TX Diverstity RX Diversity Huawei PDF

WCDMA RAN
TX Diversity and RX Diversity

Feature Parameter Description
Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2011. All rights reserved.

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and other Huawei trademarks are the property of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All other
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statements, information, and recommendations in this document are provided “AS IS” without warranties,
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recommendations in this document do not constitute a warranty of any kind, express or implied.
Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
WCDMA RAN
TX Diversity and RX Diversity Contents
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................1-1
1.1 Scope ............................................................................................................................................ 1-1
1.2 Intended Audience ........................................................................................................................ 1-1
1.3 Change History.............................................................................................................................. 1-1
2 Overview of TX Diversity and RX Diversity .......................................................................2-1

2.1 RX Diversity................................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.2 TX Diversity ................................................................................................................................... 2-1
3 Technical Description ..............................................................................................................3-1

3.1 RX Diversity................................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2 TX Diversity ................................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.2.1 Open Loop TX Diversity ....................................................................................................... 3-2
3.2.2 Closed Loop TX Diversity ..................................................................................................... 3-3
4 Engineering Guidelines...........................................................................................................4-1
4.1 RX Diversity................................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.2 TX Diversity ................................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.2.1 STTD .................................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.2.2 Closed Loop TX Diversity ..................................................................................................... 4-1
5 Parameters .................................................................................................................................5-1
6 Counters ......................................................................................................................................6-1
7 Glossary ......................................................................................................................................7-1
8 Reference Documents .............................................................................................................8-1
Issue 01 (2011-04-30) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential i

WCDMA RAN
TX Diversity and RX Diversity 1 Introduction
1 Introduction
1.1 Scope
This document describes the TX Diversity and RX Diversity feature and related functions on which TX
Diversity and RX Diversity is based, and furthermore provides parameters associated with this feature.
1.2 Intended Audience

This document is intended for:
 Personnel who are familiar with WCDMA basics
 Personnel who need to understand TX Diversity and RX Diversity.
 Personnel who work with Huawei products
1.3 Change History

This section provides information on the changes in different document versions.
There are two types of changes, which are defined as follows:
 Feature change: refers to the change in the TX Diversity and RX Diversity.
 Editorial change: refers to the change in wording or the addition of the information that was not
described in the earlier version.
Document Issues
The document issues are as follows:
 01 (2011-04-30)
 Draft B (2011-03-30)
 Draft A (2010-12-30)
01 (2011-04-30)
This is the document for the first commercial release of RAN13.0.
Compared with issue Draft B (2011-03-30) of RAN13.0, this issue has no change.
Draft B (2011-03-30)
This is the draft of the document for RAN13.0.
Compared with Draft A (2010-12-30) of RAN13.0, this issue optimizes the description.
Draft A (2010-12-30)
This is the draft of the document for RAN13.0.
Compared with issue 01 (2010-03-30) of RAN12.0, this issue optimizes the description.
Issue 01 (2011-04-30) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential 1-1

WCDMA RAN
TX Diversity and RX Diversity 2 Overview of TX Diversity and RX Diversity
2 Overview of TX Diversity and RX Diversity

2.1 RX Diversity
Radio waves are subject to multipath propagation as a result of reflection and diffraction. The signals on
radio channels reach the receiver through multiple paths. If the signals are combined by the receiver,
fading can be reduced to a great extent.
Receive (RX) diversity is a radio reception technology that aims to reduce signal fading and interference.
Based on this technology, multiple frequencies of one signal source or one frequency of multiple
receivers and antennas can be monitored.
RX diversity can be used to promote the UL receiver performance of the NodeB. When the feature is
enabled, one signal is received by multiple antennas. From the signals received by the antennas, the
receiver selects signals with relatively great strength and combines them into one signal, thus reducing
the fading. In this manner, better UL receiver sensitivity and expanded UL coverage of the NodeB can be
achieved, which decreases the investment cost of operators.
RX diversity–capable NodeBs do not require additional equipment to support the feature. The channel
resources involved in 2-way RX diversity (MRFD-210604 2-Way Antenna Receive Diversity) are twice
the channel resources involved in 1-way reception, and channel resources involved in 4-way RX
diversity (WRFD-010209 4-Antenna Receive Diversity) are twice the channel resources involved in
2-way RX diversity.
2.2 TX Diversity
Transmit (TX) diversity (WRFD-010203 Transmit Diversity) is a technology based on which signals are
transmitted to the receiver in space redundancy mode through multiple independent antennas or an
antenna array. When the technology is applied, the signal fading can be reduced. In scenarios where
NodeBs in TX diversity mode are deployed, signals are transmitted to UEs from different NodeBs or from
different antennas of one NodeB. As the signals are not correlated, RAKE RX diversity-capable UEs can
receive the signals and combine them together. Thus, the system performance can be significantly
improved.
TX diversity enables the NodeB to provide twice the quantity of RF DL channel resources compared with
a non-TX diversity NodeB, and effectively improves the reception performance of the UE. TX diversity
can improve UE performance especially in scenarios where multipath effect is insignificant and the UE
moves at a low speed. With TX diversity, the DL capacity and coverage of the NodeB can be remarkably
improved when the QoS is ensured. In such cases, the CAPEX and OPEX can be cut down. UEs that
are capable of RX diversity are required to implement TX diversity.

WCDMA RAN
TX Diversity and RX Diversity 3 Technical Description
3 Technical Description
3.1 RX Diversity
RAKE Receiver
In WCDMA, channel bandwidth is much higher than the flat fading bandwidth of the channel. The
modulation technology in the WCDMA system adopts spreading codes that bear correlation and is
different from the modulation technology in other systems that require equalization algorithm to help
eliminate interference between symbols. Therefore, the latency spreading that occurs on radio channels
is considered as signal retransmission. If the latency between signals on different paths exceeds the
length of a chip, the RAKE receiver will consider the signals as irrelevant noises. In such cases, the
latency equalization is not required.
To efficiently extract useful information from signals on multipaths, the RAKE receiver improves the
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the signals by collecting the signals through correlators and combining the
signals together.
Figure 3-1 shows the operating principle of a RAKE receiver. First, the channel estimator estimates the
channel condition using pilot symbols. Then, the phase rotator removes the information of channel
condition from the received symbols. Then, the latency equalization compensates for the time-lag
between the symbols of the received signals on each path. Finally, the RAKE combiner accumulates the
symbols after channel compensation. In this manner, the fading is reduced, and a combined signal
accumulated from signals on multipaths is generated. The matched filter shown in Figure 3-1 is used to
detect and update the latency information of the multipaths on the current channel and to ensure that the
signal strength of the RAKE receiver always reaches its maximum.
Figure 3-1 Operating principle of the RAKE receiver
The RAKE receiver is adopted in WCDMA to receive radio signals. It uses several sub-receivers to
individually process signals on multipaths. The signals are individually decoded and then combined

WCDMA RAN
together. In this manner, the transport channels are fully utilized, and the multipath fading is reduced.
This helps increase the SNR or Eb/No in a multipath environment.
3.2 TX Diversity
TX diversity in WCDMA is of two types, that is, open loop TX diversity and closed loop TX diversity.
3.2.1 Open Loop TX Diversity

Open loop TX diversity is categorized into Time Switched Transmit Diversity (TSTD) and Space Time
Transmit Diversity (STTD). Huawei NodeBs mainly adopt the STTD mode.
Time Switched TX Diversity

TSTD applies only to synchronization channels (SCHs). In TSTD, the transmission is switched between
different antennas at a specified interval, as shown in Figure 3-2.
Figure 3-2 Transmit structure of SCHs in TSTD mode
In Figure 3-2, Cp indicates Primary Synchronization Code (PSC) and csi,k indicates Secondary
Synchronization Codes (SSC), where i (= 0, 1, …, 63) indicates number of the scrambling code groups,
and k (= 0, 1, …, 14) indicates the slot number. In even-numbered slots, both PSC and SSC are
transmitted through antenna 1. In odd-numbered slots, both PSC and SSC are transmitted through an
antenna 2.
TSTD is the simplest TX diversity mode in WCDMA. The manner in which UEs receive TSTD signals in
TX diversity scenario is the same as the manner in which UEs receive signals in a non-TX diversity
scenario. Thus, the UE needs not to detect whether the TSTD is applied.
Space Time TX Diversity

STTD uses the space-time block code at the NodeB to reduce deep channel fading. Channel coding,
rate matching, and interleaving are performed similar to non-diversity mode. Figure 3-3 and Figure 3-4
show two STTD encoders.
In QPSK modulation mode, the STTD encoder works on four symbols, that is, b0, b1, b2, and b3, as
shown in Figure 3-3.

WCDMA RAN
Figure 3-3 STTD encoder in QPSK modulation mode
In 16QAM modulation mode, STTD works on blocks of eight consecutive symbols, that is, b0, b1, b2, b3,
b4, b5, b6, and b7, as shown in Figure 3-4.
Figure 3-4 STTD encoder in 16QAM modulation mode
3.2.2 Closed Loop TX Diversity

In closed loop TX diversity mode, the UE periodically reports the estimated value of optimal transmit
power (referred to as feedback in the WCDMA system) on the UL DPCCH, and the NodeB adjusts the
TX power based on the feedback and transmits signals at the adjusted TX power.
There are two modes in closed loop TX diversity, that is, mode 1 and mode 2. In mode 1, the NodeB
adjusts only the phase on the DL physical channel. In mode 2, the NodeB adjusts both the phase and the
amplitude on the DL physical channel. Huawei NodeBs mainly adopt mode 1. Figure 3-5 shows the
operating principle of closed loop TX diversity.

WCDMA RAN
Figure 3-5 Receiver and transmitter in closed loop TX diversity mode
The UE periodically calculates the weights according to the information obtained from pilot signals. The
weights are quantified and then sent to the NodeB on the reverse control channel. The NodeB adjusts
the TX power according to the feedback weights so that the UE can receive signals at the highest RX
power.
If the feedback mechanism in closed loop TX diversity mode adequately tracks the conditions of the DL
channels, the maximum SNR in closed loop TX diversity mode can be greater than that in STTD mode.
Generally, closed loop TX diversity provides the greatest possible gain when the UE moves at a low
speed. Open loop TX diversity, however, boosts the performance of the UE that moves at a high speed
and provides less gain when the UE moves at a low speed.

WCDMA RAN
TX Diversity and RX Diversity 4 Engineering Guidelines
4 Engineering Guidelines
This chapter provides engineering guidelines regarding the configuration of RX diversity and TX
diversity.
4.1 RX Diversity
Huawei NodeBs support both RX diversity and non-RX diversity. In RX diversity mode, the NodeB can
be configured with 2 antennas (2-way), or 4 antennas (4-way) through the parameter ANTM. If ANTM is
set to 1, non-RX diversity is configured.
RX diversity-capable NodeBs do not require additional equipment to support the feature. The channel
resources involved in 2-way RX diversity are twice the channel resources involved in 1-way reception,
and channel resources involved in 4-way RX diversity are twice the channel resources involved in 2-way
RX diversity. The number of RX channels depends on the settings of the antenna connectors on top of
the cabinet.
 If ANTM is set to 1, then the NodeB is in non-RX diversity mode. In this case, only Antenna Channel
No.1, the associated cabinet number, and the subrack number need to be set.
 If ANTM is set to 2, then the NodeB is in 2-way RX diversity mode. In this case, Antenna Channel
No.1, Antenna Channel No.2, the cabinet number, and the subrack number associated with each
antenna need to be set.
 If ANTM is set to 4, then the NodeB is in 4-way RX diversity mode. In this case, Antenna Channel
No.1, Antenna Channel No.2, Antenna Channel No.3, Antenna Channel No.4, the cabinet number,
and the subrack number associated with each antenna need to be set.
The number of RX antennas is associated with DEMMODE, that is, the demodulation mode of NodeB.
The following demodulation modes are available: 2-Channel Demodulation Mode (DEM_2_CHAN),
4-Channel Demodulation Mode (DEM_4_CHAN), and Economical 4-Channel Demodulation Mode
(DEM_ECON_4_ CHAN).
In economical 4-channel demodulation mode, the signals on the random access channel are received
from two antennas, while the signals on the dedicate channel are received from four antennas. NodeBs
in economical 4-channel demodulation mode support a maximum coverage radius of 200 km, while
NodeBs in 4-channel demodulation mode support a maximum coverage radius of only 30 km.
4.2 TX Diversity
4.2.1 STTD
To enable the STTD mode of other channels, run the ADD UCELLSETUP command to set the cell as an
STTD-supportive cell and set the transmit diversity mode of each channel to STTD. For the AICH, PICH,
and S-CCPCH, also run the commands ADD UAICH, ADD UPICH, and ADD USCCPCHBASIC to set
the parameter STTDInd to TRUE.
If a cell is configured to support the STTD mode, ensure that the associated local cell on the NodeB side
supports TX diversity. ON the NodeB side, the TX diversity capability of the cell needs to be enabled
through the parameter TTW.
4.2.2 Closed Loop TX Diversity

To enable the closed loop TX diversity mode 1 (CP1) mode of other channels, run the ADD
UCELLSETUP command to set the cell as an CP1-supportive cell and set the transmit diversity mode of
each channel to CP1.

WCDMA RAN
TX Diversity and RX Diversity 4 Engineering Guidelines
If a cell is configured to support the CP1 mode, ensure that the associated local cell on the NodeB side
supports TX diversity. ON the NodeB side, the TX diversity capability of the cell needs to be enabled
through the parameter TTW.
In the case of closed loop TX diversity, 3GPP defines two modes of reporting closed loop feedback
information, that is, j+1 and j+2. The modes are set through the parameters:
ClosedLoopTimeAdjustMode.
 In j+1 mode (OFFSET1), the feedback information of timeslot j is reported after (j+1) mod 15 timeslots.
 In j+2 mode (OFFSET2), the feedback information of timeslot j is reported after (j+2) mod 15 timeslots.

WCDMA RAN
TX Diversity and RX Diversity 5 Parameters
5 Parameters
Table 5-1 Parameter description
Parameter ID NE MML Command Description
ANTM NodeB ADD SEC Meaning: Indicates the
magnitude of antennas in
the sector.
GUI Value Range: 1, 2, 4
Actual Value Range: 1, 2,
4
Default Value: None
STTDInd BSC6900 ADD Meaning: This parameter
USCCPCHBASIC(Optional) indicates whether the
SCCPCH shall use STTD
or not. For detailed
information of this
parameter, refer to 3GPP
25.346.
GUI Value Range: TRUE,
FALSE
Actual Value Range:
TRUE, FALSE
Default Value: FALSE
TTW NodeB ADD LOCELL Meaning: Indicates the
MOD LOCELL Two Tx Way of the Local
Cell.
GUI Value Range:
FALSE(FALSE),
TRUE(TRUE)
Actual Value Range:
FALSE, TRUE
Default Value:
FALSE(FALSE)

WCDMA RAN
TX Diversity and RX Diversity 6 Counters
6 Counters
There are no specific counters associated with this feature.

WCDMA RAN
TX Diversity and RX Diversity 7 Glossary
7 Glossary
For the acronyms, abbreviations, terms, and definitions, see the Glossary.

WCDMA RAN
TX Diversity and RX Diversity 8 Reference Documents
8 Reference Documents
None.


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WCDMA RAN

TX Diversity and RX Diversity

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2011. All rights reserved.

Trademarks and Permissions

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

2 Overview of TX Diversity and RX Diversity .......................................................................2-1

3 Technical Description ..............................................................................................................3-1

Issue 01 (2011-04-30) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential i

1.2 Intended Audience

1.3 Change History

Issue 01 (2011-04-30) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential 1-1

2 Overview of TX Diversity and RX Diversity

Issue 01 (2011-04-30) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential 2-1

Issue 01 (2011-04-30) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential 3-1

3.2.1 Open Loop TX Diversity

Time Switched TX Diversity

Space Time TX Diversity

Issue 01 (2011-04-30) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential 3-2

Figure 3-3 STTD encoder in QPSK modulation mode

3.2.2 Closed Loop TX Diversity

Issue 01 (2011-04-30) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential 3-3

Figure 3-5 Receiver and transmitter in closed loop TX diversity mode

Issue 01 (2011-04-30) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential 3-4

4.2.2 Closed Loop TX Diversity

Issue 01 (2011-04-30) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential 4-1

Issue 01 (2011-04-30) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential 4-2

Issue 01 (2011-04-30) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential 5-1

Issue 01 (2011-04-30) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential 6-1

Issue 01 (2011-04-30) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential 7-1

Issue 01 (2011-04-30) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential 8-1

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