Ch 3 Fluid Statics (Part B)

From Last Lecture

• Pressure is independent of direction

• Pressure increases with depth
--constant density p = ρgh
• Pressure scales
--units
--datum
• Pressure measurement
 Basic equation of fluid statics

Free surface

P = P0 +ρgh
 Characters of pressure at a point

Pressure at any point is the same in all directions.

 Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures

•absolute pressure - Pressure measured relative to absolute zero.

• gage pressure - Pressure > Patm measured relative to Patm
•vacuum pressure - Pressure < Patm measured relative to Patm
•Patm - local absolute pressure due to the local atmosphere only.
standard Patm at sea level = 1atm = 101.3 kPa
 Outline

¾ Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface

¾ Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface
¾ Buoyancy and Stability
 Lecture Goals

Analysis and calculate

1.force due to pressure of the fluid;
2.the direction of the resultant force;
and
3.the position of the resultant.
 3.6 Force on a Plane Area

• Specifying the magnitude of the force.

• Specifying the direction of the force.
• Specifying the line of action of the force.
• To determine completely the resultant force
acting on a submerged force.
 3.6.1 Force on a Horizontal Plane Area

Simplest Case: Tank bottom with a uniform pressure distribution

p = γh

Now, the resultant Force:

FR = p A
Acts through the Centroid

A = area of the Tank Bottom

 3.6.2 Force on a Plane Area:
General Case

The origin O is at the Free

Surface.
θ is the angle the plane makes
with the free surface.

y is directed along the plane

surface.

A is the area of the surface.

dA is a differential element
of the surface.
dF is the force acting on
the differential element.

C is the centroid. General Shape: Planar

View, in the x-y plane
CP is the center of Pressure

FR is the resultant force

acting through CP

• Notation for hydrostatic force on an inclined plane surface of arbitrary shape.

 3.6.2 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface: General Case

Then the force acting on the differential element:

Then the resultant force acting on the entire surface:

We note h = ysinθ

With γ and θ taken as constant:

We note, the integral part is the first moment of area about the x-axis

Where yc is the y coordinate to the centroid of the object.

hc
 Resultant Force

z To obtain the net hydrostatic force F on a plane surface:

1. Determine depth of centroid hc for the area in contact

with the fluid.
2. Determine the (gage) pressure at the centroid Pc.
3. Calculate F = PcA

hc is the vertical distance from the fluid surface to

the centroid of the area.
 3.7 Center of Pressure: Location

Now, we must find the location of the center of Pressure where the Resultant Force Acts:
“The Moments of the Resultant Force must Equal the Moment of the Distributed Pressure Force”

Moments about the x-axis:

And, note h = ysinθ
We note,
Second moment of Intertia, Ix

Then,

Parallel Axis Thereom:

Ixc is the second moment of inertia through the centroid

Substituting the parallel Axis thereom, and rearranging:

We, note that for a submerged plane, the resultant force always acts below the centroid of the
plane.
Center of Pressure
 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Area: Geometric Properties

Centroid Coordinates
Areas
Moments of Inertia
 Centroids

Centroidal coordinates and moments

of inertia for some common areas
 Hydrostatic Force: Vertical Wall

Find the Pressure on a Vertical Wall using Hydrostatic Force Method

Pressure varies linearly with depth by the hydrostatic equation:

The magnitude of pressure at the bottom is p = γh

The depth of the fluid is “h” into the board O

The width of the wall is “b” into the board
yR = 2/3h

By inspection, the average pressure

occurs at h/2, pav = γh/2

The resultant force act through the center of pressure, CP:

y-coordinate: 1 bh 3 h
I xc = bh 3 yR = +
12 (bh ) 2
12 h
h
yc = 2
2 h h 2
A = bh yR = + = h
6 2 3
 Hydrostatic Force: Vertical Wall

x-coordinate: 0 b Center of Pressure:

I xyc = 0 xR = +
b
h
(bh ) 2
⎛ b 2h ⎞
yc = 2 ⎜ , ⎟
2 ⎝2 3 ⎠
b
xR =
A = bh 2

Now, we have both the resultant force and its location.

 Summary

To find hydrostatic force on a plane surface:

1. Find area in contact with fluid.

2. Locate centroid of that
that area.
3. Find hydrostatic pressure Pc at centroid,
typically = ρgh c (generally neglect Patm ).
4.Find force F = Pc A.
5.The location will not be at the centroid., but at a distance below
the centroid.
 Example: Hydrostatic Force Acting on the
Door of a Submerged Car
A heavy car plunges into a lake during an
Discussion A strong person can lift 100 kg, whose weight is 981 N or
accident and lands at the bottom of the lake on
about 1 kN. Also, the person can apply the force at a point farthest from
its wheels. The door is 1.2 m high and 1 m wide,
the
andhinges
the top (1 m farther)
edge of the doorforismaximum
8 m beloweffect
the and generate a moment of 1
kN
free· surface
m. The ofresultant
the water.hydrostatic force acts under the midpoint of the door,
and thus athe
Determine distance of 0.5
hydrostatic m from
force on thethe hinges.
door and This generates a moment
of
the50.6 kN ·ofm,the
location which is about
pressure 50and
center, times the moment
discuss if the driver can
the drivergenerate.
possibly can open the door.
Therefore, it is impossible for the driver to open the
door of the car. The driver’s best bet is to let some water in (by rolling the
Pwindow ρghC =
ave = PC =down a ρg(s
little,+for
b/2)= 84.4 kN/m
example)
2
and to keep his or her head close to
the ceiling. The driver should be able to open the door shortly before the
FR = PaveA = (84.4 kNm2) (1 m × 1.2 m) = 101.3 kN
car is filled with water since at that point the pressures on both sides of
yPthe doormare nearly the same and opening the door in water is almost as
= 8.61
easy as opening it in air.
 Pressure Diagram

The pressure diagram is a second way of analyzing the forces on a vertical wall.
Pressure Diagram
(1) According to a definite scale, static pressure can be expressed by a
definite length line ；
( 2) The line expressing the direction of static pressure with arrow, is
perpendicular to the acting wall.
Pressure diagram
Which of the following is wrong？
A. B. C.
 Pressure Diagram: Vertical Wall

The area of this triangle represents the resultant

force per unit width on the vertical wall

Resultant Force:
1
O FR = γh 2b
2
Location of the Resultant Force, CP:

The force acts through the centroid of the pressure diagram

Center of Pressure:
⎛ b 2h ⎞
⎜ , ⎟
⎝2 3 ⎠
 Atmospheric Pressure on a Vertical Wall

Gauge Pressure Analysis Absolute Pressure Analysis But,

So, in this case the resultant force is the same as the gag pressure analysis.
It is not the case, if the container is closed with a vapor pressure above it.
If the plane is submerged, there are multiple possibilities.
 1
e= L
3
 L(2h1 + h2 )
e=
3(h1 + h2 )
 Example

A 6-m deep tank contains 4 m of water and 2-m of oil as shown in the
diagram below. Determine the pressure at point A and at the bottom of the
tank. Draw the pressure diagram.

oil 2m
A ρwater = 1000 kg/m3

water 4m ρ oil = 980 kg/m3

 Solution:

Pressure at oil water interface (PA)

PA= ρoilghoil = 980 x 9.81 x 2
= 15696 Pa=15.7KPa
Pressure at the bottom of the tank;
PB = PA + ρwaterghwater
=15.7x1000 + 1000 x 9.81 x 4
= 54940 Pa=54.9KPa

2m oil A PA=15.7 kPa

water PA
4m
B

PB = 54.9 kPa
Pressure Diagram
 Example

Here is a vertical rectangular sluice gate as shown in figure,

h1=1m，h2=2m, width b=1.5m. What is the resultant force and the
center of pressure?
Here is a vertical rectangular sluice gate as shown in figure,
h1=1m，h2=2m,width b=1.5m. What is the resultant force and the center of
pressure?

Solution：
 3.8 Force on a Curved Surface

Many surfaces of interest (such as those associated with

dams, pipes, and tanks) are non-plannar.

Since this class of surface is curved, the direction of the

force is different at each location on the surface.
Gates
Gates
 Force on a Curved Surface

• FR on a curved surface is more involved since it requires integration of the

pressure forces that change direction along the surface.
• Easiest approach: determine horizontal and vertical components FH and FV
separately.
 3.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface

• General theory of plane surfaces does not apply to curved surfaces

• Many surfaces in dams, pumps, pipes or tanks are curved
• No simple formulas by integration similar to those for plane surfaces
• A new method must be used
Then we mark a F.B.D. for the volume:

Isolated Volume
Bounded by AB an AC F1 and F2 is the hydrostatic force on
and BC each planar face
FH and FV is the component of the
resultant force on the curved surface.

W is the weight of the fluid volume.

 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface

Now, balancing the forces for the Equilibrium condition:

Horizontal Force:
Vertical Force:
Resultant Force:

The location of the Resultant Force is through O by sum of Moments:

Y-axis: F1 x1 + Wxc = FV xV
X-axis: F2 x2 = FH xH
 Horizontal Component (Fh)

Fh = Resultant force on the projection of the curved

surface on a vertical plane

The horizontal force will act

through the c.p. (not the
centroid) of the projected area.
to determine the horizontal component of force on a curved surface in a
hydrostatic fluid:

1. Project the curved surface into the appropriate vertical plane.

2. Perform all further calculations on the vertical plane.
3. Determine the location of the centroid - c.g. of the vertical plane.
4. Determine the depth of the centroid - hcg of the vertical plane.
5. Determine the pressure - Pcg = r g hcg at the centroid of the vertical
plane.
6. Calculate Fh = Pcg A, where A is the area of the projection of the curved
surface into the vertical plane, ie. the area of the vertical plane.
7. The location of Fh is through the center of pressure of the vertical plane,
not the centroid.
 Vertical Component

The vertical component of force on a curved surface

equals the weight of the pressure prism necessary to
cause the pressure on the surface.
pressure prism

pressure prism
 Pressure Prism

Components of Pressure Prism：

（1）Pressed curved surface；

（2）Vertical surface drawn along the curved surface edge；
（3）Free surface or extended surface of the free surface.
 Classification of pressure prism

Real pressure prism and virtual pressure prism.

For real pressure prism Fh acts downwards.
For unreal pressure prism Fh acts upwards.

Real pressure prism virtual pressure prism

Example
To determine the vertical component of force on a curved
surface in a hydrostatic fluid:

1 .Identify the Pressure Prism.

2.Determine the volume of the pressure prism.
3.Calculate the weight of the pressure prism
Fv = ρgV.
4.The location of Fv is through the centroid of V.
 Resultant force

F = F +F 2
H V
2

FV
tan α =
FH
The angle the resultant force makes to the
horizontal is
FV
α = arctg
FH
 Static Surface Forces Summary

• Forces caused by gravity on submerged surfaces

• horizontal surfaces FR = g hA
• inclined surfaces (y coordinate has origin at
free surface)
I xc
FR = γhc A yR = + yc
yc A
• curved surfaces
• Horizontal component FR = γhc A
• Vertical component
(weight of fluid above surface )
 Example: Forces on Curved Surfaces

Find the resultant force (magnitude and location)

on a 1 m wide section of the circular arc.

FV = W1 + W2 3m W1
= (3 m)(2 m)(1 m)γ +1/4π(2 m)2(1 m)γ
water 2m
= 58.9 kN + 30.8 kN
= 89.7 kN W2
2m

FH = p c A pc = γhc x
= γ(4 m)(2 m)(1 m)
= 78.5 kN y
 Example: Forces on Curved Surfaces

The vertical component line of action goes through

the centroid of the volume of water above the surface. A
Take moments about a vertical
axis through A. 4R 3m W1
4(2 m) 3π
xR FV = (1 m)W1 + W2 water 2m
3π
4(2 m) W2
(1 m)(58.9 kN) + (30.8 kN) 2m
xR = 3π
(89.7 kN)

= 0.948 m (measured from A) with magnitude of 89.7 kN

 Example: Forces on Curved Surfaces

The location of the line of action of the horizontal

component is given by A
I xc
yR = + yc
yc A b 3m W1

ba 3 water 2m
I xc = a
12
W2
I xc = (1 m)(2 m)3/12 = 0.667 m4 2m

yc = 4 m x
0.667 m 4
yR = + (4 m ) = 4.083 m
(4 m )[(2 m )(1 m )]
y
 Example: Forces on Curved Surfaces

0.948 m 78.5 kN horizontal

4.083 m
89.7 kN vertical

119.2 kN resultant
 Example

A Fx = γ yc ACB Fy = γV ABC
C
Hinge
= 9810 * 3 * 6 *1 π 62
y 6m = 9810 * *1
= 176.6 kN 4
= 277.4 kN
Fx x

B B
4r 1* 63 / 12
x= yR = yc +
Fy 3π 3 * 6 *1
4*6 = 4m
= = 2.55 m
3 *π
 Example

An 1-m-diameter water pipe is made of a piece of steel

plate. Its permission stress [σ] is 150MPa and the
pressure expressed in the height of water column in pipe
reaches 500m，what is the least thickness of the pipe?
（Pressure difference between different points caused by
elevation difference is negligible）
 Solution:

Assume cutting the pipe into two half as shown in figure, and
analyze forces exerted on a half pipe as an isolated body.
Horizontal force on inner surface of the half pipe is equal to the
force on the projection upon a vertical plane .

The force is equal to the pulling forces,

2T = F = pDl
Assume T distributes uniformly along the pipe thickness, thus：
Multiple Choice
 Multiple Choice

A B C D
 3.9 Buoyancy and Stability

• Buoyancy is due to the fluid displaced by a body.

FB=ρfgV.
• Archimedes principal : The buoyant force acting on a
body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the
fluid displaced by the body, and it acts upward through
the centroid of the displaced volume.
3.9 Buoyancy and Stability

• Buoyancy force FB is equal only

to the displaced volume
ρfgVdisplaced.
• Three scenarios possible
1. ρbody<ρfluid: Floating body
2. ρbody=ρfluid: Neutrally buoyant
3. ρbody>ρfluid: Sinking body
 Stability of Immersed Bodies

• Rotational stability of immersed bodies depends upon relative location of

center of gravity G( 重心)and center of buoyancy B(浮心).
• G below B: stable
• G above B: unstable
• G coincides with B: neutrally stable.
Stability of Floating Bodies

• If body is bottom heavy (G lower

than B), it is always stable.
• Floating bodies can be stable
when G is higher than B due to
shift in location of center
buoyancy and creation of
restoring moment.
• Measure of stability is the
metacentric height (稳定高
度)GM. If GM>1, ship is stable.
•Examples of Archimedes Principle
The Golden Crown of Hiero II, King of Syracuse

• Archimedes, 287-212 B.C.

• Hiero, 306-215 B.C.
• Hiero learned of a rumor where the
goldsmith replaced some of the gold in his
crown with silver. Hiero asked Archimedes
to determine whether the crown was pure
gold.
• Archimedes had to develop a nondestructive
testing method
The Golden Crown of Hiero II, King of Syracuse

• The weight of the crown and

nugget are the same in air: Wc =
ρcVc = Wn = ρnVn.
• If the crown is pure gold, ρc=ρn
which means that the volumes
must be the same, Vc=Vn.
• In water, the buoyancy force is
B=ρH2OV.
• If the scale becomes unbalanced,
this implies that the Vc ≠ Vn,
which in turn means that the ρc ≠
ρn
• Goldsmith was shown to be a
fraud!