Induction Course for new M&E Engineers

21, 28 March & 4, 11 April 2015

Extra Low Voltage System

Mr. Wong Shin Neng

Electrical Engineer
SM Consulting Engineers Sdn Bhd
EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM
(ELVS)
• TELECOMMUNICATIONS
• SMATV
• CCTV SYSTEM
• SECURITY AND CARD ACCESS SYSTEM
• BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)
EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM
(ELVS)
• TELECOMMUNICATIONS
• SMATV
• CCTV SYSTEM
• SECURITY SYSTEM
• BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)
Telecommunication System-
Overview
• POTS (Plain Old Telephone System)
• Internet, Ethernet
• Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP)
• Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) – FTTO,
FTTH
Telecommunication System-
Overview
• Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) – FTTO,
FTTH • ONU – Optical Network Unit.
An optical network unit (ONU) is a device that
transforms incoming optical signals into electronics at a
customer's premises in order to
provide telecommunications services over an optical
fiber network
• RG – residential gateway.
In telecommunications networking, a residential
gateway allows the connection of a local area
network (LAN) to a wide area network (WAN). The WAN
can be a larger computer network (such as a municipal
WAN that provides connectivity to the residences
within the municipality), or the Internet. WAN
connectivity may be provided through DSL, cable
modem, a broadband mobile phone network, or other
connections.
• ATA – Analog Telephone Adapter
An analog telephony adapter or analog telephone
adapter (ATA) is a device used to connect one or more
standard analog telephones to a digital telephone
system (such as Voice over IP) or a non-standard
telephone system.
Technical Standards:
• Malaysian Technical Standards Forum Bhd:
• MTSFB 008:2005 (rev 1) - Technical Standards and
Infrastructure Requirements – Part 1:Fixed Network
Infrastructure
• Guideline On the Provision of Basic Civil Works for
Communication Infrastructure In The New Development
Areas
• MTSFB 002:2009 – Technical standard for in-building
fibre cabling for fibre-to-the-premise

Note: These standards are stated in

“Surat Perakuan” submission to
Suruhanjaya Komunikasi Dan
Multimedia (SKMM) during DO
stage
Telecommunication System-
Manholes

Manhole Type Size: L x W x H (mm) No. of Ductway

JB30 950 x 625 x 450 2-way

JRC7 1280 x 975 x 800 2-way

JC9 1570 x 660 x 1070 4-way

JC9C 1820 x 970 x 1440 4-way

R1B 1820 x 1220 x 1970 6-way

R2A 3050 x 1220 x 1820 12-way

Telecommunication System –
Cable Specifications
Cable Type Bandwidth Application Limit Remarks
Cat 3 16 MHz For voice telephony -
(ISO/IEC 11801 & ADSL in building
Class C TIA/EIA 568 or inter building
B)
Cat 5e > 100 Mhz For Ethernet For distance up to
(ISO/IEC 11801 transmission up to 100m
Class D 1GBps
TIA/EIA 568 B)
Cat 6 >250 Mhz For Ethernet For distance up to
(ISO/IEC 11801 transmission up to 100m
Class E 10Gbps
TIA/EIA 568 B)
Fiber Optic >200 MHz / km For data For distance
(Multi mode Depends on light transmission beyond 100m
OM2/OM3 & source >10Gbps
Single Mode)
Recommended Building Infrastructure Design

taken from MTSFB 008:2005

Fibre
cable
to FTB
is by
NFP
Riser Cable
 By NFP

• ONU – Optical Network Unit.

An optical network unit (ONU) is a device that transforms incoming optical signals into electronics at a customer's premises in
order to provide telecommunications services over an optical fiber network
• RG – residential gateway.
In telecommunications networking, a residential gateway allows the connection of a local area network (LAN) to a wide area
network (WAN). The WAN can be a larger computer network (such as a municipal WAN that provides connectivity to the residences
within the municipality), or the Internet. WAN connectivity may be provided through DSL, cable modem, a broadband mobile
phone network, or other connections.
• ATA – Analog Telephone Adapter
An analog telephony adapter or analog telephone adapter (ATA) is a device used to connect one or more standard analog
telephones to a digital telephone system (such as Voice over IP) or a non-standard telephone system.
By NFP
 Telecommunication System–
Outlets
Telephone point - RJ11 Fibre Wall Socket (FWS)

Ethernet Point - RJ45

Telecommunication System
TM Certificate
Design consideration
• Remember to provide telecommunication point for
Fire Command Centre (FCC) for Bomba CMS
• Specify single-mode fibre and not multi-mode.
EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM
(ELVS)
• TELECOMMUNICATIONS
• SMATV
• CCTV SYSTEM
• SECURITY SYSTEM
• BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)
 SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY
TERRESTRIAL BANDS

0 47 68 88 108 176 230 470 862 MHz

VHF FM VHF UHF

TV Channels 5 12 21 38 69

Band I Band II Band III Band IV Band V

FM VHF UHF
Antenna Antenna Antenna

VHF 47-68Mhz (Band I) was never used in the industry.

TV Channels (5 – 69) is based on international standard definition
Refer to http://www.asiawaves.net/ for channel frequencies for tuning according to
location.
Screenshot from http://www.asiawaves.net/

Refer to http://www.asiawaves.net/ for channel

frequencies for tuning according to location.
 SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY
TERESTRIAL RECEPTION

Ghost image – when you receive transmission from two stations at the same
frequency range. In order to filter out the ghost image, the amplifier need to filter out
the ghost frequency.
 SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY
FREQUENCY RANGES
VHF

FM VHF UHF SATELLITE

5 45 87,5 108 176 230 470 862 950 2150 MHz

TRANSPOSING

ACTUAL SATELLITE BANDWITH

10 700 12 700
MHz

Take note that in Malaysia, Astro satellite is

facing north for reception
 SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY
MIXING OF SIGNALS

FM DIPLEXING AT OUTLET
Full band mixer SAT
FM
VHF / UHF
VHF

UHF
TV/SAT mixer

A diplexer is a passive device that implements frequency domain multiplexing.

The diplexer, being a passive device, is reciprocal: the device itself doesn't have a
notion of input or output.
 SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY
OUTLET LEVEL FOR A GOOD SIGNAL

• VHF (47MHz to 68MHz) min: 57,5dBμV

max:74dBμV
• FM (87.5MHz to 108MHz) min: 50 dBμV
max:66dBμV
• UHF / VHF (176 MHz to 862MHz) min: 57 dBμV
max:74dBμV
• SAT (950MHz to 2050MHz) min: 47dBμV
max:77dBμV

Target to achieve 60 dBμV for design purposes

 SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY
SMATV SIGNAL STRENGTH
• The strength of the SMATV (VHF, UHF and SAT) is expressed in dBuV
• Amplifiers increase the signal value : GAIN
• Passive equipments (cables, splitters, connectors) decrease the signal value : INSERTION LOSS
• The objective is to have , for every outlet, an output level between 57 and 74 dBuV (For UHF/VHF)

100

75
Reception Level

Outlet Level
50

25
 SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN

SATELLITE RECEPTION
• SATTELITE DISHES
• 60 CM / 90 CM / 120 CM …
• Steel – Aluminium - Composite
• LNB
• Single
• Quattro
• Fibre
 SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN
TAPS
• Passive distribution equipment
• Limited THROUGH LOSS (2 to 5 dB)
• Adjusted TAP LOSSES from 10 to 20 dB
• Available for SAT and/or Terrestrial signals

Through Loss 100 dBuV

2 to 5 dB

20
dB - 5dB - 1dB 65 dBuV
Tap Loss - 2 dB - 4dB - 5dB
10 to 20 dB
16 - 1dB
dB - 5dB
67 dBuV
- 3 dB
- 4dB - 5dB

13
dB - 5dB - 1dB
67 dBuV
- 5 dB
- 4dB - 5dB

12
- 5dB - 1dB
dB
63 dBuV
- 4dB - 5dB
 SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN

SPLITTERS
• Passive distribution equipment
• « Split the signal in 2 to 8 signals of
equal value

Insertion Losses of Splitters

Bandwidth Number of outputs
MHz 2 3 4 6 8
5 - 1000 4.0 6.0 8.5 10.0 11.5

1000 - 1700 4.5 7.0 9.0 12.0 12.5

1700- 2400 5.5 8.5 10.5 14.0 15.0

SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN

INNER CONDUCTOR :
OUTER JACKET :
BARE COPPER
WHITE PVC – RAL
COVERED STEEL
1013
1,01 mm ± 0,02

SHIELD 2 :
ALUMINIUM BRAID DIELECTRIC :
60% FOAM
SHIELD 1 : POLYETHYLENE
BONDED ALUMINIUM FOIL Ø 4,57 mm ± 0,2
RG6 – POLYESTER –
ALUMINIUM FOIL

INNER CONDUCTOR :
OUTER JACKET :
BARE COPPER
WHITE PVC – RAL
COVERED STEEL
1013
1,62 mm ±0,02
Ø 10,16mm ±0,4

SHIELD 1 : DIELECTRIC :
ALUMINIUM BRAID FOAM
60% SHIELD 2 : POLYETHYLENE
BONDED ALUMINIUM FOIL Ø 7,11 mm ± 0,2
– POLYESTER –
RG11 ALUMINIUM FOIL
 SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN
COAXIAL CABLES : Main parameters

• IMPEDANCE : 75 OHMS

Insertion Loss 800 MHz 1000 MHz 2200 MHz

for 100 m
RG6 17 dB 20 dB 30 dB

RG11 11 dB 13 dB 18 dB

• SCREEN EFFICIENCY
• Level of protection offered by the screen (foil + braid) against
external interferences
• The higher the frequencies the more important is this parameter
• Example : > 75 dB for Axitronic PVCRG6B & XR11A
 SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN
CABLE BENDING RADIUS
• Minimum bending radius of 10 X the cable diameter
• 68 mm for RG6
• 105 mm for RG11
• Sharp bending radius will damage the cable dielectric and cause
impedance disruptions which can deteriorate image quality

68 mm
 SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN
OUTLETS
Insertion Loss 87.5 - 862 MHz 960 - 2050 MHz
TAP LOSS 5.0 dB 5.0 dB

THROUGH LOSS 3.5 / 4.0 dB 4.5 / 6.0 dB

Insulation between outputs: 25 dB

Satellite output
F-Connector

UHF/VHF output
IEC 9.52 F -Connector

FM output
IEC 9.52 M-Connector

Through Loss
 SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN
SATELLITE SIGNAL DISTRIBUTION WITH MULTISWITCHES

SATELLITE 4 HEAD AMPLIFIERS

 15 m
SIMPLE CASE STUDY #1

• 10 storey residential building : 40 m high

• 6 apartments per storey
• 2 outlets per apartment
• Terrestrial programs
• ASTRO
• Reception signal : 70 dB 40 m
30 m

20 m

7 m

30 m
SMATV System - Conventional
SMATV System - Conventional
SMATV System - Conventional
SMATV HD – COAX BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN
SMATV HD – COAX BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN
SMATV HD – COAX BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN
MULTI-
DO NOT LOOP SWITCHERS
THE OUTLET ARE
POINT CASCADED
SMATV HD – FIBER OPTIC BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN
SMATV HD – FIBER OPTIC BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN

FIBER OPTIC CABLE

WITH 4-WAY OPTICAL
SPLITTER
SMATV HD – FIBER OPTIC BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN

FIBER OPTIC
CONVERTER –
CONVERT OPTICAL
SIGNAL TO
ELECTRICAL SIGNAL
EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM
(ELVS)
• TELECOMMUNICATIONS
• SMATV
• CCTV SYSTEM
• SECURITY SYSTEM
• BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)
CCTV Surveillance System
• TYPES OF CCTV CAMERAS:
1. DOME, - Lift lobbies, lift car, indoor space
2. CCD / BOX – car parks, staircase, outdoor space
3. PTZ – suitable big public areas (e.g. main office lobby,
hotel main lobby, auditoriums). allows security
personnel to rotate and zoom.
CCTV Surveillance System -
Camera lens
CCTV camera lens will affect the field
of view (FoV) - Extend of area
captured by the camera
• Fixed lens – fixed focal point
• Vari-focal lens – allows users to
adjust focal points
In most installations, dome cameras
are usually installed with fixed lens.
However, vari-focal lens are optional
accessories and shall be considered
depending on application.
Fixed box cameras are usually
installed with vari-focal lens. This
allows users to select the FoV.
 CCTV Surveillance System –
Resolution
• CCTV Resolution – Pixel Count

In present time, most installations uses 1MP resolution as higher

resolution require higher cost and increase data usage.
CCTV Surveillance System –
Resolution
• CCTV Resolution – Pixel Count
• Here’s 4 samples ranging from 35 to 2120
pixels covering the same area:

• Clearly, the more the pixels, the more fine

details that can be captured
 CCTV Surveillance System –
Frame rate

• People are used to watching TV

at about 30 frames per second,
often called 'full' frame rate.
• Integrators choose low frame
rate (<5fps) due to storage cost.
• Those who chose 6 – 10fps try
to balance storage cost and
acceptable smooth video
display
• Those who chose higher frame
rate is driven by customer
requirement (e.g. Casino and
cash counting requirement)
CCTV Surveillance System –
Analog DVR vs IP NVR system
ANALOG DVR System Components:
• ANALOG CCTV CAMERAS
• DVR (DIGITAL VIDEO RECORDER)
• CABLES – RG6 COAXIAL CABLE

IP NVR System Components

• IP CCTV CAMERAS
• NVR (NETWORK VIDEO RECORDER)
• CABLES : CAT6, CAT 5E, FIBRE OPTIC
• NETWORK SWITCHES
Analog CCTV DVR system
CCTV Surveillance System – IP
Camera NVR system
IP Camera NVR system
IP Camera NVR system
IP Camera NVR system
Design Consideration
• Resolution, FPS will affect bandwidth and storage
size. Request manufacturer to provide “Bandwidth
and Storage” calculations to verify sufficient
bandwidth for the network switches and sufficient
storage for the NVR
• IP cameras should be connected to POE (Power
over Ethernet) network switches
• Provide sufficient illumination level (lighting) for
proper CCTV operation.
• Check local city council CCTV requirements.
Design Consideration
• Although CCTV can be viewed from the
workstation, an external monitor connected to the
NVR is still a good design practice to avoid
interruptions if the workstation experience
unexpected shut-down.
• A good design practice is to have multiple NVRs
compared to one NVR in case failure of one NVR.
e.g. 16 cameras – 1x16 Channel NVR vs 2x8
Channels NVR.
• Avoid copy-paste because today’s technology may
be obsolete in a few years’ time.
EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM
(ELVS)
• TELECOMMUNICATIONS
• SMATV
• CCTV SYSTEM
• SECURITY SYSTEM
• BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)
SECURITY SYSTEM -
INTRODUCTION
- Security systems help protect against intruders
- Many options available: wired, wireless
- Main components:
1.Keypads and Control Devices
2.Perimeter Protection
3.Interior Protection
4.Communication & Monitoring
SECURITY SYSTEM -
INTRODUCTION
SECURITY SYSTEM - KEYPADS AND
CONTROL DEVICES
• At least one keypad located near a commonly used entrance
to a home or business.
• Allows occupants to arm the security system when the leave
the premise or disarm the security system when they enter
• The system can also be armed via wireless key

Keypad

Wireless
key
 SECURITY SYSTEM - PERIMETER
PROTECTION
Bypassed window can be opened
Window when a security system is armed
Door Sensor
Sensor

Door Sensor

Main entrance
doors commonly
have time delay
and there is
usually a keypad
located beside
the entrance
Window
Sensor
 SECURITY SYSTEM - INTERIOR
PROTECTION
Motion
Detector

Break glass
detector for
fixed window
SECURITY SYSTEM -
Communication & Monitoring

GSM wireless alarm

communicator

Internet / telephone
alarm Monitoring station
communicator
INTEGRATED SECURITY SYSTEM
• More complex
security
system for
multi-tenant
premise (e.g.
office building
and shopping
mall)
• Integrate with
carpark boom
gate, turnstile,
lift access
General Configuration Of Security Controller

Compatible card
Controller box
reader. Reader can
house in a security
be with or without
riser
keypad

Signal to output
relay to trigger
access.
EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM
(ELVS)
• TELECOMMUNICATIONS
• SMATV
• CCTV SYSTEM
• SECURITY SYSTEM
• BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM?

A distributed
control system
comprising
computerized,
intelligent network
of electronic
devices designed
to:
• monitor
• control
the mechanical and
electrical systems in
a building
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE OF BAS

• Improve facility
management and
maintenance

• Improve comfort

• Reduce energy
SAMPLE: Chiller Status
 INTRODUCTION
BAS PROTOCOLS

• Proprietary Protocols
• Published Interoperability Protocols
– Modbus
• Published by Modicon in 1979
• Master/Slave protocol
• Simple and robust
– LonWorksTM (local operation network)
• Created by Echelon Corporation in 1988
• Operates on a peer-to-peer basis
• Standard control networking ANSI/CEA 709.1 and IEEE 1473-L
– BACNet (Building Automation and Control Networks)
• Started by Standard Project Committee (SPC) in 1987
• Published as ASHRAE/ANSI Standard 135 in 1995
• Designed for truly interoperable – non-proprietary, open protocol
communication standard
• Designed for building automation and control systems application
 SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE TYPICAL
BACNET SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

BAS Server BAS Client PDA / Mobile

WML/WAP

BACnet/IP, 100baseT Ethernet

To Third Party Equipment

Gateway / Router
Native BACnet MS/TP

ZN
ME
(Zone
(Multi
Network)
Equipment)
SE
Fire Security (Single
Boiler Lighting Equipment)
 SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE TYPICAL
BACNET SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

BACNet Ethernet
• IP addresses and MAC addresses
• Peer to peer in nature

Third Party
• Modbus network, LONWorks
network or proprietary network

BACNet MS/TP
(Master-Slave/Token Passing)
• Each device on the link is considered
Gateway / router the “master” when it has the token.
• Router connect multiple network without changing the form • Speeds up to 1Mbps or less over
or content of the message twisted pair wiring
• Gateway connect multiple network by “repacking” the
message (i.e. translation)
BAS Design for GBI Office building
• Ducted Variable Air Volume (VAV) system
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Monitoring and Control (CO2
sensor in return duct to control fresh air intake)
• Lighting Control with photo-sensors and motion
detectors for daylighting
• Lighting control with motion sensor
• Linked to all electrical sub-meters to facilitate
energy monitoring by tenants and end users
• Linked to water sub-meters to facilitate early
detection of water leakage
SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE
INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SYSTEM
– SOME EXAMPLES
• Control Strategy
• Air Conditioning Control
• Lighting Control
SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE
INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SYSTEM
LIGHTING CONTROL
Basic close loop feedback control system

Example: light control

• Desired state = 400lux
• Sensor = Photocell sensor & motion detector
• Controller = BAS controller
• System = Dimmable Lights
SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE
INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SYSTEM – SOME EXAMPLES
AIR CONDITIONING CONTROLS:
• Three Subsystems
• VAV Control
• AHU Fan Control
• Water Flow Control
 SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE
INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SYSTEM – SOME EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE OF VAV CONTROLS:

Typical VAV Control

Interfacing Diagram
• Desired state = 24 degC
• Sensors = Thermostat
• Controller = VAV Controller
• System = VAV Box damper
• System output = Air Flow
Design Considerations
- Incorporate EMS (Energy Management System) in
accordance to MS1525 standards (Code of Practice on
Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy for non-
residential buildings)
- Establish a common interoperability protocol for all systems
to be linked to BAS.
- Establish interfacing requirements e.g. lighting control –
12V or 24V, AC or DC relay? Variable speed drive control –
high level interface control using RS232 or common AO
(analog output) signaling?