UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) BIOLOGY

BIO 560
LAB 1 REPORT
FUNDAMENTAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

LECTURER: NURDIANA BINTI SAMSULRIZAL

NAME:
SID:
GROUP:
DATE:
GROUP MEMBERS: 1.
2.
3.
4.

INSTRUCTIONS
1. Completed report sheets will provide the basis for your course work (lab report – 10%)
assessment mark in BIO 560.
2. Make sure your name is clearly written in the space provided on the front of this report
sheet.
3. In completing the report sheets:
a) Do not expand any written answer beyond the space provided for.
b) Sketches and diagrams should fill the space provided and should be made with
pencil.
c) All written work should be in ink.
4. Report sheets should be handed in for marking, a week from the date of this practical.
5. Reports handed in late WILL NOT be marked.
1. INTRODUCTION

2. FLOW OF PROCEDURE

3. RESULTS

a. Record the pH obtained for each experimental situation:

DISTILLED DROPS OF CONCENTRATED

DROPS OF CONCENTRATED HCl
WATER NaOH
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

PHOSPHATE DROPS OF CONCENTRATED

DROPS OF CONCENTRATED HCl
BUFFER NaOH
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
 b. Write the chemical reactions occurring as the HCl and NaOH are buffered by these
phosphates:

HCl + _________________ → ___________________ + ___________________

NaOH + _______________ → ___________________ + ___________________

4. DISCUSSION

POST LAB QUESTION

A. Units of Measurement

a. Provide the correct conversion units for the following measurements:

100 Å thickness of cell membrane = _________________________ nm

8 Å diameter membrane pore = _____________________________ pm

15 g haemoglobin per 100 ml blood = _________________________ mg/ml

100 ml plasma = _________________________________________ L

25°C room temperature = __________________________________ °F

98.6°F body temperature = ________________________________ °C

b. A power lifter lifts 500 lb 6 ft off the ground. How much work has he performed?

________________ ft-lb work = ______________________ kg-m work

How many calories of energy did he use to produce this work? ________________ cal

If he performs this feat 11 times in 1 minute, what is his power output? __________ W
B. Concentration of Solutions

Atomic weights: Na = 23 K = 39
Ca = 40 Cl = 35.5

Molecular weights: Glucose = 180 NaCl = 58.5

KCl = 74 CaCl2 = 110

1. How many grams of glucose would you need to make 500 ml of an 8 % solution?

_________________ g

2. If 6 g of NaCl is dissolved in 1 L of solution, what percent concentration is prepared?

__________________________ %

3. How many grams of KCl would you need to make 250 ml of a 0.5 M solution?

__________________________ g

4. What molar concentration would a 9 % solution of glucose be? ________________ M

5. What percent would a 300 mM solution of CaCl2 be? ________________________ %

6. Sodium ions are found in the extracellular fluid (ECF) in a concentration of 150 mM. How
many grams per litre is this? ____________________________ g/L

7. What osmolar concentration would an 11.7 % solution of NaCl be? ___________ Osm

8. A 0.9 % solution of NaCl is considered isotonic to mammalian cells. What molar

concentration is this? ____________________________ M

9. What percent concentration of KCl would be isotonic to body cells? ____________ %

10. A 33 % solution of CaCl2 would be what osmolar concentration? _____________ Osm

11. You want to make 500 ml of an isotonic glucose solution to infuse into a patient. How many
grams of glucose do you need? ______________________ g
 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) BIOLOGY

BIO 560
LAB 2 REPORT
MOVEMENT THROUGH MEMBRANES

LECTURER: NURDIANA BINTI SAMSULRIZAL

NAME:
SID:
GROUP:
DATE:
GROUP MEMBERS: 1.
2.
3.
4.

INSTRUCTIONS
1. Completed report sheets will provide the basis for your course work (lab report – 10%)
assessment mark in BIO 560.
2. Make sure your name is clearly written in the space provided on the front of this report
sheet.
3. In completing the report sheets:
a) Do not expand any written answer beyond the space provided for.
b) Sketches and diagrams should fill the space provided and should be made with pencil.
c) All written work should be in ink.
4. Report sheets should be handed in for marking, a week from the date of this practical.
5. Reports handed in late WILL NOT be marked.
1. INTRODUCTION

2. FLOW OF PROCEDURE
3. RESULTS
A. DIFFUSION

Time in minutes for methylene blue to become evenly dispersed throughout the beakers.

5ºC 25ºC 50ºC

POST LAB QUESTION

a. What causes the more rapid dispersion? _____________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

b. What is the principle driving force for the net diffusion? __________________________

______________________________________________________________________

B. OSMOSIS
1. Osmotic Pressure

TIME (MIN)
FLUID MOVEMENT (MM) 10 20 30 40 50 60

Total Movement
30% sucrose
10 min movement
Total Movement
60% sucrose
10 min movement

a. Plot the total movement (mm) against time (mins) on a graph paper.

2. Osmosis in Plant Cells

POTATO INITIAL VOLUME FINAL VOLUME % CHANGE IN
SOLUTIONS (ml) (ml) VOLUME
Distilled Water

0.4% NaCl

0.9% NaCl
5% NaCl
10% NaCl
POST LAB QUESTION

a. How is diffusion related to osmosis? ________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

b. What causes the fluid movement to decrease with time? _________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

C. TONICITY

SOLUTION LYSIS TIME

Soap solution
Distilled water

0.2% NaCl
0.4% NaCl

0.6% NaCl

0.9% NaCl

2% NaCl
5% NaCl

POST LAB QUESTION

a. Explain the difference in cell size you observed under the microscope for cells in the 5%
NaCl and distilled water.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

b. Compare the mechanisms causing lysis of cells in these solutions:

0.2% NaCl _____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________
 Soap solution ___________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

c. In which of the solutions would crenated cells be found? _________________________

d. Which solutions would be rated as:

Hypertonic _____________________________________________________________

Hypotonic _____________________________________________________________

e. Which solution would you rather receive in an intravenous injection? Why? __________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

D. CELL PERMEABILITY

1. Effect of Molecular Size

SOLUTION LYSIS TIME

Urea (MW, 60)

Glycerine (MW, 92)

Glucose (MW, 180)

Sucrose (MW, 342)

Plot the lysis time (min) against the molecular weight on a graph paper.

POST LAB QUESTION

a. Why are some hypertonic solutions able to cause haemolysis?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
b. Why does molecular weight affect the movement of molecules through membranes?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

2. Effect of Lipid Solubility

CONCENTRATION AND PARTITION PENETRATION PENETRATION

TYPE OF ALCOHOL COEFFICIENT TIME (MIN) COEFFICIENT
22 M methyl alcohol

8.5 M ethyl alcohol

3 M propyl alcohol
1.1 M isobutyl alcohol

1.1 M n-butyl alcohol

0.38 M amyl alcohol (or
iso-amyl)

Plot a graph of the penetration coefficient versus partition coefficient.

POST LAB QUESTION

1. What is the primary factor governing penetration of alcohols (and similar compounds)

through biological membranes? _______________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

2. Why are different concentrations of alcohols used in this experiment?

______________________________________________________________________
4. DISCUSSION
 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) BIOLOGY

BIO 560
LAB 3 REPORT
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY

LECTURER: NURDIANA BINTI SAMSULRIZAL

NAME:
SID:
GROUP:
DATE:
GROUP MEMBERS: 1.
2.
3.
4.

INSTRUCTIONS
1. Completed report sheets will provide the basis for your course work (lab report – 10%)
assessment mark in BIO 560.
2. Make sure your name is clearly written in the space provided on the front of this report
sheet.
3. In completing the report sheets:
a) Do not expand any written answer beyond the space provided for.
b) Sketches and diagrams should fill the space provided and should be made with pencil.
c) All written work should be in ink.
4. Report sheets should be handed in for marking, a week from the date of this practical.
5. Reports handed in late WILL NOT be marked.
1. INTRODUCTION

2. FLOW OF PROCEDURE
 3. RESULTS

A KIDNEY REGULATION OF OSMOLARITY

VOLUME EXCRETED CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION

SOLUTION
STUDENT (ml/min) NaCl (mg/ml)
INGESTED
30 30
C* 60 90 120 C 60 90 120
min min

Group 1
800 ml of
water

AVERAGE

Group 2
800 ml of
isotonic
drink

AVERAGE

Group 3
80 ml of
water + 7 g
of NaCl

AVERAGE
1. Plot the average values for each group. Use the following colours in the plot:

Group 1 = blue Group 2 = green Group 3 = red

Urine volume 10
(ml/min excreted)
8

2
Control 30 60 90 120
Minutes

Sodium chloride 15
(mg/ml)
12

3
Control 30 60 90 120
Minutes

B. URINALYSIS

Clinistix / Dipstick test:

GLUCOSE KETONES BLOOD PROTEIN pH SG

Student’s
urine
Unknown
urine

POST LAB QUESTION

a. Indicate the excretory organs removing nitrogenous wastes in each:

Annelids __________________________________________________________________

Crustaceans ______________________________________________________________

Insects ___________________________________________________________________
 Mammals _________________________________________________________________

b. List three forms of nitrogenous waste excreted by animals.

1. ____________________ 2. _____________________ 3. ____________________

Which compound is most effective in water conservation? ___________________________

Which compound is most toxic? _______________________________________________

c. Examine the data in the experiment on kidney regulation of osmolarity. Are the results
consistent with what you would expect when a subject imbibes fluids that are hypotonic,
isotonic, and hypertonic? Explain

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

d. The loss of water during sweating on a hot day causes the blood volume to decrease and
the osmolarity of body fluids to increase. Outline the mechanisms operating to restore
homeostasis via the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in this situation.
e. Two symptoms present in a person with diabetes mellitus are hyperglycemia (elevated blood
glucose) and diuresis (increased urine production). What causes this increase in urine
output?
_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

f. Briefly explain the importance of the following to renal physiology and homeostasis.

a) Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

b) Angiotensin II

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

c) Atrial Natriuretic Hormone

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________
4. DISCUSSION
 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) BIOLOGY

BIO 560
LAB 4 REPORT
DIGESTION

LECTURER: NURDIANA BINTI SAMSULRIZAL

NAME:
SID:
GROUP:
DATE:
GROUP MEMBERS: 1.
2.
3.
4.

INSTRUCTIONS
1. Completed report sheets will provide the basis for your course work (lab report – 10%)
assessment mark in BIO 560.
2. Make sure your name is clearly written in the space provided on the front of this report
sheet.
3. In completing the report sheets:
a) Do not expand any written answer beyond the space provided for.
b) Sketches and diagrams should fill the space provided and should be made with pencil.
c) All written work should be in ink.
4. Report sheets should be handed in for marking, a week from the date of this practical.
5. Reports handed in late WILL NOT be marked.
1. INTRODUCTION

2. FLOW OF PROCEDURE
4. RESULTS

A. SALIVARY DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES

pH of saliva _____________________ Mucin present? ___________________

TUBE STARCH MALTOSE EXPLANATION

1. Water

2. Saliva

3. Cooled
saliva

4. Saliva,
HCl

POST LAB QUESTION

a. What is the function of mucin in the mouth? ___________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

b. Indicate the relative amounts of starch and maltose after incubation:

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

c. What in vivo (in the body) situation is simulated by the conditions in tube 4?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

d. Does ptyalin hydrolysis of carbohydrate continue in the stomach?

Explain _______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

e. Where else is amylase secreted in the digestive system?

_____________________________________________________________________
B. GASTRIC DIGESTION OF PROTEIN

Record the initial and final pH of the solutions and the estimated amount of egg white digestion
in each tube.

INITIAL FINAL ESTIMATED

TUBE EXPLANATION
pH pH DIGESTION
1. Pepsin,
HCl

2. Pepsin,
water

3. HCl,
water

4. Pepsin,
NaOH

POST LAB QUESTION

1. What in vivo situation is simulated by tube 4?

______________________________________________________________________

2. Which other enzyme have major proteolytic activities in the digestive tract?

3. A person with achlorhydria has defective secretion by the parietal cells. What is the
physiological effect of achlorhydria in the body?

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

4. What is the function of the mucous cells in the gastric pits?

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________
C DIGESTION OF FAT WITH PANCREATIC LIPASE AND BILE SALTS

Record the final colour, pH, and odour of each tube involved in the digestion of cream.

TUBE COLOUR pH ODOUR EXPLANATION

1. Pancreatin

2. Water

1. Pancreatin,
Bile salts

2. Water,
bile salts

POST LAB QUESTION

a. Which tube (A or B) has the smaller and more dispersed fat droplets? _________________

b. What are bile salts? ________________________________________________________

What are bile pigments? _______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

c. Where is bile secreted? _____________________________________________________

d. Describe the mechanism of bile salts in the emulsification process (a diagram would help).

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

e. What produces the acid pH, indicating that fat digestion as occurred?

________________________________________________________________________
f. What produces the rancid odour with fat digestion? ________________________________

g. Which enzymes are present in the pancreatin solution?

_________________________________________________________________________

h. Which enzymes are present in the microvilli brush border of the small intestine?

_________________________________________________________________________

i. Briefly list the site of origin, stimulus for release, and function of the following
gastrointestinal hormones.

SITE OF RELEASE
HORMONE FUNCTION
ORIGIN STIMULUS

Gastrin

Secretin

Cholecystokini

Gastric inhibitory
peptide

j. Why aren’t the acinar cells of the pancreas digested by the proteolytic enzymes they
secrete?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

k. How does the intestinal absorption of lipids differ from the absorption of glucose and amino
acids?
______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________
4. DISCUSSION
 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) BIOLOGY

BIO 560
LAB 5 REPORT
INSULIN REGULATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE

LECTURER: NURDIANA BINTI SAMSULRIZAL

NAME:
SID:
GROUP:
DATE:
GROUP MEMBERS: 1.
2.
3.
4.

INSTRUCTIONS
1. Completed report sheets will provide the basis for your course work (lab report – 10%)
assessment mark in BIO 560.
2. Make sure your name is clearly written in the space provided on the front of this report
sheet.
3. In completing the report sheets:
a) Do not expand any written answer beyond the space provided for.
b) Sketches and diagrams should fill the space provided and should be made with pencil.
c) All written work should be in ink.
4. Report sheets should be handed in for marking, a week from the date of this practical.
5. Reports handed in late WILL NOT be marked.
1. INTRODUCTION

2. FLOW OF PROCEDURE

3. RESULTS

Glucose Tolerance Test

Record the blood and urine glucose data for the subject in your group and the average
values for all group subjects in the laboratory. Plot the blood glucose data on a graph paper
(Blood glucose level (mg %) vs. Time (min).

Group
Blood
Subject
Glucose
Class
Level
Average

Group
Urine
Subject
Glucose
Class
Level
Average
POST LAB QUESTION

a. List the effect of each of the following hormones on blood glucose, and the mechanism
producing the effect.

HORMONE BLOOD GLUCOSE EFFECT MECHANISM

Insulin

Adrenaline

Glucagon

Growth Hormone

Cortisol

b. How are the levels of insulin and glucagons regulated in the body?

_________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

c. What causes the “insulin shock” seen when an overdose of insulin is given to an organism?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

d. Why is there an increase in urine output (diuresis) in diabetes mellitus?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
e. Why does a person who has diabetes mellitus have more acidic urine?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

f. Some diabetics control their blood glucose level by ingesting tablets rather than by receiving
injections of insulin. How do these tablets work, and who may use them?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

g. Define the following terms:

Glycogenolysis:

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Gluconeogenesis:

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Ketonemia

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Hyperglycaemia

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
4. DISCUSSION
 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) BIOLOGY

BIO 560
LAB 6 REPORT
BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY I: ERYTHROCYTE FUNCTIONS

LECTURER: NURDIANA BINTI SAMSULRIZAL

NAME:
SID:
GROUP:
DATE:
GROUP MEMBERS: 1.
2.
3.
4.

INSTRUCTIONS
1. Completed report sheets will provide the basis for your course work (lab report – 10%)
assessment mark in BIO 560.
2. Make sure your name is clearly written in the space provided on the front of this report
sheet.
3. In completing the report sheets:
a) Do not expand any written answer beyond the space provided for.
b) Sketches and diagrams should fill the space provided and should be made with pencil.
c) All written work should be in ink.
4. Report sheets should be handed in for marking, a week from the date of this practical.
5. Reports handed in late WILL NOT be marked.
1. INTRODUCTION

2. FLOW OF PROCEDURE
 3. RESULTS

Blood Physiology I: Erythrocyte Function

Hb (g/100 ml) Hb (g/100 ml) RBC Count

NAME HAEMATOCRIT (%) 3
Tallquist Method Sahli Method (M/mm )

Female
Class
Average
Male

POST LAB QUESTION

a. What is anaemia? Which blood measurements provide information on a possible anaemic

condition?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
b. Briefly explain the function of the following in erythogenesis:

Vitamin B12 _____________________________________________________________

Erythropoietin ___________________________________________________________

Iron ___________________________________________________________________

Intrinsic factor ___________________________________________________________

c. Polycythemia (excess number of red cells) occurs in patients with chronic emphysema.
Explain the mechanism responsible for this response.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

d. How does haemoglobin carry both oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

e. Why is the inhalation of car exhaust fumes life threatening? Explain the physiology
involved.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
f. Why are the haematocrits, haemoglobin concentrations, and erythrocyte counts generally
lower for females than males?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

4. DISCUSSION
 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) BIOLOGY

BIO 560
LAB 7 REPORT
BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY II: LEUKOCYTES, BLOOD TYPES, HAEMOSTASIS

LECTURER: NURDIANA BINTI SAMSULRIZAL

NAME:
SID:
GROUP:
DATE:
GROUP MEMBERS: 1.
2.
3.
4.

INSTRUCTIONS
1. Completed report sheets will provide the basis for your course work (lab report – 10%)
assessment mark in BIO 560.
2. Make sure your name is clearly written in the space provided on the front of this report
sheet.
3. In completing the report sheets:
a) Do not expand any written answer beyond the space provided for.
b) Sketches and diagrams should fill the space provided and should be made with pencil.
c) All written work should be in ink.
4. Report sheets should be handed in for marking, a week from the date of this practical.
5. Reports handed in late WILL NOT be marked.
1. INTRODUCTION

2. FLOW OF PROCEDURE
 3. RESULTS

a. Record the number and types of white blood cells.

DIFFERENTIAL LEUKOCYTE COUNT (%)

NAME WBC COUNT
NEUTROPHILS EOSINOPHILS BASOPHILS LYMPHOCYTES MONOCYTES

3
Female 6000/mm
Normal
50% to 65% 1% to 4% 0% to 1% 25% to 33% 3% to 7%
Values 3
Male 8000/mm

Female
Class
Average
Male
 b. Record your values for:

Bleeding time _____________________

Clotting time ______________________

Why is bleeding time shorter than clotting time?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

POST LAB QUESTION

a. List the major functions of the leukocytes:

Neutrophils

____________________________________________________________________

Eosinophils

____________________________________________________________________

Basophils

____________________________________________________________________

Lymphocytes

___________________________________________________________________

Monocytes

___________________________________________________________________

b. Define the following terms:

Leukaemia

___________________________________________________________________

Leukocytosis

___________________________________________________________________
 Leukopenia

____________________________________________________________________

Mononucleosis

_____________________________________________________________________

Thrombocytopenia

___________________________________________________________________

Haemophilia

___________________________________________________________________

c. Why is a person with type O blood called the “universal donor”?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

d. What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

e. Many of the early heart transplant patients died not from rejection of the transplanted heart
but from bacterial infections. How can this be explained?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
f. Outline briefly the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways for blood coagulation.

4. DISCUSSION
 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) BIOLOGY

BIO 560
LAB 8 REPORT
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION

LECTURER: NURDIANA BINTI SAMSULRIZAL

NAME:
SID:
GROUP:
DATE:
GROUP MEMBERS: 1.
2.
3.
4.

INSTRUCTIONS
1. Completed report sheets will provide the basis for your course work (lab report – 10%)
assessment mark in BIO 560.
2. Make sure your name is clearly written in the space provided on the front of this report
sheet.
3. In completing the report sheets:
a) Do not expand any written answer beyond the space provided for.
b) Sketches and diagrams should fill the space provided and should be made with pencil.
c) All written work should be in ink.
4. Report sheets should be handed in for marking, a week from the date of this practical.
5. Reports handed in late WILL NOT be marked.
1. INTRODUCTION

2. FLOW OF PROCEDURE
3. RESULTS

A Record the breath holding duration during the respiratory cycle

Condition Breath hold duration (sec)

Breath hold after inhalation

Breath hold after exhalation

POST LAB QUESTION

a. Explain the effect of holding the breath on the respiratory system.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

b. During which phase of respiration can the breath be held the longest?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

B. The effect of hyperventilation on breathing rate and breath hold duration

Condition Breathing rate (breaths/min) Duration of breath hold (sec)

POST LAB QUESTION

a. What happens to the respiratory rhythm following hyperventilation?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
b. What cause the apnoea that sometimes occurs after hyperventilation?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

c. Why does a person often get light-headed and dizzy after blowing up a balloon or blowing a
horn vigorously? What causes these sensations?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

d. Explain the difference in a person’s respiratory movements when hyperventilation takes

place in and out of a paper bag.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

e. Compare the changes in blood pH, carbon dioxide and oxygen during sustained exercise.
What causes the large increase in respiratory minute volume during exercise?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
C Effect of breath holding on heart rate

Condition Heart Rate (Beats/min)

Normal breathing
Breath holding

a. In what way does the heart rate change during the breathing cycle?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

b. What happened to the heart rate trace while the breath was held? Did this effect occur
similarly in other subjects?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

c. Variations in heart rate during the breathing cycle are believed to be due to variations in
activity in the vagal nerve supply to the heart. What is the effect of the vagus nerve on the
heart?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

d. What other nerves control heart rate?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________