Introduction

•Wind is moving air. The air has a particular

mass and moves in a particular direction at a
particular direction at a particular velocity. It thus
has kinetic energy of the from expressed as,
E=1/2mv2
•The radiation effects are mainly responsible for
Convection current either upwards or
downwards.
•It is generally blows horizontal to the ground at
high speeds.
1
 CHARACTERISTIC OF WIND

• Variation of wind velocity with height

• Turbulent nature of wind
• Probabilistic approach
• Vortex shedding Phenomenon
• Dynamic nature of wind structure
interaction

2
Classification wind as per speed

3
 Wind classification as per
saffir-Simpson scale
Category Velocity Pressure Damages
1 minute (mb)
(km/hr)

1 120 - 150 > 980 Minimum

2 150 – 175 965 – 980 Moderate

3 175 – 210 945 - 965 Extensive

4 210 – 250 920 - 945 Extreme

5 > 250 < 920 Catastrophic

4
 Relation of wind velocity to
pressure on a stationary object.

5
 How wind force governing for tall
structure?
• For tall structure more than 15 stories ,with
innovations in architectural treatment,
increases in strength of materials and
advance in method of analysis, tall building
structures have become more efficient and
lighter and consequently more prone to
deflect and even to sway under wind
loading.

6
• If decrease cross sec. property of structural element
with increase height of building

• Construction cost per unit area decrease

• Increasing lightness in weight per unit area

• More danger against high velocity of wind force at high

level

7
 Typical flow of wind for tall
structure-Turbulent flow of wind on
longitudinal and transverse sides

8
Turbulent flow on tall structure due
to upwind obstructions

9
Wind velocity increase due to large
openings at lower floors

10
Different types of forces acting on
structural element

11
 Pressure coefficient on tall
structure
Pressure
keeps constant
- 0.6 with height
- 0.5 - 0.6
(Leeward)
- 0.6 - 0.6
- 0.6
ROOF
0.9

0.8
- 0.5
0.7 WIND
- 0.6

- 0.6
0.6 Pressure varies
- 0.5 with
- 0.5 height
0.5 (Wind ward)

- 0.6
0.4
- 0.7

0.3

0.3 0.3
0.4 0.4 D
IN 12
SIDE FRONT BACK W
Effect of wind load on tall structure
• Overturning due to
wind overturning
moment because of
larger drift.

13
Example
• Building toppled
other side due to
more overturning
moment.

14
 When there is a lack of symmetry
among resisting elements, wind will
be induce more torsional effect

15
Example of failure of structure due
to torsional effect

16
 Analyses of wind force
• Wind Tunnel Experimental Method for
static and dynamic effect
• Detailed Analytical Method as per code
IS:875-Part-3,Draft IS:875-Part-3. for
static and dynamic effect.

17
 OBJECTIVE OF WIND TUNNEL TEST

• Dynamic Response
• Drag, Vortex shedding and wind
separation from building surface.
• To decide building configurations (shape)

18
 Wind Tunnel test
• World Trade Center – New York 1973-2001

19
 •Empire State Building - full-scale and wind-tunnel studies in 1930’s

N-S
1.0

∆ 3
2 1 0
x
Uh 0.5 Y
(N-S)
wind

E-W α
x
x

X
(E-W)
0 10x 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Angle of attack - degrees

∆ - Mean deflection (inches)

Uh - Mean wind speed at 381m in MPH (uncorrected)

20
Wind Analyses by code IS:875
(Part-3)

•Static Analyses by regular &draft code

•Dynamic Analyses (Gust factor
method) by draft code

21
22
23
24
 Static Analyses of wind force
• General steps
• Design wind speed at height z (Vz)

• Wind pressure at height (pz)=0.6 Vz

2

• Design wind pressure (pd)

• Design wind force (F)

25
Comparisons

26
27
28
 Selection of k2 Factor
• As per regular code • As per draft code
• Class-A,B and C • Terrain category
• Terrain category • Terrain roughness and
height factor
• Fetch and developed
Height

29
 Sketch showing effects of topography on wind velocity
on a hilly island

Vg 100

Speed up

120
Vs

Vg 100 100 100

Vg Vg

80 60
Vs Vs 40
10 m

Open sea Wind ward Speed up over Sheltered leeward

Coast hill crest coast

30
Terrain category-1

31
Terrain category-2

32
Terrain category-3

33
Terrain category-4

34
Boundary Layer Profile for Diff.
Approach Terrain

35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
Dynamic Analyses by Gust Factor
method

44
Codel criteria

45
Fundamental Time pereod

46
Design Pressure for Dynamic
Analyses

47
48
49
50
51
 Excel worksheets
• Static Analyses by Regular code
• Static and dynamic Analyses by draft code

52
 Different International standards
Standard Identification
ISO International Standard Organization

CUBiC Caribbean Uniform Building Code

ENV Eurocode

DRBC Dominican Republic Building Code

AIJ Japan Standard

AS Australian Standard

BNSCP Barbados Standard

53
 Different calculations for design wind speeds and
dynamic pressures

Standard Speed Pressure Building

Pressure/Force

ISO 4354 q ref =12 ρV2 W = ( qref ) ( Cexp )( C fig )( C dyn )

V

CUBiC V q ref =12 ρV2 ( )( )

W = q ref Cexp Cfig C dyn

ENV 1991-2-4 Vref = CdirC temCaltC ref ,0 q ref =12 ρ( Vref ) 2 We = q ref Cexp ( Ze ) C pe

DRBC-03 V( 3s − gust) q z = 12 ρ K z K zt K d IV 2 ( )
p = q z GCp − q h GCpi ( )
AIJ UH = UgEf EgR q h = 12 ρU H2 Wf = q h Cf G f A

AS1170.2-89 Vz = Vz,cat M s M t M i q h =1 ρVz2 Pe = C p,e K a K l K pq z

2
BNSCP28 V q =12 ρ( VS 1S2S3 ) 2 P = qCpe
54
 Building types in seven
international wind standards
Building ISO CUBiC ENV DRBC AIJ AS1170. BNS
Shape/Type 4354 1991 2003 2 CP28
Stepped Roofs no no no yes no no yes
Free-standing walls yes yes yes yes no yes no

Multispan canopies no no yes yes no no no

Arched roofs yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

Domes no no yes no yes no no
Silos and tanks yes yes yes yes no yes no
Circular sections yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
Polygonal sections no no yes no no yes yes

Lattice towers yes yes yes yes no yes yes

Spheres no yes yes no no no yes
Signs yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 55
Protection effect of building

A favorable location of
adjacent buildings
can decrease the
hurricane effects by
reducing the wind
loads

56
Unfavorable location of buildings
adjacent to a hospital
A bad location of
nearby buildings
might induce
increase of wind
loads

57
Flat-slab systems without capitals present little
resistance against lateral forces. Their use on
hospitals should be avoided

58
Thank you

59