1

Chapter 2 - Macromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Exercise Set

2.1 The number of independent elastic constants in three dimensions are:

Anisotropic 21
Monoclinic 13
Orthotropic 9
Transversely Orthotropic 5
Isotropic 2

2.2
13.675 6.39 10.846 0 0 0
6.39 6.58 6.553 0 0 0
10.846 6.553 12.316 0 0 0
C= Msi
0 0 0 7 0 0
0 0 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 6

0.25 0.05 0.1935 0 0 0

0.05 0.3333 0.1333 0 0 0
0.1935 0.1333 0.3226 0 0 0 1
S =
0 0 0 0.1429 0 0 Msi
0 0 0 0 0.5 0
0 0 0 0 0 0.1667

2.3
a)
σ1
8.269
σ2
6.731
σ3 4.423
= kPa
τ 23 0

τ 31 10
9
τ 12
b) Compliance matrix -
 1

0.5 0.5 0.4 0 0 0

0.5 0.3 0.2 0 0 0
0.4 0.2 0.6 0 0 0 1
S =
0 0 0 0.25 0 0 GPa
0 0 0 0 0.5 0
0 0 0 0 0 0.667

c)
E 1 = 2 GPa

E 2 = 3.333 GPa

E 3 = 1.667 GPa

ν 12 = 1

ν 23 = 0.6667

ν 31 = 0.6667

G 12 = 4 GPa

G 23 = 2 GPa

G 31 = 1.5 GPa
d)

2
W = 3.335 10 Pa

2.10
3 3
4.902 10 1.127 10 0
3 2 1
S = 1.127 10 5.405 10 0
GPa
1
0 0 1.789 10

204.98 4.28 0
Q= 4.28 18.59 0 GPa
0 0 5.59

2.11
ε1
17.35
µm
ε2 = 103.59
m
γ 12 536.70
 1

2.12 Modifying Equation (2.17) for an isotropic lamina under plane stress -
1 ν
0
E E
ν 1
S 0
E E
1
0 0
G
Inverting the compliance matrix gives the reduced stiffness matrix -
E E. ν
0
2 2
1 ν 1 ν
Q E. ν E
0
2 2
1 ν 1 ν
0 0 G

2.13 Compliance matrix for a two dimensional orthotropic material per Equations (2.87) -
1 ν 12
0
E1 E1

ν 21 1
S 0
E2 E2

1
0 0
G 12
Matrix inversion yields -
1 ν 12
.E .E 0
1 2
1 ν 21. ν 12 1 ν 21. ν 12

Q ν 21 1
.E .E 0
1 2
1 ν 21. ν 12 1 ν 21. ν 12

0 0 G 12
Compliance matrix for three dimensional orthotropic material per Equation (2.70) -
 1

1 ν 12 ν 13
0 0 0
E1 E1 E1

ν 21 1 ν 23
0 0 0
E2 E2 E2

ν 31 ν 32 1
0 0 0
E3 E3 E3
S
1
0 0 0 0 0
G 23

1
0 0 0 0 0
G 31

1
0 0 0 0 0
G 12
Matrix inversion yields -
1 ν 32. ν 23
C 11 .E
1
1 ν 32. ν 23 ν 21. ν 12 ν 21. ν 32. ν 13 ν 31. ν 12. ν 23 ν 31. ν 13
C 66 G 12
Proving Q11 ≠ C11 and Q66 = C66.

2.15
E 1 = 5.599 Msi E 2 = 1.199 Msi ν 12 = 0.2600
,
G 12 = 0.6006 Msi

2.16
σ1 1
9.019 10
σ2 = 5.098 MPa

τ 12 2.366

2.17
ε1
2.201
µin
ε2 = 3.799
in
γ 12 3.232

2.18
 1

29.06 40.40 19.50

Q = 40.40 122.26 61.21 GPa
19.50 61.21 41.71
2 2 3
6.383 10 2.319 10 4.195 10
1
S = 2.319 10
2
3.925 10
2
4.676 10
2
GPa
3 2 2
4.195 10 4.676 10 9.063 10

S S 22 S12 S 12 S22 S 11
2.19 11
S16 0 S26 0 S66 S 66
The values of c and s are interchanged for 0° and 90° laminas. The values of S11 and S22 are
interchanged also since the local axes for the 0° lamina are rotated 90°.

2.20

A)

εx
196.4
µm
εy = 126.0
m
γ xy 348.6

σ1 2
9.800 10
σ2 = 6.098 MPa
1
τ 12 6.340 10

ε1
7.36
µm
ε2 = 329.73
m
γ 12 113.40

c) Principal normal stresses produced by applied global stresses -

2
σx σy σx σy 2
σ max τ xy σ max = 6.162 MPa
2 2
 1

2
σx σy σx σy 2
σ min τ xy σ min = 0.1623 MPa
2 2
Orientation of maximum principal stress -

1. 2. τ xy .
θ pσ atan . 180 ° θ pσ = 35.78 °
2 σx σy π

Principal normal strains -

2 2
εx εy εx εy γ xy µm
ε max ε max = 339.0
2 2 2 m

2 2
εx εy εx εy γ xy µm
ε min ε min = 16.64
2 2 2 m
Orientation of maximum principal strain -

1. γ xy .
θ pε atan . 180 ° θ pε = 39.30 °
2 εx εy π

d) Maximum shear produced by applied global stresses -

2
σx σy 2
τ max τ xy τ max = 3.162 MPa
2
Orientation of maximum shear -

1. σx σy .
θ sτ atan . 180 ° θ sτ = 9.22 °
2 2. τ xy π

Maximum shear strain -

2 2
εx εy γ xy µm
γ max 2. γ max = 355.7
2 2 m
Orientation of maximum shear strain -

1. εx εy .
θ sγ atan . 180 ° θ sγ = 5.70 °
2 γ xy π
 1

2.21 θ = 34.98 °

2.22

E x = 2.272 Msi

ν xy = 0.3632
m x = 0.8530

E y = 3.696 Msi
m y = 9.538

G xy = 1.6 Msi

2.23
The maximum value of Gxy occurs at θ = 45°
G xy θ 3 = 26.54 GPa
The minimum value of Gxy occurs at θ = 0°
G xy θ 1 = 20.00 GPa
Displayed graphically -

28
Engineering Shear Modulus (GPa)

26

24

22

20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Ply Angle (°)

2.24 a) Graphite/Epoxy lamina

ε a = 11.60 %
b) Aluminum plate
 1

ε b = 0.36 %

2.25 Given
a) Elastic modulus in x direction per Equation (2.112) -
G 12 = 10.10 GPa
b) Elastic modulus -
E x = 13.4 GPa

2.26

E x ( 30. ° ) = 4.173 Msi

1 2. ν 12
b) Only can be determined, G 12 and ν 12 cannot be determined individually.
G 12 E1

2.27 Yes, for some values of θ, Ex < E2 if

E1
E 2< E 1 and G 12 <
E1
2. ν 12
E2

2.28 Yes, for some values of θ, Ex > E1 if

E1
G 12 >
2. 1 ν 12

2.29 Basing calculations on a Boron/Epoxy lamina

The value of νxy is maximum for a 26° lamina.
Displayed graphically –
 1

2.30 Given
Tabulation:
LWR ζ E1x (Msi)
2 1.504E-1 2.629
8 1.803E-2 2.275
16 4.724E-3 2.245
64 2.998E-4 2.235
Graph of ζ as a function of Length-to-Width ratio -

0.3

0.2
Zeta

0.1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Length-to-Width Ratio (L/W)

Graph of Engineering modulus for Finite LWR as a function of ζ -

 1

3.5

Young's modulus for Finite L/W (Msi)

2.5

Ex

2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Length-to-Width Ratio (L/W)

2.32
G 12 = 0.0488 GPa
b) From 35° ply data, one can find S11 and S12 for the lamina. However, for Equations (2.101a) and
(2.101b), there are four unknowns: S11, S12, S22, and S66. Therefore, one cannot find S66 nor, in turn,
the shear modulus, G12. Although the same is true in the case of the 45° ply, no manipulation of
Equations (2.101a) and (2.101b) will allow S66 to be expressed in terms of S11 and S12 for the 35° ply.

2.33 Elastic properties of Boron/Epoxy from Table 2.2 -

U 1 = 12.72 Msi

U 2 = 13.52 Msi

U 3 = 3.493 Msi

U 4 = 4.113 Msi
1 1
V 1 = 3.046 10
Msi
1 1
V 2 = 1.695 10
Msi
1 1
V 3 = 1.014 10
Msi
1 1
V 4 = 1.091 10
Msi
 1

2.35 Given
Failure Criterion Magnitude of Maximum Magnitude of Maximum Off-axis Shear
Positive Shear Stress Negative Shear Stress Strength
Maximum Stress 134 MPa 70.44 MPa 70.44 MPa
Maximum Strain: 134 MPa 68.99 MPa 68.99 MPa
Tsai-Hill: 62.24 MPa 62.24 MPa 62.24 MPa
Tsai-Wu (Mises- 139 MPa 59.66 MPa 59.66 MPa
Hencky criterion)

2.36 The maximum stress failure theory gives the mode of failure. The Tsai-Wu failure theory is a unified
theory and gives no indication of the failure mode.

2.37 The Tsai-Wu failure theory agrees closely with experimentally obtained results. The difference between
the maximum stress failure theory and experimental results are quite pronounced.

2.38 Given

Maximum Strain: σ Mε 249.9. MPa

Tsai-Wu (Mises-Hencky criterion): σ TWMH 259.9. MPa

The maximum biaxial stress that can be applied to a 60° lamina of Graphite/Epoxy is conservatively
estimated at -249.9 MPa.

2.40 Given the strength parameters for an isotropic material

2 2 2 2
σ1 σ2 6.25. τ 12 1. . σ 1. σ 2 < σ T

2.41 Given the strength parameters for a unidirectional Boron/Epoxy system -

2
Since H 12 < H 11. H 22 the stability criterion is satisfied.

2.42 The units for the coefficient of thermal expansion in the USCS system are in/in/°F. In the SI system the
units for the coefficient of thermal expansion are m/m/°C.

2.43
ε C1
0
µm
ε C2 = 1200
m
γ C12 0
 1

∆T 2_Offset = 54.30 °C

2.44
αx µin
10.403
in
αy = 6.653
°F
α xy 6.495

2.45 The units for the coefficient of moisture expansion in the USCS system are in/in/lbm/lbm. In the SI system
the units for the coefficient of moisture expansion are m/m/kg/kg.

2.46
βx m
0.4500
m
βy = 0.1500
kg
β xy 0.5196
kg