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Gaze

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 Fundamental Counting
Principle

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The fundamental counting principle is a rule used to count the total number of possible
outcomes in a situation. It states that if there are n ways of doing something, and m ways
of doing another thing after that, then there are n×m ways to perform both of these actions.
In other words, when choosing an option for n and an option for m, there are n×m different
ways to do both actions.

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Basic Examples
Lily is trying to decide what to wear. She has shirts in the following colors: red,
purple, and blue, and she has pants in the following colors: black and white. How
many different outfits can Lily choose from (assuming she selects one shirt and one
pair of pants)?

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 Here is a table where each row represents a possible outfit.
Shirt Pants
We know from the definition of the rule of
product that if there are n options for doing Red Black

one thing (like choosing a shirt), and m Blue Black

options for doing another thing (like

Purple Black
choosing a pair of pants), then there are
n×m total combinations we can choose Red White

from. In this case, there are 3 options for Blue White

choosing a shirt, and there are 2 options

Purple White
for choosing pants. Thus, there are 3×2=6
total options.

As expected, there are 6 possible combinations.

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In the example above, there were two things to choose: a shirt and a pair of pants.
However, the rule of product can extend to however many things to choose from. For
example, if there are n choices for a shirt, m choices for a pair of pants, x choices for a
pair of shoes, and y choices for a hat, the rule of product states that there are n
n×m×x×y total possible combinations.

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 QUIZ TIME
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undamental-counting-principle

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