) shall be ASTM A 182-F11.
Material for intermediate alloy steel flanges (11/2 Cr – 5 Mo) shall be ASTM A 182-F5.

Stainless Steel and Non-ferrous Flanges

o Usually, weldneck flanges shall match the metallurgy of the pipe in any material
class. Austenitic stainless steels, however, may in certain cases be interchangeable. For
example, type 347 and 321 stainless steels are compatible. Flanges that are double
stamped, or double graded, and are so marked. For example, low carbon grades such
as 304L, and 316L may be substituted, for the ‘straight’ grade, provided that the ‘L’
grade meets the physical requirements of the application.

o When pipe material is forged, weldneck flanges shall be forged. When pipe material
is not forged, material for weldneck flanges shall be subject to client approval.

Pipeline Service Flanges

o Flanges for pipeline service shall match SMYS, and carbon equivalency specified in
ASME B31.4 and B31.8.

NACE Service Flanges

o When an in plant service has water and H2S concentrations above the limits
specified in NACE MR0175, that service shall be considered as NACE service. Flanges for
use in NACE service shall be in accordance with NACE MR0175 special requirements.
Purchase description shall specify ‘NACE service’.

High Strength Material Flanges for Pipeline Service

o High strength materials are fittings for API Std. 5L pipe Grade X42 to X65.

Flange Types

Selection of appropriate joining methods varies with the required mechanical strength
in the joint, from a minimum, as in slip-on connections, to maximum, as in integral-type
flanges that are cast, integrally forged or butt-welded to the pipe.

Weldneck Flanges
o ASME B16.25 weldneck flanges with tapered hub and welding end shall be the
primary selection for flanged joints in metallic piping systems of NPS 2 and larger. The
individual material classes show the size range for any given service.

o Welding ends of weldneck flanges shall be in accordance with ASME B16.5, Figures 8
to 14.

Threaded Flanges

o When future material classes are generated, threaded flanges shall be added to
material classes for threaded service, generally for mating equipment, and transitions
between threaded and flanged piping.

o Threaded flanges may also be used for water and air service in pipe sizes NPS 6 and
less and at design temperature of 250 °F and below. Seal welding shall not be required.

o Threaded flanges shall be limited to size NPS 2 and smaller in hazardous service.

o Threaded flanges shall have taper type threads and shall conform to ASME B1.20.1.

Socket weld Flanges

o Socket weld flanges and socket weld reducing flanges are added to material
classes for mating equipment, where a union will be subject to external stresses; and
transitions between socket weld and flanged piping.

Slip-on Flanges

o 1 Slip-on flanges cost less than welding neck flanges, and require less accurate pipe
cutting, but their strength is approximately 2/3 of weldneck flanges under internal
pressure, and they have approximately 1/3 the fatigue life of weldneck flanges.

o Slip-on flanges shall be welded at the front and back of the hub, but not on the
sealing face.

o Slip-on flanges and reducing slip-on flanges shall not be used in the following
services:

o Severe cyclic conditions. See ASME B31.3, paragraph 300.2.

o Design temperatures above 230 °C, or where the corrosion allowance exceeds 3
mm

o ASME B16.5 Class 400 or higher rating

o Flange sizes larger than NPS 24, unless stress calculations in accordance with ASME
Section VIII Div 1, Appendix 2, with thermal and other external piping loads considered,
show that the slip-on flanged joint will not be over-stressed

o In hydrogen service with a hydrogen partial pressure above 690 kPa, flanges shall
have a predrilled 3 mm diameter hole to vent the space between the pipe OD and the
flange bore.

Lapped Joint Flanges

o A lap joint is made up of a pair of stub ends, a pair of lap joint flanges used as a
backup, and bolts and gaskets. These allow easy alignment of boltholes and flanged
joints.

o The stub end shall match the material of the pipe. Stub ends for lapped joint
flanges, if fabricated by welding, shall be made with full penetration welds.

o Advantages are that lapped joints are an economical alternative to weldnecks,

and costs savings are large when the material is very expensive; dissimilar materials can
be joined, provided galvanic corrosion does not occur; and spools can be rotated.

o The disadvantage of this joint is that it is sensitive to external stress. Lapped joint
flanges shall not be used in severe cyclic conditions.

Blind Flanges

o Blind flanges shall be used as end closures on flanged ends and valves, unless end
caps are specified in design.

o Blind flanges are forgings, and shall be manufactured to the same materials
standards as other matching flanges.

o Blind flanges shall be of the same material as the weldnecks, in all services. In
corrosive atmospheres, stainless steel shall be used.

o Blind flanges shall not be drilled for connections, for example drains and flushing,
unless stress calculations in accordance with ASME Section VIII Div 1, Appendix 2 show
that the flanges will not be over stressed.

Orifice Flanges

o Orifice flanges shall conform to this standard and ASME B16.36.

o Orifice flanges shall be weldneck flanges.

o Orifice flanges shall have jackscrews to facilitate disassembly of the flanged joint
during maintenance.
Other Standards

o Other standards, for example AWWA C207 for hub flanges, may be required for
proper mating to equipment, and shall be reviewed at the time of generation of a
material class.

Purchase Description

The following shall be included in the purchase description for flanges:

o Type of flange

o Rating

o Dimensional standard

o Flange facing

o Contact surface finish

o Tolerances

o Material grade

o Additional material and testing requirements, if applicable

o Nominal size of flange

o Wall thickness as defined by schedule, weight or actual decimal wall

Marking

Flanges and flanged fittings shall be marked in accordance with MSS SP-25. The
following shall be included in the marking:

o Pressure rating class

o ASME B16 designation

o Nominal pipe size

o The letter ‘R’ and the corresponding ring groove number for ring joint flanges

o The letters ‘PL’ shall precede the grade symbol followed by the material grade of
pipe

o Type of flange facing