Allowable Stress Design

• 2008: Allowable stresses permitted to be increased by 1/3 for

wind and seismic load combinations
• 2011: Major change
• Allowable stresses no longer allowed to be increased
• Recalibration of allowable stresses; most increase by
approximately
i t l one-third
thi d
• Major change to shear design provisions; similar to strength
design

Allowable Stress Design 1

Flexural Members - Allowable Stress Design

b
m fm
kd

kd

C=ffm(b)(kd)/2
C
d

jd

Grout
h

As
s fs nAs=nbd
M
Masonry U
Unit
it T=A
T Asfs
b Transformed
Strains Stresses Section

Assumptions: Es
As n
1. Plane sections remain plane  Em
2. Stress-strain relationship for masonry bd
i lilinear iin compression
is i
3. All masonry in tension is neglected
4. Perfect bond between steel and grout
5. Member is straight g p prismatic section

Allowable Stress Design 2

 Allowable Stress Design
b To find neutral axis, equate moments of areas about neutral axis.

(bkd )( 12 kd )  (nbd )(d  kd )

kd

k
k  ( n  ) 2  2 n  n  j  1
nAs=nbd 3
Transformed
Section
Steel moment: M s  As f s jd Allowable stresses (2.3.2.1, 2.3.3.2.2)
M Allowable masonry stress = 1/3f’m
Steel stress: fs 
As jd Allowable steel stress:
f
Masonry moment: M m  b(kd ) m ( jd ) 20 ksi Grade 40 steel
2 24 ksi Grade 60 steel
2M 30 ksi Wire joint reinforcement
Masonry stress: f m 
b(kd )( jd )
Allowable Stress Design 3

Example - Masonry Beam

Given: M=250k-in; Grade 60 steel, f’m=1500psi; 8 in CMU; Type S mortar;
4 course high beam (d=28 in.); #6 rebar
Required: Is section adequate?
S l ti
Solution:

Fb =
Fs =
Em = 1.35 x 106 psi
Es = 29 x 106 psi
n = Es/Em = 21.5
ρ=
nρ = 21.5(0.00206) = 0.0443

k  (n ) 2  2n  n  0.04432  20.0443  0.0443 

k 0.256
j  1  1 
3 3

Allowable Stress Design 4

 Example - Masonry Beam, cont
k=0.256 j=0.914
M
fs  
As jd

2M
2M
fm  
b(kd )( jd )

What is maximum moment beam could carry?

M s  As f s jjd 

M m  bkd   jd  
fm
2
Mall = 270 kip-in
Allowable Stress Design 6

Example - Masonry Beam

Given: M=250k-in; Grade 60 steel, f’m=1500psi; 8 in CMU; depth of
section limited to three courses; Type S mortar
Required: Design section
S l ti
Solution:
For three units, d = 2(8in) + 4in = 20 inches
Fb = 500 psi
Assume j=0.9
Fs = 24000 psi
Em = 1 35 x 106 psii
1.35 M 250k  in
i
As    0.579in 2
Es = 29 x 10 psi
6
Fs jd 24ksi(0.9)(20in)
n= Es/Em = 21.5

Steel As (in2)  k j fs (ksi) fm (psi) A 32% increase in

steel caused a 9%
1 - #7 0.60 0.00393 0.335 0.888 23.5 551
reduction in masonry
1 - #8 0 79
0.79 0 00518 0.374
0.00518 0 374 0.875
0 875 18 1
18.1 501 stress
stress.
1 - #7 0.60 0.00393 0.309 0.897 23.2 591
Use 1-#8
Use stronger block. If blocks are 2500 psi, f’m=1830psi, Close enough for
Em=1650ksi, Fb=610psi. Results are shown on last line government work!

of table.
Allowable Stress Design 8
 Masonry Beam - Parametric Study
400
f'm =2400 psi
350

300 f'm =2100 psi

f'm =1800 psi
k-in)
250
Mallow (k

f'm =1500 psi

200

150

100
d=20inch b=7.625inch
50

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2
As (in )

Allowable Stress Design 9

Allowable Stress vs. Strength Design

600
0.5b
500 Mallow for strength
d i obtained
design bt i d as
400 Strength
Mallow (k-in)

0.9Mn/1.6 (assumes
300 min all load is live load).

200
Allowable Stress
Mn is relatively
100
insensitive to f’m,
0 although increasing
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 f’m does change max.
2
As (in )

d=20in b=7.625in
max = 1.089 in2
f’m=1.5ksi fy=60ksi

Allowable Stress Design 10

 Partially Grouted Walls - Allowable Stress
b

kd
b’
s

d
b = width of effective flange = min{s, 6t, 72 in}

tf
(2.3.3.3.1) As

A. Neutral axis in flange; design and analysis for solid section

A
B. Neutral axis in web
b t f  b   t f b b t f 
2
b  b t
k 2 
1     n   2 n     n  1   f
2

b d  b  d b b d  b  b  d

f m  2kd  t f  t f  3kd  2t f 
M  C f j f d  C w jw d Cf   bt f j f  1  
2  kd 3d  2kd  t f 


fm = Fb if masonry controlling fm  kd  t f  2t f  kd
fm = Fsk/(n(1-k)) if steel controlling Cw   b(kd  t f ) jw  1 
2  kd  3d

Allowable Stress Design 11

Partially Grouted Walls - Example

Given: 8 in CMU wall; 12 ft high; Grade 60 steel, f’m=1350 psi; Lateral
load of 20 psf
Required: Reinforcing (place in center of wall)
S l ti
Solution: wh 2 20lb / ft 2 (12in / ft )(12 ft ) 2
M   4320lb  in / ft  0.36k  ft / ft
8 8
t 7.625in M 4.320kip  in / ft
d   3.81in As    0.052in 2 / fft
2 2 Fs jd 24ksi
k i(0.9)(3.81in
i )

Try #4 @48 in (0.050in2/ft) Solve as solid section

 = 0.00109
0 00109
Fb = 450 psi k = 0.204
Fs = 24000 psi kd = 0.776 in < tf = 1.25 in OK
Em = 1.215 x 106 psi j = 0.932
Es = 29 x 106 psi fm = 261 psi OK
n= Es/Em = 23.9 fs = 24.3 ksi say OK

Use #4 @ 48 inches

Allowable Stress Design 12

 Shear - Allowable Stress Design
A. Masonry carries all the shear (2.3.5.2.2)
B. Steel carries all the shear (2.3.5.2.3; 2.3.5.3)

Shear strength
Sh t th off cracked
k dbbeams comes ffrom:
1. Dowel action
2. Aggregate interlock
3 Shear transfer in flexural compression region
3.
4. Tensile strength of uncracked masonry

Aggregate interlock accounts for about 50

50-70%
70% transfer in reinforced
concrete. This will be less in masonry due to possible bond failure
between grout and unit, and inherent weakness of mortar joint planes.

Allowable Stress Design 13

Shear - Allowable Stress Design

V Fv  f m  50 psi
fv 
bd
If steel is required:
Vs Fv  3 f m  150 psi smax  min{d / 2, 48in.}
Av 
Fs d

Sections within d/2 from face of support can be designed for shear at d/2:
A. Noncantilever beam
B. Reaction introduces compression into end region of member
C. No concentrated load between d/2 and face of support

Allowable Stress Design 14

 Compressive Force
Allowable stress design (2.3.3.2.1)
  h 2  Ast is area of
Pa  0.255 f m An  0.65 Ast Fs 1  
h
   99 laterally tied steel
  140r   r

2
 70r 
Pa  0.25 f m An  0.65 Ast Fs 
h
  99
 h  r

Allowable Stress Design 15

Example – 8 in. CMU Bearing Wall

Given: CMU bearing wall, Type S masonry cement mortar; Grade 60 steel
in center of wall; #4 @ 48 in.
Required: Construct interaction diagram – ASD; present results in terms
off capacity
it per foot
f t

Allowable Stress Design 16

 Example – 8 in. CMU Bearing Wall, ASD
Choose strain/stress distribution (alternatively kd)
Balanced conditions (allowable stress)
0.50 ksi Strain
24 ksi
Stress

3.82 in

Cm 

T

P  Cm -T 

M

Allowable Stress Design 17

Interaction Diagram: ASD

40
35
30
p)

25
Axial (kip

20
15
10
5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Moment (kip-ft)

Allowable Stress Design 19

 Interaction Diagram: Comparison
60

50 φSD/1 6
φSD/1.6

40
P (kip-ft/ft))

ASD
30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
M (kip-ft/ft)
(ki f /f )

Allowable Stress Design 20

Partially Grouted Bearing Wall

• Small _______ forces
• Partially grouted walls act as ______ walls
• Compression area is in _____________
• ASD interaction diagram
• Difficult when neutral axis not in __________
• Trapezoidal stress distribution in flange
• Three point approximation
• ____________________________
• _________________________
• _________________________

Allowable Stress Design 21

 Allowable Stress - Design Procedure
1. Select trial size. For initial guess, consider axial load and moment
independently. Size for axial load alone and moment alone.

2. Assume steel is in tension. Assume compression controls and

neglect compression steel. Determine kd.
d  d  2( P(d  h / 2)  M ) 
2

kd  3     
2  2 3Fbb 
 
If kd>d,, check compression
p or increase size of member. Fb
kb 
Compare k to kb, k for balanced conditions. Fs
Fb 
If k ≥ kb compression controls. n
3Fb (kd )b
P Can result in negative area of steel. Use
As  6
minimum steel in that case.
1 
nFb   1
k 

Allowable Stress Design 22

Allowable Stress - Design Procedure

If k < kb tension controls. Use iterative procedure. Start with kd from
compression controlling.
 h kd 
M   P  
2 3 
M M
As 
 k
Fs d 1  
 3

 
P  As Fs n
Fs b

kd 2   2  2d   Iterate. Use (kd)2 as new guess and repeat.

Allowable Stress Design 23

 Strength Design - Design Procedure
Neglect compression steel, and assume steel yields
1. Determine a, depth of compressive stress block
2Pu d  h / 2   M u 
a  d  d2 
 0.8 f m b 
2 Solve for As
2.

0.8 f m ba  Pu / 
As 
fy

This neglects reduction in axial load due to slenderness effects. A value

can be assumed
assumed, with 00.99 being reasonable
reasonable. Design for 1/0
1/0.9
9 or about
10% greater axial load than actually present.

Allowable Stress Design 24

Example - Pilaster Design

Given: Nominal 16 in. wide x 16 in. deep CMU pilaster; f’m=1500 psi;
Grade 60 bar in each corner, center of cell; Effective height = 24 ft; Dead
load of 9.6 kips and snow load of 9.6 kips act at an eccentricity of 5.8 in. (2
i iinside
in. id off face);
f ) Wind
Wi d load
l d off 16 psff ((pressure and
d suction)
ti ) andd uplift
lift off
5.1 kips (e=5.8 in.); Pilasters spaced at 16 ft on center; Wall is assumed to
span horizontally between pilasters; No ties.
Required: Determine required reinforcing using allowable stress design
design.
Solution:
e=5.8 in 2.0 in

Em = 1350ksi
n = 21.5
nning
Inside

x
ertical Span

Load
Lateral Load
w=16psf(16ft)=256lb/ft
Ve

d=11.8 in

Allowable Stress Design 25

 Example - Pilaster Design
D+S
Critical location is top of pilaster. P = 19.2 kips M = 19.2kips(5.8in) = 111.4 kip-in

d  d  2( P(d  h / 2)  M ) 
2

kd  3    
2 2 3Fbb 
 


kd 4.71in
i Fb 0.500ksi
ki
k   0.399 kb    0.309
d 11.8in F 24ksi
Fb  s 0.500ksi 
n 21.5

k > kb 3Fb (kd )b

P
Compression As  6 
controls 1 
nFb  1 1
k 

Allowable Stress Design 26

Example - Pilaster Design

Why the negative area of steel?
Sufficient area from just masonry to resist applied forces.
Determine kd from just compression.
2P 2(19.2kip)
kd    4.92in
bFb 15.6in(0.500ksi)

Find the moment

 t kd   15.6in 4.92in 
M  P    19.2kip    118.3kip  in Mapp = 111.4 kip-in
2 3   2 3 

Sufficient capacity from just masonry

masonry. No steel needed.
needed

Allowable Stress Design 28

 Example - Pilaster Design
D+W Check wind suction
At top of pilaster. P = M = 4.5kips(5.8in) = 26.1kip-in
M wL2 M2 L M
M max    x  If x<0
<0 or x>L,
>L Mmax=M
M
2 8 2 wL2 2 wL
L M
x  
2 wL

M wL2 M 2
M max    
2 8 2 wL2

Find axial force at this point. Include weight of pilaster.

P  4.5k  0.20k / fft 139.8in 1 fft / 12in  6.8k Weight of pilaster:

W i ht off fully
Weight f ll grouted
t d 8 in
i wallll
Design for P=6.8k, M=234k-in (lightweight units) is 75 psf.
Pilaster is like a double thick
wall. Weight
g is
2(75psf)(16in)(1ft/12in)=200lb/ft

Allowable Stress Design 29

Example - Pilaster Design

D+W P=6.8k, M=234k-in
kd=7.12in k=0.603 Compression controls As=2.96in2

D + 0.75W + 0.75S At top: P=13.0k, M=75k-in

x=128in M=206k-in P=15.1k

kd=7.28in k=0.617 C
Compression controls As=1.99in2

0.6D + W At top: P=0.7k, M=4k-in

x=144in M=223k-in P=2.1k
kd=6.07in k=0.514 Compression controls As=2.13in2

Required steel = 2.96in2

Use 2-#11 each face, As=3.12in2
Total bars
bars, 4-#11
4-#11, one in each cell

Allowable Stress Design 31

 Example - Pilaster Design
4-#11 is a lot of steel. 80
Masonry is controlling. 70
60
Severall options
S ti are

Axial (kip)
50
examined for reducing 40
amount of steel: 30
1. Increasing g f’m 20
2. Adding ties 10
3. Size of pilaster 0
4. Location of bars 0 5 10 15 20 25
Moment (kip-ft)

Increasing f’m: Use an f’m of 2000 psi; requires units of 2800 psi. Use 4-#8
Adding ties: Steel is effective in compression.
compression Use 4
4-#9
#9
Size of pilaster: Increase width, make nominal 24in. wide by 16in. deep. Use 4-#7
Increase depth, make nominal 16in. wide by 24in. deep. Use 4-#5
Location of bars: Move bars to 2.5 from face, d = 13.1in. Use 4-#8

Allowable Stress Design 32