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Electrical Formulae AC Three-Phase

(Assuming Balanced Symmetrical Waveform)
Electrical Quantities All quantities r.m.s values:
Quantity Symbol Unit Name Unit Symbol Vl = Line-to-line voltage
Vp = Phase voltage (line-to-neutral)
Electromotive force E, e* Volt V Il = line current (wye)
Potential difference V, v* Volt V Ip = Phase current (delta)
Current I, i* Ampere A In a WYE connected circuit, Vp = Vl 앛 앀3, Vl =앀3Vp, Il = Ip
Magnetic flux Φ Weber Weber In a DELTA connected circuit: Ip = Il 앛 앀3, Il =앀3 Ip Vl =
Vp
Frequency f Hertz Hz
Total of apparent power in VA = 앀3 Vl Il
Flux linkage λ Weber-turns -
Active power in watts,W = 앀3 Vl Il cos ϕ
Resistance R Ohm Ω
Reactive power in VAr = 앀3 Vl Il sin ϕ
Inductance L Henry H Power factor (pf) = cos ϕ
Capacitance C Farad F = Active power / Apparent power
Impedance Z Ohm Ω = W / VAr
Reactance X Ohm Ω
Three-Phase Induction Motors

Symbols & Formulae

Power,dc,or active P Watt W
Volt-ampere All quantities rms values:
Power, reactive Q VAr, var kWmech = horsepower x 0.746
reactive
Power, total or kWelec = 앀3 Vl Il cos ϕ at rated speed and load
S Volt-ampere VA
apparent where Vl = supply voltage Il = rated full load current
Power factor angle ϕ - °, deg. cos ϕ = rated full load power factor
Radians per
Angular velocity ω rads-1
second Efficiency, η = (kWmech 앛 kWelec) x 100 per cent
Revolutions Phase current Ip = Il for wye connection
Rotational velocity n s-1 ,rev s-1
per second Ip = Il 앛 앀3 for delta connection
Revolutions
min-1, rpm
per minute Loads (phase values)
Efficiency η - Resistance R, measured in Ohms (no energy storage)
Number of pairs Inductive reactance, XL = ωL = 2π ƒL Ohms (stores en-
p -
of poles ergy)
* Capital and small letters designate rms and instantaneous value Where ƒ = frequency (Hz), L = Inductance (H)
respectively.
Capacitative reactance, XC = 1/(ωC) = 1/(2πƒC)
Where ƒ = frequency (Hz), C = Capacitance (F)
AC Single-Phase
All quantities r.m.s. values:
Impedance
V=I Z
Impedance is the algebraic sum of the separate load
Total or apparent power in VA = Vl = I2Z = V2앛 Z
values thus:
Active power in watts, W =Vl cos ϕ
Reactive power in VAr = Vl sin ϕ Z = 앀(R2 + XL2) or 앀(R2 + XC2)
If R, XL and XC are present in series in the same circuit
then XL and XC may be summated, treating XC as nega-
tive, thus
Z = 앀(R2 + (XL - XC)2)

399
CTi Automation - Phone: 800.894.0412 - Fax: 208.368.0415 - Web: www.ctiautomation.net - Email: info@ctiautomation.net
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Electrical Formulae Mechanical Variables

Ohms Law
Material Densities
Amperes = Volts Ohms = Volts
or Materials lb/in3 gm/cm3
Ohms Amperes
Aluminum 0.096 2.66
or Volts = Amperes x Ohms Brass 0.299 8.3
Bronze 0.295 8.17
Power in DC Circuits Copper 0.322 8.91
Volts x Amperes Hard Wood 0.029 0.8
Horsepower =
746 Soft Wood 0.018 0.48
Plastic 0.04 1.11
Watts = Volts x Amperes
Glass 0.079-0.090 2.2-2.5
Kilowatts = Volts x Amperes Titanium 0.163 4.51
1,000 Paper 0.025-0.043 0.7-1.2
Volts x Amperes x Hours Polyvinyl chloride 0.047-0.050 1.3-1.4
Kilowatts-Hours =
1,000 Rubber 0.033-0.036 0.92-0.99
Silicone Rubber, without
Power in AC Circuits 0.043 1.2
filler
Kilovolt-Amperes (KVA): Cast Iron, gray 0.274 7.6
Symbols & Formulae

Volts x Amperes Steel 0.28 7.75

kVA (1Ø) =
1,000

kVA (3Ø) = Volts x Amperes x 1.73

Friction Coefficients Ffr=µWL
1,000
Materials µ
Kilowatts (Kw) Steel on Steel (greased) ~0.15
Plastic on Steel ~0.15-0.25
kW (1Ø) = Volts x Amperes x Power Factor Copper on Steel ~0.30
1,000
Brass on Steel ~0.35
kW (3Ø) = Volts x Amperes x Power Factor x 1.73 Aluminum on Steel ~0.45
1,000 Steel on Steel ~0.58
Kilowatts Mechanism µ
Power Factor =
Kilovolts x Amperes Ball Bushings <0.001
Linear Bearings <0.001
Dove-tail Slides ~0.2++
Other Useful Formulae Gibb Ways ~0.5++
Three-Phase (3Ø) Circuits

HP = E x I x 3 x Eff x PF
746 Mechanism Efficiencies
HP x 746 Acme screw with brass nut ~0.35-0.65
Motor Amps =
E x 3 x Eff x PF Acme screw with plastic nut ~0.50-0.85
Ballscrew ~0.85-0.95
Motor Amps = kVA x 1000
Chain and Sprocket ~0.95-0.98
3 xE
Preloaded Ballscrew ~0.75-0.85
Motor Amps = kW x 1000 Spur or Bevel gears ~0.90
3 x E x PF Timing Belts ~0.96-0.98
kW x 1000 Worm Gears ~0.45-0.85
Power Factor =
ExIx 3 Helical Gear (1 reduction) ~0.92

Kilowatt Hours = E x I x Hours x 3 x PF

1000

400 Power (Watts) = E x I x 3 x PF

CTi Automation - Phone: 800.894.0412 - Fax: 208.368.0415 - Web: www.ctiautomation.net - Email: info@ctiautomation.net