 Sirul lui Euler

1 n
lim (1  n ) e
n 
Se demonstreaza convergenta :
1 n1 1 n1 1 n 1 n1
an1  (1  )  Cn01  ...  Cnn11 ( )  C nn1 ( )  Cnn11 ( )
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
1 1 1 1 1
an  (1  ) n  C n0  C n1  ...  Cnn2 ( ) n 2  C nn1 ( ) n1  C nn ( ) n
n n n n n
# Monotonia
1 n1 1 n 1 n1
an1  an  ...  C nn11 ( )  Cnn1 ( )  Cnn11 ( ) ...
n 1 n 1 n 1
1 1 1
 C nn2 ( ) n2  C nn1 ( ) n1  C nn ( ) n
n n n
(n  1)! 1 ( n  1)! 1 1
an1  an  ...  n 1
   ...
(n  1)!2! ( n  1) n! (n  1) n
( n  1) n1
n! 1 n! 1 1
  n 2   n1  n
( n  2)!2! n ( n  1)! n n
n(n  1) 1 n 1 1 n( n  1) n 1
an1  an  ...  n -1
 n
 n 1
...   n1  n  0
2! (n  1) ( n  1) (n  1) 2! n n
 an1  an  0  an1  an
a1  a2  ...  an

1 n1 1 1
 lim (1  )  lim (1  ) n  lim (1  )  e  1  e
n  n n  n n  n

1 n 1
lim (1  ) e
n  n
# Marginirea 1
 avem lim (1  ) n  e
n(n  1) 1 1 n n
an  1  1   2  ...  n  2  fie ( xn ) n0 sir de nr R  si xn  n 

   
2! n n fie ( xn ) n0 sir de nr R, a.î x n n   
xn
1 n(n  1) 1 n(n  1) (n  ke  1) n 11 1x n n 1
an  1  1    ...    ...  avem  ...(1
(n1
 n ) )  e e  n 
 (1  ) n1
nxn lim
n

2! n  n k! n  n xn n
n  n
1 1 1 1 2 e k2,n71 1 1
a n  1  1   (1  )  ...   (1  )  (1  ) ... fie (1y n   )  ... 1 nn 1 mn1
2! n k! n n pt m n  N (e1m n2),71 
m enx(1 (1 1,71
n))
  1 lnm  1,71  1  m  m
1 1 1 1 notez x1n   y n  ny n 
fie n   n 0 xn  0
an  1  1    ...  n1  1  2(1  n )  3  npt (1xn )3n 0 () m  N a.î m  xn 1
2 22 2 2 x n 2
n 
 x 1 n x 1 1
e m
 e n  ln(m 1
 
x lim
 ) e ln
(n1 exxn nln() xn1  e) n1notez (Dar : xln
n e  1)
2  an  3 1 x n
nn  xn  1x)n xn n xn xy
lim (1  )  lim ( n
lim
x ( ) n n
xn  x n xn nn x 1 xn n x 
x ( 2nn) 1 1
n 2 xn 2 1
) 21 n 0
n 
 fie exn  0 en x  2 0 (ne ) 
ln(  (en 2ln 12)  n
ln( ) x 11 xn
 ( 1 ) xn n ( 0  
1)  xn 12  n 1xlim
2 
 limxn(1  x1n )  nfie
(lim 1 2 [() 1n  x x )1Rx si n(n(11xx4nx n x nn)]
4e
 1 
xnn()xn  n
n  x n  x
notez n  1 xn n
   

0 
sir
n 0 x  1
n de nr
n
n  n 
lim n
 
n

)

xn 
n 
1 x n[ln(n  1) n ln n]  1  (n yln
y 1)[ln(n  1)  ln2n]
n xn

 lim (1  ) n  e e n xn 1y n x 1 ln xn   1 
 limx (1 4 10 ) nlim n lim 0 0 lim
1
xn (1 1 xnn ) xe  1 lim e1y x
n  n xnxnln( 1 n lim 1n1 xn )x nyn1lim (11 y n) nyn ne
n
n  n
(1  xxnn )   lim 1 ) 
n

(ln
nlim
n

lim ne  nx e
n
x(n1 x n y ln n
) x (
ln 
yn )
y
yn 
n    
lim  lim n
  0  lim
n n   n
0 n
xlnne xn n   01nyxn xn0
ny nx n y   4  ln 1x
 1)(1 ln n  n )1 n 2 e
n
lim ( ) nln(  nlim
xn
 nn xnn x
n  y n  1 e n  xn ln ln e xyln 1 1xn ln xnln x1
 ln y n x n1
n lim
   lim (1  x  n 1
n ) lim  elimln(2(n10 1)y)ln2n 
n
e
xn  n x0n  xn nx0 n 
  lnxx nn nnxn 1n  xn xn n xnn
 Sa se calculeze :
lim ( n n!  n 1 (n  1)!) (Problema lui Traian Lalescu)
n 

Vom folosii Teorema lui D' Alambert :

Daca (u n ) nN* este un sir de numere reale strict pozitive si daca
u n 1
lim  u  0 atunci n u n  u
n  un
( n  1) n
Fie u n  atunci :
n!
u n 1 (n  2) n 1 n! n  2 n 1 1 n1
  ( )  (1  )
un (n  1)! ( n  1) n
n 1 n 1
u n 1 1 n 1
 lim  lim (1  ) e
n  un n  n 1

(n  1) n n 1
Deci lim n  e  lim n e
n  n! n  n!
 nn
Fie u n  atunci :
n!
u n 1 ( n  1) n1 n! n 1 n 1
  n ( )  (1  ) n
un (n  1)! n n n
u n 1 1
 lim  lim (1  ) n  e
n  un n  n
nn
Deci lim n e
n  n!
n
 lim n e
n  n!

n
n!
lim
Avem( n:1 (n  1)!  n n!)  lim 1
n  n  n
n 1 ( n  1)! [(n  1)!]n n
n
 n ( n 1)1 ) 
lim
lim
n 
( 
( n(n
n 1 n! 1)!  lim
) n
n!) 
n 
(
n ( n!)
n 1
n  n!
n
( n  1) n
lim
n n n  1 n
 lim ( n ( n 1) )  lim ( n 1 n ) 
n  n! n   1 n !
 lim ( n1 (nn  1)!  n n!)  n
n  n  1 n  1 enlim ( ) n
 lim ( n 1 )  lim (  n 1 ) (Dar lim  1) 
n 
n
n! n 
n
n! n  n 1
n
n 1 lim ( ) n 1
 lim ( n
) n n 1  lim n
e
n  n! n  n!

Pr in urmare :
n 1 ( n  1)!
lim ( n
)n  e
n  n!
n 1 ( n  1)!  n n!
e  lim (1  n
)n 
n  n!
n n n! n 1 ( n 1)! n n!
n 1 ( n  1)!  n! n
n 1 ( n 1)! n n! n n! n
 lim ((1  n
) )
n  n!
n n!
lim n1 ( n 1)! n n! 
ee n  n
