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A Few Examples of Limit Proofs: Scratch Work
A Few Examples of Limit Proofs: Scratch Work
SCRATCH WORK
First, we need to find a way of relating |x − 2| < δ and |(7x − 4) − 10| < ². We will use algebraic manipulation to get
this relationship. Remember that the whole point of this manipulation is to find a δ in terms of ² so that if |x − 2| < δ
is true for some x then it forces |(7x − 4) − 10| < ² to be true for that x.
So we will start with the ² term and manipulate it until we find the delta term in there.
So |(7x − 4) − 10| < ² ⇔ |7x − 4 − 10| < ² ⇔ |7x − 14| < ² ⇔ |7(x − 2)| < ² ⇔ |7| · |x − 2| < ² ⇔ 7|x − 2| < ²
²
Now 7|x − 2| < ² ⇔ |x − 2| < 7
Now with the above string of equivalences, we can see that if we let δ = 7² , then we have found a δ that will fulfill the
²
definition because if |x − 2| < δ then |x − 2| < 7 ⇔ 7|x − 2| < ² ⇔ |7x − 14| < ² ⇔ |7x − 4 − 10| < ² ⇔ |(7x − 4) − 10| < ²
²
So we have that for any ² given to us if we let δ = 7 and |x − 2| < δ then this will force |(7x − 4) − 10| < ² thus
showing that the definition is fulfilled. Now let’s write the proof.
PROOF
²
So if 0 < |x − 2| < δ then |x − 2| < 7 ⇒ 7|x − 2| < ² ⇒ |7x − 14| < ² ⇒ |7x − 4 − 10| < ² ⇒ |(7x − 4) − 10| < ²
By proving the limit, all we have really done is show that the definition is fulfilled.
Let’s do a few more. This time I will leave out a lot of the work shown above.
Prove lim (− 23 x + 4) = 0
x→6
SCRATCH WORK
Let’s start with the ² term and see if we can manipulate it down to be something related to the δ term.
3² 3²
Therefore if we let δ = 2 then if |x − 6| < δ then this forces |x − 6| < 2 ⇔ 23 |x − 6| < ² ⇔ | − 32 | · |x − 6| < ² ⇔
PROOF
3²
Let ² > 0 be given. Let δ = 2 .
3²
So if 0 < |x − 6| < δ then |x − 6| < 2 ⇒ 23 |x − 6| < ² ⇒ | − 32 ||x − 6| < ² ⇒ | − 32 (x − 6)| < ² ⇒ | − 23 x + 4| < ² ⇒
Make sure that you understand every implication (⇒) given in the above proof. Make sure you know why one
SCRATCH WORK
|(x2 − 3x + 1) − (−1)| < ² ⇔ |x2 − 3x + 1 + 1| < ² ⇔ |x2 − 3x + 2| < ² ⇔ |(x − 1)(x − 2)| < ² ⇔ |x − 1||x − 2| < ²
Now we run into a slight problem because we’ve got the δ term just like before but it’s not multiplied by a constant,
²
it’s multiplied by some function of x. The problem is that we can’t just divide by |x − 1| to get that |x − 2| < |x−1| =δ
because δ cannot be a function of x, only of ². So to fix this, we will restrict δ and by restricting δ we will actually be
Let’s choose some initial value to use as a restriction for δ. We will start with the value of 1. So let’s start by saying
δ < 1. If δ < 1 then |x − 2| < δ < 1 ⇒ |x − 2| < 1 ⇒ −1 < x − 2 < 1 ⇒ 1 < x < 3. Now with this domain of values for
x, what is the largest that |x − 1| can be? We get an upper bound of 2 meaning that |x − 1| < 2 if x is between 1 and 3.
So let’s look at where we left off with our ² term. We had gotten to |x − 1||x − 2| < ². Now with our restriction on
δ (i.e. δ < 1) this gives us a restriction on x (i.e. 1 < x < 3) which in turn gives us an upper bound for |x − 1| namely
|x − 1| < 2.
Therefore if 2|x − 2| < ² then |x − 1||x − 2| < ² because |x − 1||x − 2| < 2|x − 2| < ². So if we can get that 2|x − 2| < ²
²
then certainly |x − 1||x − 2| < ². So with 2|x − 2| < ² then |x − 2| < 2 which we will set δ equal to. So we will let δ = 2² .
PROOF
Consider that if 0 < |x − 2| < δ < 1 then −1 < x − 2 < 1 ⇒ 1 < x < 3 ⇒ |x − 1| < 2.
²
Now if 0 < |x − 2| < δ ⇒ |x − 2| < 2 ⇒ 2|x − 2| < ² ⇒ |x − 1||x − 2| < 2|x − 1| < ² (Make sure you know why this is
true.) ⇒ |x − 1||x − 2| < ² ⇒ |(x − 1)(x − 2)| < ² ⇒ |x2 − 3x + 2| < ² ⇒ |x2 − 3x + 1 + 1| < ² ⇒ |(x2 − 3x + 1) − (−1)| < ²
• 95% of the time, you should start with your ² term and algebraically manipulate it until you get something of the
• Once you find the function g(x) from the above hint, restrict δ (which forces a restriction on x) so that you can get
• Use this upper bound for |g(x)| to find δ. So if we algebraically get to |g(x)||x−c| < ² and |g(x)| < B for some number
B then if we can make B|x − c| < ² then this will force |g(x)||x − c| to be less than ² because |g(x)||x − c| < B|x − c| < ²
I’ve included a few more examples of some proofs. I haven’t put the scratch work in. Make sure that you can do the
PROOF
²
So 0 < |x−(−1)| < δ ⇒ |x+1| < 2 ⇒ 2|x+1| < ² ⇒ |2||x+1| < ² ⇒ |2(x+1)| < ² ⇒ |2x+2| < ² ⇒ |(2x+3)−1| < ².
PROOF
²
So 0 < |x − (−2)| < δ ⇒ |x + 2| < 3 ⇒ 3|x + 2| < ² ⇒ | − 3||x + 2| < ² ⇒ | − 3(x + 2)| < ² ⇒ | − 3x − 6| < ² ⇒
|(−3x + 1) − 7| < ².
PROOF
Consider that if 0 < |x − 4| < δ < 1 then −1 < x − 4 < 1 ⇒ 3 < x < 5 ⇒ |x + 1| < 6.
²
Now 0 < |x − 4| < δ ⇒ |x − 4| < 6 ⇒ 6|x − 4| < ² ⇒ |x + 1||x − 4| < 6|x − 4| < ² ⇒ |x + 1||x − 4| < ² ⇒
|(x + 1)(x − 4)| < ² ⇒ |x2 − 3x − 4| < ² ⇒ |x2 − 3x + 2 − 6| < ² ⇒ |(x2 − 3x + 2) − 6| < ²
Therefore we have shown that lim (x2 − 3x + 2) = 6. Done
x→4
4x
Prove lim = −4
x→2 x − 4
PROOF