E03 GED102

A. Define the following and give 2 examples of each.

1. Multiplication Principle of Counting

The fundamental counting principle or simply the multiplication principle states that “If there are x ways
to do one thing, and y ways to do another thing, then there are x*y ways to do both things.” The counting
principle can be extended to situations where you have more than 2 choices.

(Source: https://protonstalk.com/permutations-and-combinations/fundamental-principle-of-counting/)

Example:

I. A coin is tossed, and a die is rolled. The first task has n=2 possible outcomes and the second
task has k = 6 possible outcomes. The experiment (toss a coin and roll a die) has n·k = 2·6 =
12 outcomes.
II. David owns 8 pairs of socks, 4 pairs of pants and 10 shirts. The number of different ways he
can dress up is 8 · 4 · 10 = 320.

(Source: https://rdtschools.com/multiplication-principle-counting/)

2. Permutation

A permutation is an arrangement of objects in a definite order. The members or elements of sets are
arranged here in a sequence or linear order. In permutation, the elements should be arranged in a
particular order whereas in combination the order of elements does not matter.

Examples:

I. Permutation when repetition is allowed.

The permutation with repetition of objects can be written using the exponent form. When the number of
objects is “n,” and we have “r” to be the selection of object, then, choosing an object can be in n different
ways (each time). Thus, the permutation of objects when repetition is allowed will be equal to, n × n × n
× …… (r times) = nr

II. Permutation of multi-sets

Permutation of n different objects when p1 objects among ‘n’ objects are similar, p2 objects of the second
kind are similar, p3 objects of the third kind are similar ……… and so on, pk objects of the kth kind are
similar and the remaining of all are of a different kind,

Thus, it forms a multiset, where the permutation is given as:

(Source: https://byjus.com/maths/permutation/)
 E03 GED102

3. Combination

The combination is defined as “An arrangement of objects where the order in which the objects are
selected does not matter.” The combination means “Selection of things”, where the order of things has
no importance.

(Source: https://byjus.com/maths/combination/)

Examples:

I. How many pairs can be made from a group of 6 people? (Jin and Tom are the same pair as
Tom and Jin)

II. Out of 5 balls 3 balls can be selected in 5C3 ways.

B. If three dice are tossed, what is the probability of getting a sum of at least 16?

4 diff possibilities, but each of them can be rearranged.

6 6 4 (x 3) 6 6 5 (x 3) 6 6 6 (x 1) 6 5 5 (x 3)

3 + 3 + 3 + 1 = 10

10 / 216 = 5 / 108 = 4.6%

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C. Solve graphically. Show the complete solution:

Maximize z=3x+2y

Subject to 2x+y=>7(is equal or greater than)

3x+y=<9(is equal or less than)

X=>1

Y=>0