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MATHS LECTURE # 14
Permutation and Combination,
Probability
The Additive Rule If one thing can be done in m different ways and a second thing
can be done in n different ways, then the two things in succession
can be done in m × n different ways. This principle is known as
Suppose we have 9 distinct red balls and 13 distinct blue balls. In
Product Rule.
how many ways can we choose a ball?
Fo r ex amp le, if the re are 3 ca ndid ate s f or g ove rno r po st
Since we have 9 + 13 = 22 balls and we are going to choose
and 5 for the mayor post, then the two offices may be filled
exactly one ball, we can choose a ball in 9 + 13 = 22 ways. If in
in 3 × 5 = 15 way s.
addition to 9 red balls and 13 blue balls, we have 8 distinct black
balls then the number of ways in which we can choose a ball out
of these is 9 + 13 + 8 = 30 ways. The above illustration explains In general, if a 1 can be done in x 1 ways, a 2 can be done in x 2
a general principle, called the additive rule. ways, a 3 can be done in x 3 ways, ..., and a n can be done in x n
w ay s, th en th e e ve n ts a 1 , a 2 , a 3 .. . a n ca n b e d on e i n
x 1 × x 2 × x 3 ... x n ways.
Suppose that X and Y are two disjoint events, that is, they
never occur together. Further, suppose that X occurs in m ways
E2. A man has 3 jackets, 10 shirts and 5 pairs of slacks. If an
and Y occurs in n ways. Then X or Y can occur in m + n ways.
outfit consists of a jacket, shirt and a pair of slacks, how
This rule can be extended to more than two mutually exclusive
many different outfits can the man make?
events also. In the above illustration, X can be taken as choosing
of a red ball and Y can be taken as choosing of a blue ball. The Sol. x 1 × x 2 × x 3 = 3 × 10 × 5 = 150 outfits.
number of ways in which exactly one of X, Y can occur is 9 + 13 = 22.
Important Result
E1. Ramesh Kumar Joshi is taken to a toy shop “ToysRUs”
containing 15 distinct toy cars, 17 distinct toy dolls and 6 If there are m ways of doing a thing, n ways of doing a second
PT Education, All rights reserved.
distinct toy guns. Find the number of ways in which Ramesh thing and p ways of doing a third thing, then the total number of
can choose a toy. “distinct” ways of doing all these together is m × n × p.
Sol. If Ramesh is allowed to choose exactly one of the above
mentioned toys in the shop, he will have to choose one toy E3. Suppose, there are five routes for going from a place A to
out of 15 + 17 + 6 = 38 toys. There are 38 ways in which another place B and six routes for going from the place B to
Ramesh can choose a toy. a third place C. Find the number of different ways through
which a person can go from A to C via B.
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The total number of ways of accommodating 4 persons in 3 The number of ways of forming 3letter words is equal to
chairs will be 4 × 3 × 2 = 24 ways. the number of ways of filling up three blocks with
distinct alphabets.
The first block can be filled up in 26 ways, the second in 25
ways and the third in 24 ways.
Thus, the number of 3letter words
= 26 × 25 × 24 = 15600.
6! = 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 × 6 = 720.
Number of Permutations of n different things taken r at
a time
We can also define n! regressively as follows
n! = n (n – 1)! for n ³ 1
If n and r are positive integers such that 1 £ r £ n, then the
Thus 7! = 7 (6!) = 7 (720) = 5040.
number of all permutations of n distinct things, taken r at a time
and 8! = 8 (7!) = 8 (5040) = 40320. is denoted by the symbol P(n, r) or n P r
n n !
Properties of Factorials P r = = n n
( - 1 )( n - 2 )...( n - r + 1 )
( n - r )!
When r = n, n P r = n P n = n(n – 1) (n – 2) ... 1 = n!.
1 . It is a natural number.
2 . If n ³ 5, then n! ends in a zero or the units digit of n! always
Thus 8 P 3 denotes the numbers of permutations of 8 different
is zero.
things taken 3 at a time and 5 P 5 denotes the number of
3 . If n ³ 1 then n! is divisible by 2, 3, 4, ... , n. permutations of 5 different things taken 5 at a time.
4 . If n ³ 1, then n! is divisible by r! for 1 £ r £ n
In fact Important
n ! n ( n - 1 ) ( n - 2 ) ... ( r + 1 ) r × ( r - 1 ) ... 2 . 1
=
r ! r ( r - 1 ) ... 2 . 1 In permutations, the order of arrangement is taken into account;
= n (n – 1) (n – 2) ... (r + 1). when the order is changed, a different permutation is obtained.
13 !
\ The no. of arrangements =
E12. In how many ways can 6 people can stand in a queue? 3 ! 4 ! 2 ! 2 !
Sol. The number of ways in which 6 people can stand in a queue
= 6! = 720.
E17. Find the number of permutations of the letters of the words
‘DADDY DID A DEADLY DEED’.
Ø The total number of arrangements of n different Sol. We have 19 letters in all of which 9 are Ds; 3 are As; 2 are
things taken r at a time, in which a particular thing Ys; 3 are Es and the rest are all distinct.
always occurs = r × n–1 P r–1 .
Therefore, the number of arrangements
19 !
E13. How many 4 digits number (repetition is not allowed) can be =
9 ! 3 ! 2 ! 3 !
made by using digits 17 if 4 will always be there in the
number?
Sol. Total digits (n) = 7. E18. How many different words can be formed with the letters of
Total ways of making the number if 4 is always there word ‘ORDINATE’?
So far we have discussed permutation of objects (or things) in a
Ø The number of permutations of n things taken all at row. This type of permutations are generally known as linear
a time when p of them are alike and of one kind, q of permutations. If we arrange the objects along a closed curve
them are alike and of second kind, all other being v i z . a c i r c l e , t h e p e r mu t a t i o n s a r e k n o w n a s c ir c u la r
different, is permutations. As we have seen in the earlier sections of this
chapter that every linear arrangement has a beginning and an
n !
end, but there is nothing like a beginning or an end in a circular
p ! q !
permutation. Thus, in a circular permutation, we consider one
Remark: The above theorem can be extended if in addition to object as fixed and the remaining objects are arranged as in
the above r things are alike and of third kind and so on, then case of linear arrangements.
n !
total permutation =
p ! q ! r ! .... The number of ways of arranging n distinct objects
around a circle is (n – 1)! & the total number when taken
n
P r
r at a time will be .
r
In a combination only a group is made and the order in which the
E19. In how many ways can 7 Australians sit down at a round objects are arranged is immaterial.
table?
Sol. 7 Aust ral ian s ca n t ake the ir seat at th e ro und ta ble in On the other hand, in a permutation, not only a group is formed,
(7 – 1) ! = 6! ways. but also an arrangement in a definite order is considered.
E21. In how many ways can a garland of 10 different flowers be
made? The following formula is very useful in simplifying calculations
= (10 – 1)!/2 = 9!/2.
This formula indicates that the number of selections of r out of n
Combination things is the same as the number of selections of n – r out of n
things. Like given in the following cases
A combination is a grouping or selection of all or part of a number 5 5 5 ´ 4 5 !
C1 = = 5 , 5 C2 = = 10 , 5 C5 = = 1
of things without reference to the arrangement of the things 1 1 ´ 2 5 !
selected. Thus, the combinations of the three letters a, b, c
taken 2 at a time are ab, ac, bc. Note that ab and ba are 1 9 9 ´ 8
C7 = = 36 ,
combination but 2 permutations of the letters a, b. 1 ´ 2
16 !
Sol. Total number of ways = 16 C11 = = 4368.
11 ! ´ 5 !
11 !
So total number of ways = 11 C 8 = = 165 .
E24. Evaluate 8 ! ´ 3 !
(i) 25 C
23
(ii) 75 C
74 Ø If 2m things are to be divided into two groups, each
Sol. (i) 25 C = 25 C 25
23 25–23 = C 2 = 300. containing m things, the number of ways
(ii) 75 C = 75 C 75
74 75–74 = C 1 = 75. ( 2 m)!
=
2 ( m !) 2
Ø n C + n C
r r – 1 =
n + 1 C
r
For example, if we divide 4 alphabets A, B, C and D into
E25. Evaluate two groups containing 2 alphabets, the number of ways are
(i) 5 C + 5 C . 3. The arrangements are shown as below.
3 2
(ii) 7 C + 7 C .
5 4 I II
Sol. (i) 5 C + 5 C = 5 C + 5 C 6
3 2 3 3–1 = C 3 = 20. AB CD
(ii) 7 C + 7 C = 7 C + 7 C 8
5 4 5 5–1 = C 5 = 56. AC BD
AD BC
Ø n C + n C + n C + .... n C = 2 n
0 1 2 n
Ø The number of ways to divide n things into different
Ø The number of ways in which (m + n) things can be groups, one containing p things, another q things
divided into two groups containing m & n things
respectively b p + q + r + ... ! g
b m + n g ! =
and so on =
b p ! q ! r ! ... g where {n = p + q + r + ...}
= ( m + n ) C n = ( m + n )
b m ! n ! g C m
Ø Total number of combinations of n dissimilar things
taken some or all at a time = 2 n – 1.
Random Experiments
In most branches of knowledge, experiments are the ways of
life. In probability and statistics, too, we concern ourselves with
s p e ci a l t y pe o f e x pe r i m e n ts . W e ca l l t h e se a s r an d o m
experiments.
For example, Suppose a fair coin is tossed. There are two
possible outcomes of the experiment; heads and tails. For any
performance of the experiment one does not know what the Elementary and compound events
exact outcome will be. Therefore, the tossing of a fair coin is a
random experiment.
Single element subsets of sample space associated with a random
experiment are known as elementary events.
Sample space
Those subsets of sample space S associated to an experiment
The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called which are disjoint union of single element subsets of sample space
S are known as compound events.
the sample space.
If x Î S, then x is called as a sample point.
e.g.: Consider the experiment of throwing a die. The sample
space associated with this experiment is S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
For instance, in illustration, the sample space is S 1 = {H, T} Events E 1 = {1}, E 2 = {2}, E 3 = {3}, E 4 = {4}, E 5 = {5}, E 6 = {6}
where H stands for heads and T for tails. If the same coin is are elementary events whereas A 1 = {2, 4, 6},
tossed twice, then S 2 = {HH, HT, TH, TT}. In case the coin is A 2 = {1, 3, 5}, A 3 = {3, 6} etc. are compound events.
tossed three times, the sample space will be S 3 = {HHH, HHT,
HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}. In case of a single toss, the
sample space consists of 2 points. In case of two tosses, it consists
Equally Likely Events
of 2 × 2 = 2 2 = 4 points whereas in case of three tosses, it
consists of 2 × 2 × 2 = 2 3 = 8 points. In case of n tosses, the All possible results of a random experiment are called equally
sample space contains 2 n points. likely outcomes and we have no reason to expect any one rather
than the other. For example, as the result of drawing a card from
To get all the points in the sample space S n , corresponding to n a well shuffled pack, any card may appear in draw, so that the
tosses of a fair coin we first write S 1 = {H, T} corresponding to a 52 cards become 52 different events which are equally likely.
single toss. To obtain S 2 we postfix H to each element in S 1 to
obtain HH, TH and then postfix T to each element in S 1 to obtain
Mutually Exclusive Events
HT, TT. These four elements constitute S 2 . That is, S 2 = {HH, TH,
HT, TT}. Now, to obtain S 3 we postfix H to each element in S 2 to
obtain HHH, THH, HTH, TTH and then T to each element in S 2 to Events are called mutually exclusive or disjoint or incompatible if
obtain HHT, THT, HTT, TTT. These eight elements constitute S 3 . the occurrence of one of them precludes the occurrence of all
That is, S 3 = {HHH, THH, HTH, TTH, HHT, THT, HTT, TTT}. In a the others. For example in tossing a coin, there are two mutually
similar way we can obtain S 4 , S 5 , etc. Alternatively we may use a exclusive events viz turning up a head and turning up of a tail.
tree diagram as shown below. Since both these events cannot happen simultaneously. But note
that events are compatible if it is possible for them to happen
simultaneously. For instance in rolling of two dice, the cases of
Thus, S 2 = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
the face marked 5 appearing on one dice and face 5 appearing
and S 3 = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, THH, TTT}. on the other, are compatible.
Event Exhaustive Events
Any subset of a sample space is called an event. A sample space
S serves as the universal set for all questions related to an
Events are exhaustive when they include all the possibilities
experiment 'S' and an event A w.r.t it is a set of all possible
associated with the same trial. In throwing a coin, the turning up
outcomes favourable to the event A.
of head and of a tail are exhaustive events assuming of course
For example, that the coin cannot rest on its edge.
A random experiment: flipping a coin twice
Sample space: S = {(HH), (HT), (TH), (TT)}
The question: "both the flips show same face"
Therefore, the event A: {(HH), (TT)}. See figure.
Dependent Events Important
If the occurrence or nonoccurrence of any event affects the Note that A Ç B occurs if and only if the outcome of the
happening of the other, then the events are said to be dependent experiment is an element of A and B both. In other words
events. For example, in drawing a card from a pack of cards, let A Ç B occurs if and only if both A and B occur simultaneously.
the event A be the occurrence of a king in the 1st draw and B be Thus, A Ç B also denotes the simultaneous occurrence of A and
the occurrence of a king in the second draw. If the card drawn at B. We often write A Ç B as “A and B”.
the first trial is not replaced then events A and B are independent
events.
Definitions of Probability
Note
We shall now consider two definitions of probability
(1) Mathematical or a priori or classical.
(1) If an event contains a single sample point i.e. it is a singleton
(2) Statistical or empirical.
set, then this event is called an elementary or a simple
event.
(2) An event corresponding to the empty set is an ‘impossible event’. Classical Definition of Probability
(3) An event corresponding to the entire sample space is called
a 'certain event'. If a random experiment results in n mutually exclusive, equally
likely and exhaustive outcomes out of which m are favourable to
the occurrence of an event A, then the probability of the
Complement of an event
occurrence of A, usually denoted by P(A) is given by
Thus,
The complement of an event A with respect to S is the set of all
elements of S that are not in A. We denote the complement of A m the number of favourable outcomes
P ( A ) = = .
by the symbol A’. In the following figure, the shaded portion of S n the total number of outcomes
represents A’ or A . We also call A’ as “not A”.
.
A’ In the application of this definition, the term favourable is used
rather loosely favourable may mean that a patient may have a
S viral fever or a brand new television does not work or a book
published by TMH company has more than 120 printing errors.
A
Thus probability is a concept which measures numerically the
degree of certainty or uncertainty of the occurrence of an event.
Intersection of events For example, the probability of randomly drawing king from a
wellshuffled deck of cards is 4/52. Since 4 is the number of
favourable outcomes (i.e. 4 kings of diamond, spade, club and
The intersection of two events A and B, denoted by A Ç B, is the
heart) and 52 is the number of total outcomes (the number of
event containing all elements that are common to A and B. In the
cards in a deck).
following figure, A Ç B is given by the shaded portion.
If A is any event of sample space having probability P, then
clearly, P is a positive number (expressed as a fraction or usually
as a decimal) not greater than unity.
Ø If an event E is sure to occur, we say that the probability of
Sol. A leap year has 52 weeks and 2 more days.
the event E is equal to 1 and we write P(E) = 1.
The two days can be
Monday Tuesday
Ø If an event E is sure not to occur, we say that the probability
o f t h e e v e n t E i s e q u a l t o 0 a n d w e w r i t e Tuesday Wednesday
P (E) = 0. Therefore for any event E, 0 £ P(E) £ 1. Wednesday Thursday
Thursday Friday
E31. A coin is tossed three times. Find the probability of getting Friday Saturday
at least one head. Saturday Sunday and
Sunday Monday.
Sol. Sample space: S = {(H H H), (H H T), (HTH), (HTT), (THT),
(TTH), (THH), (TTT) } Þ n (S) = 8 There are 7 outcomes and 2 are favourable to the 53rd
Sunday.
Event A: getting at least one head so that A
Now for 53 Sundays in a leap year, P(A) = 2/7.
getting no head at all = { (TTT) Þ n ( A ) = 1
Sol. Let R, W and B denote the events of drawing a red ball, a The probability that two or more independent events will happen
white ball and a blue ball respectively. is equal to the product of their individual probabilities.
(i) The probability that the ball drawn is red
n R
( ) the number of favourable outcomes Thus the probability of getting a head on both the fifth and sixth
= P ( R ) = =
n S
( ) the total number of outcomes F G I J
1 1 1
6 6 2
tosses is
H K
2 2
= .
4
= = = .
6 + 4 + 5 15 5
(ii) Similarly, the probability that the ball drawn is white Two or more events are said to be dependent if the occurrence
= P(W) = 4/15. or nonoccurrence of one of the events affects the probability of
occurrence of any of the others.
(iii) The probability that the ball drawn is black
= P(B) = 5/15 = 1/3.
Consider that two or more events are dependent. If P 1 is the
(iv) The probability that the ball drawn is not red
probability of a first event, P 2 the probability that after the first
2 3 has happened the second will occur, P 3 the probability that after
= P R
( ) = 1 - P R
( ) = 1 - = .
5 5 the first and second have happened the third will occur etc., then
(v) The probability that the ball drawn is red or white
the Probability that all events will happen in the given
n R
( ) n w
( ) 6 4 10 2 order is the product P 1 × P 2 × P 3 ....
= + = + = = .
n S
( ) ns 15 15 15 3
For example, a box contains 3 white balls and 2 black balls. If a
2 2
ball is drawn at random, the probability that it is black is = .
3 + 2 5
If this ball is not replaced and a second ball is drawn, the
1 1
probability that it also is black is = . Thus the probability
3 + 1 4
F G I J
2 1 1
that both will be black is
H K
5 4
=
10
.
Two or more events are said to be mutually exclusive if the (i) it is not a heart?
occurrence of any one of them guarantees the non occurrence (ii) it is an ace or a spade?
of the others.
Sol. A deck of bridge cards has 4 suits – spade, heart, diamond
The probability of occurrence of one or two or more mutually and club.
exclusive events is the sum of the probabilities of the individual Each suit has 13 cards.– Ace, two, three, .... , ten, jack,
events. Queen, King.
(i) P (not a heart) = 1 – P (a heart) = 1 – 13/52 = 39/52
1 . In rolling a die = 3/4.
E : The event that the number is odd. (ii) There are 4 aces and 12 spades besides the ace of
F : The event that the number is even. spades
G : The event that the number is a multiple of three. Þ P (an ace or a spade) = 16/52 = 4/13.
E : The event that it is a spade.
F : The event that it is a club. Sol. Getting a 5 and getting a 6 are mutually exclusive
G : The event that it is a king. 1 1 2 1
so, P(5 or 6) = P(5) + P(6) = + = = .
6 6 6 3
In the above 2 cases, events E & F are mutually exclusive but Two events are said to be overlapping if the events have at
the events E & G or F & G are not mutually exclusive or disjoint least one outcome in common, hence they can happen at
since they may have common outcomes. the same time.
The probability of occurrence of some one of two overlapping
Addition Law of Probability events is the sum of the probabilities of the two individual
events minus the probability of their common outcomes.
If E & F are two mutually exclusive events, then the probability
that either event E or event F will occur in a single trial is given by E36. If a die is thrown, what is the probability of getting a number
less than 4 or an even number?
3 3 1 5
Note: Compare this with n(A È B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A Ç B) of set = + - = .
6 6 6 6
theory.
Independent Events
Similarly
Two events are independent if the happening of one has no effect
+ P (neither E nor F) = 1 – P(E or F) on the happening of the other. For example
1 . On rolling a die & tossing a coin together
E : The event that number 6 turns up.
F : The event that head turns up.
2 . In shooting a target
E : Event that the first trial is missed.
F : Event that the second trial is missed.
In both these cases events E & F are independent.
IC : PTtkmml14 (11) of (25)
3 . In drawing a card from a well shuffled pack E39. A bag contains 3 red and 4 black balls and another bag has
E : Event that first card is drawn. 4 red and 2 black balls. One bag is selected at random and
from the selected bag a ball is drawn. Let E be the event
F : Event that second card is drawn without replacing the first.
that the first bag is selected, F be the event that the second
G: Event that second card is drawn after replacing the
bag is selected, G be the event that ball drawn is red and H
first.
be the event that ball drawn is black. Then, find
In this case E & F are not independent but E & G are
( i ) P(E) (ii) P(F)
independent.
(iii) P(G/E) (iv) P(G/F)
(v) P(H/E) (vi) P(H/F)
Multiplication Law of Probability
Sol.
If the events E & F are independent then
1 1
( i ) P (E) = (ii) P (F) =
2 2
+ P(E & F) = P (E) × P (F)
& P (not E & F) = 1 – P(E & F together). F G G I J = Probability of drawing a red ball from first
(iii) P
H E K
Odds In Favour And Against 3
bag =
7
If P is the probability that an event will occur and q (= 1 – p) is F G G I J = Probability of drawing a red ball from second
the probability of the nonoccurrence of the event; then we say
that the odds in favour of the event occurring are p : q (p to q)
(iv) P
H F K
and the odds against its occurring are q : p. 4 2
bag = =
6 3
13 39 1 3 4
: = : = 1 : 3. bag =
52 52 4 4 7
Similarly the odds against a card of diamond would be 3 : 1.
F G H I J =Probability of drawing a black ball from second
The odds in favour of 4 or 6 in a single toss of a fair die are (vi) P
H F K
1 2
: ; i.e. 1 : 2 and the odds against are 2 : 1. 2 1
3 3 bag = =
6 3
E37. The odds in favour of an event are 2:7. Find the probability
of occurrence of this event.
Sol. Total number of outcomes = 2 + 7 = 9
Favourable number of cases = 2
2
\ P (E) =
9
E38.The odds against of an event are 5:7, find the probability
of occurrence of this event.
Sol. Total number of outcomes = 5 + 7 = 12
Number of cases against the occurrence of event = 5
\ Number of cases in favour of event = 12 – 5 = 7
7
\ P (E) =
12
1 . In how many ways 5 Indians and 4 Americans be seated
around the table, if no two Americans sit together? 11. Three letters are to be sent to different persons and
addresses on the three envelopes are also written. Without
looking at the addresses, what is the probability that the
2 . A gentleman has 6 friends to invite for a party. In how many letters go into the right envelope?
ways can he send invitation cards to them if he has three
servants to carry the cards? 12. A bag contains 3 red, 7 white and 4 black balls. If three
balls are drawn from the bag, then what is the probability
that all of them are of the same colour?
3 . In how many ways can 5 prizes be given away to 4 boys,
when each boy is eligible for all the prizes?
13. If four persons are chosen at random from a group of 3
men, 2 women and 4 children. Then, what is the probability
4 . Three villages A, B and C lie on a highway. There are 10 that exactly two of them are children?
more routes connecting A and B 8 more routes connecting B
and C, 5 more routes connecting A and C. If B is in between 14. From 10,000 lottery tickets numbered from 1 to 10,000,
A and C, in how many ways can one go from B to C? one ticket is drawn at random. What is the probability that
the number marked on the drawn ticked is divisible by 20?
6 . Sheela can choose to go for a party with Yogesh, Nikhilesh,
16. A problem of mathematics is given to three students whose
Shashank, Amol, Shainu, Vivek, Girish. She has 10 pairs of
chances of solving the problem are 1/3, 1/4 and 1/5
sandals and 17 different dresses. In how many different respectively. What is the probability that the question will
ways she will go to the party if she has a choice of taking 5 be solved?
of her friends. Also she likes her 7 pair of sandals and 15
dresses which she wants to wear for the party? 17. In a lottery 50 tickets are sold in which 14 are of prize. A
man bought 2 tickets, then what is the probability that the
man win the prize?
7. In how many ways can the 7 letters M, N, O, P, Q, R, S be
arranged so that P and Q occupy continuous positions?
18. A three digit number is formed by using numbers 1, 2, 3 and
4 without repetition. What is the probability that the number
8 . In how many ways can 4 Indians and 4 Nepalese people be is divisible by 3?
seated around a round table such that no two Indians are in
adjacent positions? 19. Word ‘UNIVERSITY’ is arranged randomly. Then, what is the
probability that both T does not come together?
9 . There are 150 members in a tabletennis club. They are
playing a tournament such that a member is out of the 20. A bag contains 3 red. 4 white and 5 blue balls. All balls are
tournament if he loses a game. If we know that there were different. Two balls are drawn at random. What is the
probability that they are of different colour?
no ties, then the number of games to determine the champion
will be
11 1
17. The card drawn is black. (1) (2)
13 2
1 1 2 11
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 4 13 26
8
(3) (4) can’t be determine
13 DIRECTIONS : A bag contains 8 red and 4 green balls. Find the
probability that
18. The card drawn is a queen.
25. The ball drawn is red when one ball is selected at random.
1 1
(1) (2) 2 1
12 13 (1) (2)
3 3
1 3
(3) (4) 1 5
4 4 (3) (4)
6 6
19. The card drawn is black and a queen.
26. All the 4 balls drawn are red when four balls are drawn at
1 1 random.
(1) (2)
13 52
17 14
(1) (2)
1 5 32 99
(3) (4)
26 6
7
(3) (4) None of these
12
20. The card drawn is either black or a queen.
7 15 1 7
(3) (4) (1) (2)
13 26 495 99
5 2
21. The card drawn is either king or a queen. (3) (4)
12 3
5 1
(1) (2) 28. Two balls are red and one ball is green when three balls are
26 13
drawn at random.
2 12
(3) (4) 56 112
13 13 (1) (2)
99 495
19 9
(3) (4)
52 26
Please make sure that you mark the answers in this scoresheet with an HB pencil.
The marking of answers must be done in the stipulated time for the test. Do not take extra time over and above the time limit.
S C O R E S H E E T
1 1 2 3 4 5 7 1 2 3 4 5 13 1 2 3 4 5 19 1 2 3 4 5 25 1 2 3 4 5
1 . How many even numbers less than 10,000 can be formed 9 . Wh at a re the pos sib le v alu es o f n whi ch wil l ma ke
with the digits 3, 5,7,8,9 without any repetition? 13 C < 13 C
n n+2 ?
(1) 32 (2) 16 (1) 4 (2) 3
(3) 44 (4) 41 (3) 5 (4) 2
48 4 57 1
(1) (2) (1) (2)
515 150 60 20
(3) 1/2 (4) None of these
2 7
(3) (4)
7 60
17. A natural number is chosen at random from the first 100
natural numbers. What is the probability that the number
chosen is a multiple of 2 or 3 or 5? 23. Two balls are drawn from a bag containing 2 white, 3 red
and 4 black balls one by one without replacement. What is
30 1 the probability that atleast one ball is red?
(1) (2)
100 33
7 5
(1) (2)
74 7 12 12
(3) (4)
100 10
3
(3) (4) None of these
10
18. A box contains 5 red balls, 8 green balls and 10 pink balls. A
ball is drawn at random from the box. What is the probability
that the ball drawn is either red or green ? 24. A bag contains 6 red and 9 blue balls. Two successive drawing
of four balls are made such that the balls are not replaced
13 10 before the second draw. Find the probability that the first
(1) (2) draw gives 4 red balls and second draw gives 4 blue balls.
23 23
11 13 3 7
(3) (4) (1) (2)
23 529 715 715
15
19. A basket contains 10 apples and 20 oranges out of which 3 (3) (4) None of these
233
apples and 5 oranges are defective. If we choose two fruits
at random, what is the probability that either both are
oranges or both are non defective? 25. An urn contains 4 white 6 black and 8 red balls. If 3 balls are
drawn one by one without replacement, find the probability
136 17 of getting all white balls.
(1) (2)
345 87
5 1
(1) (2)
316 158 204 204
(3) (4)
435 435 (3) 13/204 (4) None of these
11 8
(3) (4)
15 15
3 3
that B can solve the same problem is . Find the probability that respectively. If all the three try to solve the problem
5 8
atleast one of A and B will be able to solve the problem. simultaneously, find the probability that exactly one of them
will solve it.
12 13
(1) (2) 25 25
15 15
(1) (2)
52 56
19
(3) (4) none of these (3) 13/42 (4) None of these
45
29. In the previous question (no. 28), Find the probability that none of
the two will be able to solve the problem.
13 4
(1) (2)
15 15
2 23
(3) (4)
15 30
Please make sure that you mark the answers in this scoresheet with an HB pencil.
The marking of answers must be done in the stipulated time for the test. Do not take extra time over and above the time limit.
S C O R E S H E E T
1 1 2 3 4 5 7 1 2 3 4 5 13 1 2 3 4 5 19 1 2 3 4 5 25 1 2 3 4 5
1 . Total number of persons = 5 + 4 = 9. 14. No. of tickets numbered such that it is divisible by
Since there is no restriction on Indians, we arrange the 5 Indian around a 10000
table in (5 – 1)! = 4!, ways. If the American sit at the places indicated by ‘x’ 20 are = 500.
20
then no two Americans will sit together.
Now there are 5 places for 4 Americans. 500 1
Hence required probability = = .
\ 4 Americans can be seated in 5 P 4 ways. 10000 20
\ required number = 4! × 5 P 4 = 4! × 5!.
20 1 10 1
2 . Total number of ways = 3 6 = 729. 15. Let P(A) = = , P(B) = =
100 5 100 10
3 . First prize can be given away to 4 boys in 4 ways
Since events are independent and we have to find]
Similarly second, third, fourth and fifth prizes can also be given away to four
boys in 4 ways.
P(AÈ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A) . P(B)
Hence the required number of way in which all the 5 prizes can be given 1 1 1 1 3 1 14 14
= + - ´ = - = = ´ 100 = 28% .
away to 4 boys 5 10 5 10 10 50 50 50
= 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 = 1024 16. T h e pr ob ab i l i t i e s of s tu de nts n ot s ol v i ng t he p ro bl em a re
4 . There are 8 indirect roads from B to C and 1 direct road i.e.,, highway from
1 1 2 1 3 1 4
B to C. Also, one can go from B to A and then to C. There are 10 + 1 indirect 1 - = 1 - = , 1 - = and 1 - =
and direct roads from B to A and then 5 roads from A to C. This can be done 3 3 3 4 4 5 5
in 11 × 5 = 55 ways. Therefore the probability that the problem is not solved by any one of them
\ In all one can go 55 + 8 + 1 = 64 ways. 2 3 4 2
= ´ ´ =
5 . The man has to select some or all of his 6 friends 3 4 5 5
\ The number of ways to do the same is given by
6 C + 6 C + 6 C + 6 C + 6 C + 6 C = 2 6 – 1 = 63.
2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6
Hence the probability that problem is solved = 1 - = .
5 5
6 . Number of combinations are 7 C 5 × 15 C 1 × 7 C 1 = 2205.
17. In 50 tickets 14 are of prize and 36 are blank.
7 . For arranging the 7 letters keeping P and Q always together, we have to Number of ways both the tickets are blank = 36 C 2
view P and Q as one letter. Let this be denoted by PQ.
Then, we have to arrange the letters M, N, O, P, Q, R and S in a linear 36
C 2 18
arrangement. Here, it is like arranging 6 letters in 6 places (since 2 letters Thus the probability of not winning the prize = 50
=
C 2 35
are counted as one). This can be done in 6! ways.
However, the solution is not complete at this point of time since in the count 18 17
of 6!, the internal arrangement between P and Q is neglected. This can be Hence the probability of winning the prize = 1 – = .
35 35
done in 2! ways. Hence the required answer is 6! × 2! = 1440.
8 . If we first put 4 Indians around the round table. We can do this in 3! ways. 18. Total number of ways to form the numbers of three digit with 1, 2, 3 and 4 are
4 P = 4! = 24
Once the 4 Indians are placed around the round table, we have to place the 3
four Nepalese around the same round table. Now, since the Indians are If the numbers are divisible by three then their sum of digits must be 3, 6 or 9
already placed we can do this in 4! ways (as the starting point is defined But sum 3 is impossible. Then for sum 6, digits are 1, 2, 3
when we put the Indians. Try to visualise this around a circle for placing 2
Indians and 2 Nepalese). Hence, the answer is 3! × 4! = 144. Number of ways = 3!
Similarly for sum 9, digits are 2, 3, 4. Number of ways = 3!
9 . 150 – 1 = 149. This is so because all members except one lose a game.
Thus number of favourable ways = 3! + 3!
10. Total number of arrangements = 8! = 40320
Nu mbe r of arr ang eme nt s w hen be s t an d w ors t pap ers ar e t og eth er 3 ! + 3 ! 12 1
Hence required probability = = = .
= 7! × 2! = 10080 4 ! 24 2
Number of arrangements in which best and worst papers are not together
10 !
= 40320 – 10080 = 3024011. Total no. of ways placing 3 letters in 19. Total no. of ways =
three envelops = 3 !, out of these ways only one way is correct. 2 !
Favourable number of ways for T come together is 9!
1 1
Hence the required probability = 3 ! = 6 . Thus probability that T come together is
9 ! ´ 2 ! 2 1 1 4
3 = = = Hence required probability = 1 – = .
C 3 + 7 C 3 + 4 C 3 1 + 35 + 4 40 10 10 ! 10 5 5 5
12. Required probability = 14
= = = .
C 3 14 × 13 × 2 14 × 26 91 20. We have the following pattern –––
13. Total number of ways = 9 C 4 , 2 children are chosen in 4 C 2 ways and other 2 3 ´ 4 3 ´ 5
persons are chosen in 5 C 2 ways. ( 1 ) red, white P(A) = 12 ( 2 ) red, blue P(B) = 12
C 2 C 2
4 5
C 2 ´ C 2 10
Hence required probability = 9 = . 4 ´ 5
C 4 21 ( 3 ) blue, white P(C) = 12
C 2
Since all these cases are exclusive, so the required probability
=
c 12 + 15 + 20 h = c 47 ´ 2 h = 47 .
12 12 ´ 11 66
C 2
1 . There are two E's and two N's and they are 10. Consider that the men are seated first.
bund l ed. Then the men can be arranged in 3! ways and the women in 4! ways.
They could be arranged among themselves in Required number of circular arrangements = 3!4! = 144. Ans.(2)
4!/(2! 2!) = 6 ways.
11. There are 8! arrangements of the beads on the bracelet, but half of these
Besides, the remaining 4 letters and the bundle can be obtained from the other half simply by turning the bracelet over.
of E's and N's can be arranged in 5! ways.
Hence there are ½(8!) = 20160 different bracelets. Ans.(1)
\ Required number of arrangements = 6 (5!) = 6!. Ans.(2)
12. Each combination of 2 lines out of 4 can intersect each combination of 2
2 . ( 1 ) Suppose we take only one Doctor. lines out of 7 to form a parallelogram.
Number of selections of Doctor Number of parallelograms = 4 C 2 × 7 C 2 = 6 × 21 = 126. Ans.(4)
= 3 C 1 = 3. Also number of selections of Engineers = 8 C 3 = 8! / (3! × 5!)
12 . 11
= 8 × 7 × 6 /(3 × 2 × 1) = 56 13. Number of ways = 15 -1 - 2 C 3 - 1 = = 66 ways . Ans.(1)
2
Þ Number of parties = 56 × 3 = 168
14. Each appliance may be dealt with in 2 ways, as it can be chosen or not
( 2 ) When we select 2 Doctors and 2 Engineers,
chosen. Since each of the 2 ways of dealing with an appliance is associated
number of ways of selecting Doctors = 3 C 2 = 3. with 2 ways of dealing with each of the other appliances, the number of
Number of ways of selecting Engineers= 8 C 2 = (8 × 7)/2 = 28. ways of dealing with the 4 appliances
Number of parties = 28 × 3 = 84 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 2 4 ways.
( 3 ) When we take 3 Doctors and one Engineer, But 2 4 ways included the case in which no appliance is chosen.
Þ Number of ways of selecting Doctors = 3 C 3 = 1. Hence the required number of ways = 2 4 – 1 = 16 – 1 = 15 ways.
Þ Number of ways of selecting Engineer = 8 C 1 = 8 Shortcut: The appliances may be chosen singly, in twos, etc.
Þ Number of parties = 8. Hence the required number of ways = 4 C 1 + 4 C 2 + 4 C 3 + 4 C 4
Total number of parties = 168 + 84 + 8 = 260. Ans.(4) = 4 + 6 + 4 + 1 = 15 ways. Ans.(4)
Shortcut: Total number of ways having at least one Doctor 5 !
15. Required number of ways = = 10 . Ans.(2)
= Total number of ways – all are Engineers = 11 C 4 – 8 C 4 = 260. 2 3
! !
3 . With 0, 1, 2, 3 we can form 4! = 24 numbers.
But it includes the numbers in which 0 occurs in thousand’s place and they
16. E = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH} Þ n (E) = 4
will be numbers only of 3 digits.
Such numbers will be 3! = 6. Þ (24 – 6) = 18 numbers can be formed which 4 1
will be of four digits. Ans.(3) \ P (E) = = . Ans.(4)
8 2
4 . Every number between 3000 and 4000, which is divisible by five and which 17. n (E) = 26
can be formed by the given digits, must contains 5 in unit’s place and 3 in
thousand’s plac e. 26 1
\ P (E) = = . Ans.(1)
Thus we are left with four digits out of which we are to place two digits 52 2
between 3 and 5, which can be done in 4 P 2 = 12 ways. Hence 12 numbers
18. n (E) = 4
can be formed. Ans.(2)
5 . Since each question can be answered in 4 ways. 4 1
\ P (E) = = . Ans.(2)
So, the total number of ways of answering 5 questions 52 13
= 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 = 4 5 = 1024. Ans.(3) 19. Since drawn card must be black so there are only two queens.
6 . It is first assumed that it is prohibited to rotate the necklace. Henc e
Then it is clear that we have 13! different necklaces. n (E) = 2
However, any arrangement of beads must be considered identical to those
2 1
\ P (E) = = . Ans.(3)
13 ! 52 26
12 that can be obtained from it by relation = 12 !
13 20. There are 26 black cards (including two queens). Besides it there are two
Shortcut: Total ways = (n – 1)! = (13 – 1)! = 12!. Ans.(3) more queens (i n red colours)
T hus n (E) = 26 + 2 = 28
10 !
7 . Required number of ways = .
2 2 3 3
! ! ! ! 28 7
\ P (E) = = . Ans.(3)
52 13
(\ S 1 & S 2 get 2 books each and S 3 & S 4 get 3 books each). Ans.(4)
8 . Since any two stamps can be exc hanged so there are 20 × 20 ways to 21. There are 4 kings and 4 queens
exchange the stamps and any two postcards can be exchanged so there \ E = K È Q
are 10 × 10 ways to exchange the postcard.
\ n(E) = 4 + 4 = 8
Hence total ways to exchange stamps and postcards
= 20 × 20 + 10 × 10 = 500. Ans.(4) 8 2
\ P (E) = = . Ans.(3)
9 . Each arrangement of the men may be associated with each arrangement of 52 13
the women.
The required number of arrangement = 4! × 3! = 144. Ans.(2)
36 9 4
\ P (E) = = . Ans.(2) \ P (E) = . Ans. (3)
52 13 495
24. There are 4 aces and 4 kings 30. If no ball is green.
\ n (E) = 4 + 4 = 8 n (S) = 12 C 2 = 66
n (E) = 8 C 2 = 28
\ n (E) = 52 – 8 = 44
14
44 11 \ P (E) =
\ P (E) = = . Ans.(1) 33
52 13
25. n (S) = 8 + 4 = 12 14 19
P ( E ) = 1 - = . Ans.(2)
n (E) = 8 33 33
8 2
\ P (E) = = . Ans.(1)
12 3
26. n (S) = 12 C 4 = 495
n (E) = 8 C 4 = 70
70 14
\ P (E) = = . Ans.(2)
495 99
Objective key – Practice Exercise # 01
2 1. (3 ) 2 2. (3 ) 2 3. (2 ) 2 4. (1 ) 2 5. (1 ) 2 6. (2 ) 27.( 1) 2 8. (2 ) 2 9. (3 ) 3 0. (2 )
1 1. (1 ) 1 2. (4 ) 1 3. (1 ) 1 4. (4 ) 1 5. (2 ) 1 6. (4 ) 17.( 1) 1 8. (2 ) 1 9. (3 ) 2 0. (3 )
1.( 2) 2.( 4) 3.( 3) 4.( 2) 5.( 3) 6.( 3) 7.(4) 8.( 4) 9.( 2) 1 0. (2 )
1. Case 1. There is only one even number of one digit. 7 . There are total 9 letters in the word COMMITTEE
13 !
Case 2. 4 1
3 !. 4 !. 2 !. 2 ! in which there are 2M’s, 2T’s, 2E’s.
There are only 4 even numbers of two digit
T he number of ways i n whi c h 9 l etters c an be
(Numbers are 38, 58, 78 and 98) arranged.
8 13 ! 13 !
So the four vowels can be arranged at these eight places in
P 4
2 !
ways.
9 . 13 C < 13 C
n n + 2
Þ
c 13 - n h ! n ! < c 13 - n - 2 hc ! n + 2 h!
13 ! 13 !
2
11 Pass through B
\ the required number of triangles = p 3 + 3p 2 (p – 1)
= 4p 3 – 3p 2 = p 2 (4p – 3) \ number of intersection points 37 C 2 – 13 C 2 – 11 C 2 + 2
(The work “maximum” shows that no selection of points from each of the (\ two points A & B) = 535. Ans.(1)
three li nes are collinear). Ans.(1)
n (B Ç C) =
6
, n (A Ç C) =
10
Here P (A) = = and P G
6 2 F B I J = 5
100 100
9 3 H A K 8
[There are 5 balls (excluding 3 red balls) after the selection of one nonred
ball]. Ans.(1)
6
C 4 15 1 F G B I J
T he n P A
( ) = 15
C 4
= =
1365 91
Required probability = P(A Ç B) = P(A) P H A K
F G B I J = 9
C 4 126 21 P(A) =
13
, since there 13 odd numbers 1, 3, 5......25.
P
H A K 11
C 4
= =
330 55
25
Since the ticket drawn in the first draw is not replaced, therefore second
Hence, the required probability = P (A Ç B) ti ck et drawn is from the remai ni ng 24 ti ckets , out of whic h 12 are odd
numbered.
F G B I J = 1 ´ 21 = 3 .
= P A P
( )
H A K 91 55 715 Ans.(1) F G B I J = 12 = 1
25. Let A, B, C be the events of getting a white ball in first, second and third
\ P
H A K 24 2
draw respectivel y then
13 1 13
Required probability = P (A Ç B Ç C) Hence, Required probability = ´ = . Ans.(2)
25 2 50
Now, P(A) = Probability of drawing a white ball in first draw Required probability = P (A or B) = P(A È B)
be the events of solving the problem by A, B, C
4 2
= = . = P(A) + P(B) – P(A) P(B)
18 9
When a white ball is drawing the first draw there are 17 balls left in the urn, 2 3 2 3 13
= + - × = . Ans.(2)
out of which 3 are white. 3 5 3 5 15
B F G I J
3
29. P(none) = 1 – P (atleast one)
H K
\ P A = 17
= 1 – P (A È B) = 1 -
13 2
= . Ans.(3)
15 15
Since the ball drawn is not replaced, therefore after drawing a white ball in
the second draw there are 16 balls left in the urn, out of which 2 are white. 30. Let A, B, C respectively.
n A
( Ç B ) 10 5 = P A
( ) P B
( ) P C
( ) + P A
( ) × P B
( ) × P C
( ) + P A
( ) × P B
( ) × P C
( )
= = = . Ans.(1)
n( B ) 16 8
F G 1 ´ 5 ´ 5 I J + F G 2 ´ 2 ´ 5 I J + F G 2 ´ 5 ´ 3 I J
= H 3 7 8 K H 3 7 8 K H 3 7 8 K
25 5 5 25
= + + = . Ans.(2)
168 42 28 56
Objective key – Practice Exercise # 02
2 1. (3 ) 2 2. (1 ) 2 3. (1 ) 2 4. (1 ) 2 5. (2 ) 2 6. (1 ) 27.( 2) 2 8. (2 ) 2 9. (3 ) 3 0. (2 )
1 1. (1 ) 1 2. (3 ) 1 3. (1 ) 1 4. (4 ) 1 5. (4 ) 1 6. (3 ) 17.( 3) 1 8. (1 ) 1 9. (3 ) 2 0. (2 )
1.( 4) 2.( 2) 3.( 1) 4.( 1) 5.( 1) 6.( 1) 7.(4) 8.( 3) 9.( 3) 1 0. (3 )