STATISTICS

AND
PROBABILITY
 Probability and Statistics are the two
important concepts in Math. Probability is all about
chance. Whereas statistics is more about how we
handle various data using different techniques.  It
helps to represent complicated data in a very easy
and understandable way.
1.Rezty has a problem. He needs to figure out what he’s
gonna wear to school tomorrow. He needs to decide his
type of shirt , the pants he’s gonna wear and what type of
shoe. He has two shirts ( red, blue) , two pair of pants
(short, long) and two pair of shoes (brown and black).
Make a tree diagram to find the number of possible outfits
or the probability of his unique outfit.

?
 (Tree Diagrams)

•Tree diagrams are a powerful tool that allows one to visualize all the possible
outcomes of a random activity or experiment. Each branch in a tree diagram
represents a possible outcome. Furthermore, once the tree diagram is drawn
and outcomes have been established, tree diagrams help one calculate the
corresponding probabilities of each outcome.
 3rd Choice OUTCOME

2nd Choice 1 Red, short, brown

1st Choice

2 Red, short, black

Red, long, brown

3

4 Red, long, black

5 Blue, short, brown

Rezty 6 Blue, short, black

Blue, long, brown

7

8 Blue, long, black

Probability (Tree Diagrams) No. of possible outcomes : 8

Probability of 1 unique outfit or 1 event is 1/8.
 COUNTING TECHNIQUES
IN PROBABILITY

There are times when sample space or the event space are very
large, that it isn’t feasible to write it out. In that case, it helps to have
mathematical tools for counting the size of the sample space and event
space. These tools are known as counting techniques.
The specific counting techniques we will explore include
the multiplication counting rule, permutation rule and combination
rule.
 Counting Technique:

Fundamental Principle
of
Counting
(The Multiplication counting Rule)

The Fundamental Counting Principle (also called the

counting rule) is a way to figure out the number of outcomes in a
probability problem. Basically, you multiply the events together to
get the total number of outcomes.
Example 4.4.14.4.1 multiplication rule in counting
Example no .1

A menu offers a choice of 3 salads, 8 main dishes, and 5 desserts.

How many different meals consisting of one salad, one main dish,
and one dessert are possible?

Solution
There are three tasks, picking a salad, a main dish, and a dessert.
The salad task can be done 3 ways, the main dish task can be done
8 ways, and the dessert task can be done 5 ways. The ways to pick
a salad, main dish, and dessert are
Example no .2

A fast-food restaurant has a meal special: $5 for a drink, sandwich, side item and dessert.

The choices are:

Sandwich: Grilled chicken, All Beef Patty, Vege burger and Fish Filet.
Side: Regular fries, Cheese Fries, Potato Wedges.
Dessert: Chocolate Chip Cookie or Apple Pie.
Drink: Fanta, Dr. Pepper, Coke, Diet Coke and Sprite.

. How many meal combos are possible?

Solution :

There are 4 stages:

Choose a sandwich.
Choose a side.
Choose a dessert.
Choose a drink.
There are 4 different types of sandwich, 3 different types of side, 2 different types of
desserts and five different types of drink.
The number of meal combos possible is 4 * 3 * 2 * 5 = 120.
 Example no .3

A company puts a code on each different product they sell.

The code is made up of 3 numbers and 2 letters (e.g. 123AB). How
many different codes are possible?

There are 5 stages (number 1, number 2, number 3, letter 1

and letter 2).
There are 10 possible numbers: 0 – 9.
There are 26 possible letters: A – Z.
So we have:
10 * 10 * 10 * 26 * 26 = 676,000 possible codes.
 Fundamental Counting Principle Problems: Your turn!

Activity # 1: (20 pts)

To get dressed for school, you open your closet to find that you have the
following choices: a red, blue or brown shirt; jeans or sweatpants; tennis
shoes or sandals.
a.Draw a tree diagram of all possible outfits.
b.Use the Fundamental Counting Principle to determine the number of
possible outfits.