relation to the conventional
1. Introduction
Wind energy is considered
to be one of the most booming
sectors of alternative sources
of fuel which has a great
potential to extract clean
energy. In order to extract
maximum power output, the
shape of an aerofoil plays a
significant role to improve
aerodynamic efficiency of the
system and make it capable to
produce lift. The efficiency of
the system can be determined
by a factor called as Betz
limit, according to which no
more than 59.3% of the kinetic
energy from the wind can be
used to generate electricity [1].
In order to maximize and
reach this limit, vortex
generators (VG), which are
small fins are attached
perpendicular to the surface of
aerofoil to reduce the air flow
separation from turbine blades
and optimize efficiency. The
effects of VGs are very
important and significant to be
considered because they have
many benefits to aerodynamic
devices. These benefits
include the control of air flow
especially at high speeds
because in such circumstances
the air is highly subjected to
detachment from the airfoil
surface which creates
separation of the air flow and
reduces the stability of the
moving or rotating object
especially at high speeds.
Moreover, these small objects
help in re-energizing the areas
of blade that have stalled out
resulting in dual benefits i.e.,
an increase in lift and decrease
in drag. Thus, considering the
advantages of vortex
generators, a study has been
carried out to perform a
comparative analysis on
different shapes of vortex
generator and study its effect
in
aerofoil without vortex
generators.
Vortex Generators (VG)
Investigation on the Influence of are small aerodynamic devices
Vortex Generators on Aerofoil made of a plate which are
placed perpendicular to the
1
Chaitanya Agarwal , Ravi Prakash , Vasu 1 surface of the moving object.
1 1 *1 A numerical study was carried
Mahajan , Aditya Chhetri , Vinaygamurthy.G
out to investigate the effects of
Micro-Vortex Generators
1
School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT Chennai, Tamil Nadu, (MVGs) on the aerodynamic
India - 600127 performance of the NACA
0018 aerofoil and an H-type
Darrieus wind turbine with
(Received keep as blank , Revised keep as blank , Accepted
eight different configurations
keep as blank )9pt
[2]. The improved aerofoil
design with MVGs installed at
Abstract. Boundary layer separation is a major
cause of concern in the wind turbine and aerospace
20% chord length and 16º to
industries as it adversely affects the performance of the inlet flow with a rectangle
aircraft wings and wind turbine blades. The shape has the maximum lift
immediate result of flow separation over an aerofoil and stall angle. The influence
is a loss in lift and an increase in drag within the of VG on NACA 63-415,
stall range, both of which have a negative impact on NACA 63-215 and NACA 63-
the overall performance of aerofoils in wind 430 airfoils with and without
turbines. To overcome this problem, vortex the vortex generators, at
generators (VG), are used for increasing lift force Reynolds number of 320,000
and thus increasing the rotational speed of the blade. was studied and found that the
They act like small protrusions on wing surfaces positioning of VG was
which help in energizing the boundary layers important and no significant
thereby delaying the separation and providing a results were obtained for
wide range of attached flow over airfoil surface. The NACA 63-430 at 10% chord
present research illustrates the comparative analysis length [1]. The comparative
on the various shapes of vortex generators such as analysis on various shapes of
rectangular, triangular and gothic by varying the vortex generators was done on
angle of attacks (AOA) from 0- 15° . The analysis is NACA-0012 blade profile
performed on the NACA0012 airfoil, which is based on two different Angles
developed using SOLIDWORKS and analysed on of attack (at 0 and 10 degrees)
ANSYS 2020 R2 software. The value for lift (Cl)
and found out the the aerofoil
and drag (Cd) coefficients with and without vortex
with vortex generator shows
generators are determined using ANSYS Fluent and
improved drag and lift
the contours for velocity and pressure are further
mapped using CFD Post. The stall angle is evaluated coefficient for variation angles
for each of the vortex generator shapes representing of attack [3]. The aerodynamic
the maximum lift that an aerofoil can achieve. passive flow control on NACA
Pressure Coefficients plots are studied to investigate 0012 using VG was studied
the amount of pressure difference created and its and found that height of VGs
influence on angle of attack at the leading edge of play an important role in
aerofoil. An overall comparison is made to determination of the overall
determine the best vortex generator shape that drag of the system. The
delivers maximum lift to the aerofoil. The optimum optimum configuration was at
configuration found for vortex generator is gothic local angle of incidence (β)
shape which illustrates the maximum lift coefficient =23ᵒ, height to chord length
value, highest amongst all the three shapes. ratio (h/C) = 0.004, vortex
Keywords: Vortex Generator (VG); Angle of Attack
generator spacing to chord
(AOA); NACA0012; Lift and Drag Coefficients; length ratio (z/C) =0.025,
Stall angle. position of device from
separation line (ΔX /C) = 0.02
with Cl=1.0723 and
Cd=0.135035 [4]. The effect of VG and without VG on
S819 airfoil was carried out using FLUENT and the stall
 Sullivan T. Smith, Tanaka Ikarashi and Ahmed M. Mohamed

angle was found to be at higher angle of attack on slotted flows and looks like a very appropriate turbulence model to
airfoil in comparison to the airfoil without slot [5]. simulate the aerodynamic effects concerning this study.
The main objective that has been carried out in this
study is investigation on influence of three different shapes
of vortex generators namely rectangular, triangular and
gothic. Two geometries of airfoil are employed for this
study to understand the effect and determine the shape
which produces the best lift and delayed stall angle in
comparison with the aerofoil without vortex generator.

2. Materials and Methods

To study the effect of Vortex Generators, NACA – 0012

(National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) aerofoil has
been chosen which is a very basic aerofoil having zero
Fig. 1 Mesh grid of topographic model 10pt
camber, and is easy to design and obtain near to accurate
results. The following section illustrates the different
methods, equations and constraints which have been
utilized in this study. Table 1: Airfoil Characteristics
Sr. Parameter Value
2.1 Reynold’s Number Calculation No.
The Reynolds number is a dimensionless number that
1. Name of the Airfoil NACA0012 (National
defines the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and
describes the degree of laminar or turbulent flow. The Advisory Committee
Reynolds number is calculated from: for Aeronautics)

ρVl Vl 2. Airfoil Chord Length 1m

ℜ= = (1)
μ v
3. Maximum thickness 12 % at 30% chord
where,
length i.e., 0.3m from
V =velocity of fluid ∈m/ sec ¿ 15 m/sec the leading edge
l=Chord length of theairfoil ∈m
ρ=density of the fluid 4. Vortex Generator 8% of the chord length
μ=dynamic viscosity of the fluid position i.e.,80 mm from the
−5 2
v=kinematic viscosity of the f luid=1.7894 ¿ 10 m /sec leading edge
Vl 15∗1
ℜ= = =838,269
v 1.7894∗10−5 5. Domain Dimensions R1 = 15m and H2 =
∴ ℜ ≈ 10 6 25m
Hence, as the Reynolds number is beyond the laminar
region, turbulent flow is considered for the model Intact DI D2 Intact DI D2
simulations. Mean 2.63 2.62 2.53 3.34 2.67 2.46
OF-1*
SD 0.041 0.369 0.123 0.290 0.444 0.207
2.2 Turbulence Modelling
Mean 23.39 23.24 22.55 23.63 23.12 22.73
OF-3
Since the Reynolds number lies close to range of 106 , SD 0.021 0.161 0.161 0.042 0.251 0.213

turbulent model which is implemented is k −ω SST (Shear

stress Transport) present in ANSYS FLUENT 2020 R2
2.1 Reynold’s Number Calculation
(fluid flow). The transition SST model is based on the
coupling of the SST k −ω transport equations with two
other transport equations, one for the intermittency and one 4.1 Subtitle: Level 2
for the transition onset criteria, in terms of momentum-
thickness Reynolds number. It is known to provide accurate 4.1.1 Subtitle: Level 3
and reliable results for aerofoils and systems having adverse On the day of the beam test, the respective control
pressure gradient flow. cylinders were capped and tested in compression to
SST model is considered to be appropriate for separated
 Put the title of the paper here with font Arial

determine the compressive strength of concrete. Table 1
shows that the average values of the 56-day compressive
strengths are 69.2 and 68.7 MPa for Series V and S
specimens, respectively. The results indicate that although
the two mix designs were different, they had similar
compressive strengths……
Subtitle: Level 4
Chondros et al. (1998) have developed a continuous
cracked beam vibration theory for the lateral vibration of
cracked Euler-Bernoulli beams with single-edge or double-
edge open cracks….
5. Conclusions
A numerical simulation procedure for predicting
directional typhoon wind fields over complex terrain has
been proposed in this study.
• The reduction of natural frequency depends on
the crack depth and crack location.
• Higher drops in the in-plane natural frequency are
observed when the crack is located near the roots or corners
of the frames…………
Acknowledgments
The research described in this paper was financially
supported by the Natural Science Foundation ……
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 Sullivan T. Smith, Tanaka Ikarashi and Ahmed M. Mohamed

Table 1 Caption 10pt

Intact
DI D2 Intact DI D2
9pt
Mean 2.63 9pt 2.62 2.53 3.34 2.67 2.46
OF-1* 0.041
SD 0.369 0.123 0.290 0.444 0.207
9pt
23.39
Mean 23.24 22.55 23.63 23.12 22.73
9pt
OF-3
0.021
SD 0.161 0.161 0.042 0.251 0.213
9pt
*OF-1: Observed Frequency for 1st mode; OF-3: Observed
Frequency for 3rd mode 10pt