Mechanics of Machines

ME2031
LAB INSTRUCTOR: AWAIS LIAQAT
To calculate the mechanical
advantage of Wheel and Axle and
Winch Crab
EXPERIMENT 08
CLO-3 P3-PLO-4 (INVESTIGATION)
Wheel and Axle
Introduction
Consist of rod attached to a wheel
Movements are coupled when of the part is turned
A larger disc and a smaller cylinder,
both joined at the centre. The larger
disc is called the wheel, and the
smaller cylindrical object or rod is
referred to as the axle.
Difference on basis of Applied Force:
Force Applied to Wheel(Force Multiplier)
The larger wheel is used to create more torque (in the axle) with less force
1. Screwdriver for instance. If you apply a force to the wheel (the handle), the
wheel spins and multiplies the effort to make the output force of the axle
(shaft) greater.
2. A simple door knob
Force Applied to Axle (Distance Multiplier )
When the axle is turned, the outside of the wheel turns at a greater linear speed
that is proportional to the ratio of the radii of the wheel and axle.
1. Windmill, If you apply a force to the axle, it will multiply the force to the
wheel (blades) and result in a greater distance covered. It is because the wheel
is larger than the axle and covers more area.
2. A ceiling fan works in a similar way. As the axle turns, it powers the larger
wheel (fan blades) to cause the desired output.
3. Automobiles. For example, when you turn the steering wheel of a car, your
effort is multiplied by the axle and results in more turns of the car wheels.
Mechanical Advantage (M.A)
The ratio of load applied on the machine to the effort applied for
carrying that load is known as Mechanical Advantage.
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡
A tangential force applied to the periphery of the large disk can exert
a larger force on a load attached to the axle, achieving Mechanical
Advantage.
Ideal Mechanical Advantage (no friction and the ratio
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 )
Actual mechanical Advantage (A.M.A. = R/E actual)
Velocity Ratio
𝑉. 𝑅 = 𝐷 𝑑=………………………………

Whee
l Drum
R1
R2

F1 F2
F1 F2

D= Diameter of the effort wheel = 150mm

d = Diameter of the load axle (drum)= 75mm
Winch Crab
Introduction
The winch Crab is the lifting machine in which Spur gears are
used for increasing Velocity ratio.
One set of spur gear -Single Purchase Winch Crab
Two set of spur gear - Double Purchase Winch Crab
When Handle is turned through one
turn the effort moves a distance= 2πR
Winch
A winch is a mechanical device that is used to pull in (wind up) or let out (wind
out) or otherwise adjust the "tension" of a rope or "wire cable".
Working
An indirect coupling would be to use a clutch or gear and the
intermediate of both components. Most systems are gear coupled
when the power source is not capable of producing adequate torque
The direct coupling system is mechanically better. It eliminates
gearing, reduces the number of bearings and simplifies the overall
design.
In a single purchase crab winch, a rope is fixed to the drum and is
wound a few turns round it. The free end of the rope carries the load
W. A large toothed wheel known as spur wheel is rigidly mounted on
the load drum. Another small toothed wheel, called pinion, is geared
with the spur wheel.
Applications
1. Sailboat
2. Winches are frequently used as elements of backstage mechanics
They are often embedded in the stage floor and used to move large
set pieces on and off.
3. Wakeboarding
4. Wake skating
5. Snowboarding
Technical Data
Comparison