Study

Guide

Mario Alberto Rivera Aguilar

IC-51V
 INDEX
Contents
Unit 1 ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
Verb to be: present simple ............................................................................................................. 6
Use of the simple present of to be ............................................................................................. 7
Examples........................................................................................................................................ 7
Possessive adjectives ....................................................................................................................... 7
Examples........................................................................................................................................ 8
Its vs. It's .......................................................................................................................................... 8
This, these, that, those ..................................................................................................................... 8
Why do we use this and these? ................................................................................................. 8
Why do we use that and those? ................................................................................................ 9
This, these, that, those with nouns .............................................................................................. 9
Unit 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 10
Present simple ................................................................................................................................. 10
Spelling: present simple verbs with he/she/it.......................................................................... 10
Examples...................................................................................................................................... 12
Wh- questions ................................................................................................................................. 13
Possessive’s ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Adjectives ....................................................................................................................................... 14
What Are Adjectives? ................................................................................................................ 14
Adjectives Modify Nouns........................................................................................................... 14
Functional Language .................................................................................................................... 14
Asking about people ................................................................................................................. 14
Describing people...................................................................................................................... 15
Unit 3 .................................................................................................................................................... 16
Prepositions of place ..................................................................................................................... 16
In front of ..................................................................................................................................... 16
Behind .......................................................................................................................................... 16
Between ...................................................................................................................................... 16

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 Across From / Opposite ............................................................................................................. 16
Next to / Beside .......................................................................................................................... 17
Near / Close to ........................................................................................................................... 17
On ................................................................................................................................................. 17
Above / Over .............................................................................................................................. 17
Under / Below ............................................................................................................................. 18
At .................................................................................................................................................. 18
In ................................................................................................................................................... 18
There is/there are ........................................................................................................................... 19
Positive Sentences...................................................................................................................... 20
Contractions ............................................................................................................................... 20
Negative Form ............................................................................................................................ 20
There aren't with ANY ................................................................................................................ 21
Questions ..................................................................................................................................... 21
How Many with Are There ......................................................................................................... 21
A, an, some & any ......................................................................................................................... 22
a/an ............................................................................................................................................. 22
Some ............................................................................................................................................ 22
Any ............................................................................................................................................... 22
Functional Language .................................................................................................................... 22
Questions you can ask about directions ................................................................................ 22
How to give directions to somebody else .............................................................................. 22
Unit 4 .................................................................................................................................................... 24
Prepositions of time: in, on, at ...................................................................................................... 24
AT .................................................................................................................................................. 24
ON ................................................................................................................................................ 24
IN ................................................................................................................................................... 24
Frequency adverbs & phrases ..................................................................................................... 25
Functional Language .................................................................................................................... 26
Telling the time ............................................................................................................................ 26
The date .......................................................................................................................................... 27
Abbreviated Dates .................................................................................................................... 27
Months ............................................................................................................................................. 28
Housework....................................................................................................................................... 28

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 In the kitchen .............................................................................................................................. 28
In the bedroom........................................................................................................................... 28
In the laundry room.................................................................................................................... 29
In the garden .............................................................................................................................. 29
Unit 5 .................................................................................................................................................... 30
Can/can’t ....................................................................................................................................... 30
Past simple was/were .................................................................................................................... 31
Examples...................................................................................................................................... 32
Past simple regular verbs .............................................................................................................. 32
Form.............................................................................................................................................. 32
Functional language ..................................................................................................................... 34
Asking for permission .................................................................................................................. 34
Responses .................................................................................................................................... 34
Word list ........................................................................................................................................... 34
Things to take on holiday .......................................................................................................... 34
The weather ................................................................................................................................ 34
Unit 6 .................................................................................................................................................... 35
Past simple irregular verbs ............................................................................................................ 35
Past time expressions & ago ......................................................................................................... 35
Adverbs of manner ........................................................................................................................ 36
Adverbs of manner and link verbs ........................................................................................... 36
Functional Language .................................................................................................................... 37
Talking about likes & dislikes...................................................................................................... 37
References.......................................................................................................................................... 38

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5
Unit 1

Verb to be: present simple

Affirmative

Full form Contraction

I am I’m fine.
from
He/She/It is He’s/She’s/It’s
Mexico
You/We/They are You’re/We’re/They’re

To make the verb to be negative, add not (or n’t) to the verb.

Negative

Full form Contraction

I am not from Spain. I’m not from Spain.

He/She/It is not a teacher. He/She/It isn’t a teacher.

You/We/They are not in class. You/We/They aren’t in class.

or
You’re/We’re/They’re not in class.

To make questions with the verb to be, put the verb before the subject.

verb subject

Are you married?

Question

Am I

Is he/she/it 30 years old?

Are you/we/they

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 Short answer

I am.

‘m not.

Yes, he/she/it is.

No, isn’t.

you/we/they are.

aren’t.

Use of the simple present of to be

The principal use of the simple present is to refer to an action or event that takes place
habitually, but with the verb "to be" the simple present tense also refers to a present or
general state, whether temporary, permanent or habitual.

 I am happy.
 She is helpful.

The verb to be in the simple present can be also used to refer to something that is true now.

 She is 20 years old.

 He is a student.

Examples
 Is Brad Pitt French?
 No, he isn't. He's American.
 What about Angelina Joli? Is she American, too?
 Yes, she is. She is American.
 Are brad Pitt and Angelina Joli French?
 No, They aren't. They are American.

Possessive adjectives

I my It’s my book

you your What’s your name?

he his It’s his mobile phone?

she her It’s her pen?

it its What’s its name?

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 we our It’s our class.

they their I am their teacher.

Possessive adjectives go before a noun.

The possessive adjective needs to agree with the possessor and not with the thing that is
possessed.

Examples
 My car is very old.
 Her boyfriend is very friendly.
 Our dog is black.
 Their homework is on the table.

Like all adjectives in English, they are always located directly in front of the noun they refer
to. (Possessive Adjective + Noun)

We do not include an S to the adjective when the noun is plural like in many other
languages.

 Our cars are expensive. (Correct)

 Ours cars are expensive. (Incorrect)

However, the verb that is used needs to agree with the noun - if the noun is singular then
the verb is singular; if the noun is plural then the verb is plural.

 My pen is black. (Singular)

My pens are black. (Plural)

 Our child is intelligent. (Singular)

Our children are intelligent. (Plural)

Its vs. It's

Be careful not to confuse its and it's.

Its = The possessive adjective for It.

It's = a contraction of it is.

This, these, that, those

Why do we use this and these?

We use this (singular) and these (plural) as pronouns:

- to talk about people or things near us:

This is a nice cup of tea.

Whose shoes are these?

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- to introduce people:

This is Janet.
These are my friends, John and Michael.

WARNING:
We don’t say These are John and Michael.
We say This is John and this is Michael.

- to introduce ourselves to begin a conversation on the phone:

Hello, this is David, Can I speak to Sally?

Why do we use that and those?

We use that (singular) and those (plural):

- to talk about things that are not near us:

What’s that?
This is our house, and that’s Rebecca’s house over there.
Those are very expensive shoes.

- We also use that to refer back to something someone said or did:

 - Shall we go to the cinema?

- Yes, that’s a good idea.

 - I’ve got a new job.

- That’s great.

 - I’m very tired.

- Why is that?

This, these, that, those with nouns

We also use this, these, that and those with nouns to show proximity

We use this and these for people or things near us:

 We have lived in this house for twenty years.

Have you read all of these books?

… and that and those for people or things that are not near us:

 Who lives in that house?

Who are those people?

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Unit 2

Present simple
Use the present simple to talk about things which are generally true.

The simple present expresses an action in the present taking place regularly, never or
several times. It is also used for actions that take place one after another and for actions
that are set by a timetable or schedule. The simple present also expresses facts in the
present.

Affirmative

I speak

He/She/It speaks English.

You/We/They speak

The form of the verb is the same except for he/she/it. For he/she/it, add -s.

Spelling: present simple verbs with he/she/it

For most verbs: add -s.

work – works eat – eats like – likes play – plays

For verbs ending in consonant + y: y -ies.

study – studies

For verbs ending in -ch, -sh, o: add -es.

do – does watch – watches

Note: have -has

Make the negative with don’t + infinitive or doesn’t (for he/she/it) + infinitive.

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 Subject auxiliary – not infinitive

I don’t live in Britain

She doesn’t have a boyfriend

Negative

I don’t

He/She/It doesn’t live in a house

You/We/They don’t

For questions, put do/does before the subject, and the infinitive after the subject.

auxiliary subject infinitive

Do you speak English?

You/We/They he listen to music?

Answer these questions with short answers.

Do you speak English? Yes, I do.

Does he have a big family? No, he doesn’t

Question

Do I Work?

Does he/she/it

Do you/we/they

Short answer

I do.

Yes, don’t.

No, he/she/it does.

doesn’t.

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 you/we/they do.

don’t.

Examples
For repeated or regular actions in the present time.
 I take the train to the office.
 The train to Berlin leaves every hour.
 John sleeps eight hours every night during the week.

For facts.
 The President of The USA lives in The White House.
 A dog has four legs.
 We come from Switzerland.

For habits.
 I get up early every day.
 Carol brushes her teeth twice a day.
 They travel to their country house every weekend.

For things that are always / generally true.

 It rains a lot in winter.
 The Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace.
 They speak English at work.

Examples of Negative Sentences with Don't and Doesn't

 You don't speak Arabic.
 John doesn't speak Italian.
 We don't have time for a rest.
 It doesn't move.
 They don't want to go to the party.
 She doesn't like fish.

Examples of Questions with Do and Does

 Do you need a dictionary?
 Does Mary need a dictionary?
 Do we have a meeting now?
 Does it rain a lot in winter?
 Do they want to go to the party?
 Does he like pizza?

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Wh- questions
What, where, when, who, why and how are question words.
Put them at the beginning of the question.

Question words Meaning Examples

who person Who's that? That's Nancy.
where place Where do you live? In Boston
reason Why do you sleep early? Because I've got to
why
get up early
when time When do you go to work? At 7:00
how manner How do you go? By car
what object, idea or action What do you do? I am an engineer
which choice Which one do you prefer? The red one.
whose possession Whose is this book? It's Alan's.
whom object of the verb Whom did you meet? I met the manager.
description What kind of music do you like? I like quiet
what kind
songs
what time time What time did you come home?
quantity (countable) How many students are there? There are
how many
twenty.
amount, price How much time have we got? Ten minutes
how much
(uncountable)
duration, length How long did you stay in that hotel? For two
how long
weeks.
frequency How often do you go to the gym? Twice a
how often
week.
how far distance How far is your school? It's one mile far.
how old age How old are you? I'm 16.
how come reason How come I didn't see you at the party?

Possessive’s
We use a noun with ’s with a singular noun to show possession:

We are having a party at John’s house.

Michael drove his friend’s car.

We use s’ with a plural noun ending in -s:

This is my parents’ house.

Those are ladies’ shoes.

But we use ’s with other plural nouns:

These are men’s shoes.

Children’s clothes are very expensive.

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We can use a possessive instead of a noun phrase to avoid repeating words:

Is that John’s car? No, it’s Mary’s [car] > No, it’s Mary’s.

Whose coat is this? It’s my wife’s [coat] > It’s my wife’s.

Adjectives

What Are Adjectives?

Adjectives are words that describe the qualities or states of being of nouns: enormous,
doglike, silly, yellow, fun, fast. They can also describe the quantity of nouns: many, few,
millions, eleven.

Adjectives Modify Nouns

Most students learn that adjectives are words that modify (describe) nouns. Adjectives do
not modify verbs or adverbs or other adjectives.

 Margot wore a beautiful hat to the pie-eating contest.

 Furry dogs may overheat in the summertime.
 My cake should have sixteen candles.
 The scariest villain of all time is Darth Vader.

In the sentences above, the adjectives are easy to spot because they come immediately
before the nouns they modify.

But adjectives can do more than just modify nouns. They can also act as a complement to
linking verbs or the verb to be. A linking verb is a verb like to feel, to seem, or to taste that
describes a state of being or a sensory experience.

 That cow sure is happy.

 It smells gross in the locker room.
 Driving is faster than walking.

The technical term for an adjective used this way is predicate adjective.

Functional Language

Asking about people

What does… look like?

How old is…?

tall is…?

What hair does… have?

colour eyes

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Describing people
He’s tall/young/handsome.

She has fair/dark/brown/black hair.

He has blue/green/brown eyes.

She has glasses.

She’s thirty years old.

(about)

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Unit 3

Prepositions of place

Prepositions of Place are used to show the position or location of one thing with another.

It answers the question "Where?"

Below we have some more examples of Prepositions of Place:

In front of
 A band plays their music in front of an audience.

 The teacher stands in front of the students.

 The man standing in the line in front of me smells bad.

 Teenagers normally squeeze their zits in front of a mirror.

Behind
Behind is the opposite of In front of. It means at the back (part) of something.

 When the teacher writes on the whiteboard, the students are behind him (or her).

 Who is that person behind the mask?

 I slowly down because there was a police car behind me.

Between
Between normally refers to something in the middle of two objects or things (or places).

 There are mountains between Chile and Argentina.

 The number 5 is between the number 4 and 6.

 There is a sea (The English Channel) between England and France.

Across From / Opposite

Across from and Opposite mean the same thing. It usually refers to something being in front
of something else BUT there is normally something between them like a street or table. It is
similar to saying that someone (or a place) is on the other side of something.

 I live across from a supermarket (= it is on the other side of the road)

 The chess players sat opposite each other before they began their game.
(= They are in front of each other and there is a table between them)

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Next to / Beside
Next to and Beside mean the same thing. It usually refers to a thing (or person) that is at the
side of another thing.

 At a wedding, the bride stands next to the groom.

 Guards stand next to the entrance of the bank.

 He walked beside me as we went down the street.

 In this part of town there isn't a footpath beside the road so you have to be careful.

Near / Close to
Near and Close to mean the same thing. It is similar to next to / beside but there is more of
a distance between the two things.

 The receptionist is near the front door.

 This building is near a subway station.

 We couldn't park the car close to the store.

 Our house is close to a supermarket.

On
On means that something is in a position that is physically touching, covering or attached
to something.

 The clock on the wall is slow.

 He put the food on the table.

 I can see a spider on the ceiling.

 We were told not to walk on the grass.

Above / Over
Above and Over have a similar meaning. The both mean "at a higher position than X"
but above normally refers to being directly (vertically) above you.

 Planes normally fly above the clouds.

 There is a ceiling above you.

 There is a halo over my head. ;)

 We put a sun umbrella over the table so we wouldn't get so hot.

 Our neighbors in the apartment above us are rally noisy.

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Over can also mean: physically covering the surface of something and is often used with
the word All as in All over.

 There water all over the floor.

 I accidentally spilled red wine all over the new carpet.

Over is often used as a Preposition of Movement too.

Under / Below
Under and Below have a similar meaning. They mean at a lower level. (Something is above
it).

 Your legs are under the table.

 Monsters live under your bed.

 A river flows under a bridge.

 How long can you stay under the water?

 Miners work below the surface of the Earth.

Sometimes we use the word underneath instead of under and beneath instead of below.
There is no difference in meaning those they are less common nowadays.

Under is often used as a Preposition of Movement too.

At
At tells us that the following noun is located at a specific point or location. It shows an exact
position.

 "She's waiting at the entrance."

 "He's sitting on his chair at his desk."
 "I work at a bank."

In
In tells us the noun is in an enclosed space (surround or closed off on all sides). Basically,
when something is inside something.

 In a box.
 In a room.
 In a country.

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There is/there are

Affirmative

is a tennis court
There
are three kitchens

Negative

Isn’t a restaurant
There
aren’t any public telephones

Question & short answer

Is a bathroom? Yes, there is.

No, there isn’t.
there
Are any offices? Yes, there are.
No, there aren’t.

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We use there is and there are to say that something exists.

Positive Sentences
We use there is for singular and there are for plural.

 There is one table in the classroom.

 There are three chairs in the classroom.

 There is a spider in the bath.

 There are many people at the bus stop.

We also use There is with uncountable nouns:

 There is milk in the fridge.

 There is some sugar on the table.

 There is ice cream on your shirt.

Contractions
The contraction of there is is there's.

 There's a good song on the radio.

 There's only one chocolate left in the box.

You cannot contract there are.

 There are nine cats on the roof.

 There are only five weeks until my birthday.

Negative Form
The negative is formed by putting not after is or are:

 There is not a horse in the field.

 There are not eight children in the school.

 There is not a tree in the garden.

 There are not two elephants in the zoo.

We almost always use contractions when speaking.

The Negative contractions are:

 There's not = There isn't

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  There are not = There aren't

There aren't with ANY

When we want to indicate that a zero quantity of something exists we use there aren't any.

 There aren't any people at the party.

 There aren't any trees in my street.

We also use this structure with uncountable nouns:

 There isn't any water in the swimming pool.

 There isn't any sugar in my coffee.

Questions
To form a question, we place is / are in front of there.

Again, we use any with plural questions or those which use uncountable nouns.

We also use there is / are in short answers.

 Is there a dog in the supermarket? - No, there isn't.

 Are there any dogs in the park? - Yes, there are.

 Is there a security guard in the shop? - Yes, there is.

 Are there any polar bears in Antarctica? - No, there aren't.

 Is there any ice-cream in the freezer? - Yes, there is.

How Many with Are There

If we want to find out the number of objects that exist we use How many in the following
form:

How many + plural noun + are there (+ complement).

 How many dogs are there in the park?

 How many students are there in your class?

 How many countries are there in South America?

 How many Star Wars films are there?

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A, an, some & any

a/an
Use a/an with single nouns.

 I have a desk in my room.

Some
Use some with plural nouns and affirmative sentences.

 There are some lamps here.

Any
Use any with plural nouns in questions and with plural nouns in negative sentences.

 Do you have any curtains?

 There aren’t any boys here.

Functional Language

Questions you can ask about directions

Can you please tell me how I can get to Oxford Street?

Where is the nearest supermarket?

How can I get to the local market?

I'm trying to get to Downing Street.

How do I get to the office?

What's the best way to get to your house next?

Where is Mc Donald’s can you tell me please?

How to give directions to somebody else

Go straight on till you see the hospital then turn left.

Turn back, you have gone past the turning.

Turn left when you see a roundabout.

Turn right at the end of the road and my house is number 67.

Cross the junction and keep going for about 1 mile.

Take the third road on the right and you will see the office on the right

Take the third road on the right and you will see the shop on the left

22
Take the second road on the left and you will see the house on the left

Take the second road on the left and you will see the hospital straight ahead

The hospital is opposite the railway station.

The shop is near the hospital.

The house is next to the local cricket ground.

The shop is in between the chemist and KFC.

At the end of the road you will see a roundabout.

At the corner of the road you will see red building.

Just around the corner is my house you will need to stop quickly or you will miss it.

Go straight on at the traffic lights.

turn right at the crossroads.

Follow the signposts for Manchester.

23
Unit 4

Prepositions of time: in, on, at

AT
We use AT with specific times (hour / minutes):

 I get up at 7 o'clock.

 My English class starts at 10am.

 She finishes work at 6.15

 I left the party at midnight.

Midnight (and midday) is a specific hour which is why we use AT.

12am = midnight
12pm = midday / noon

We use AT for a holiday period of two or more days:

 Do you normally get together with your relatives at Christmas?

 Did you eat a lot of chocolate at Easter?

ON
We use ON for specific days and dates:

 I will return it to you on Wednesday.

 They got married on Friday the 13th.

 We get paid on the 20th of every month.

 I drank too much milk on New Year's eve.

Remember that for dates, we use ordinal numbers.

E.g. the First of September (not the one of September)

IN
We use IN for specific months, years, seasons, centuries and lengths of time.

 My birthday is in January. (I don't mention the date, just the month)

 My grandmother was born in 1927.

 The river near my house is dry in Summer.

24
  The company was founded in the 19th century.

 We need to have this report ready in 15 minutes.

Compare:

The New Zealand National day is in February.

(I don't mention the day - only the month)

The New Zealand National day is on February 6th.

(I mention the day - the order is not important)

Frequency adverbs & phrases

Use frequency adverbs to say how often you do something.

How often do you do the housework?

I never do the housework.

Always often usually sometimes hardly ever/rarely never

Frequency adverbs go before the verb (except to be).

He never makes the bed.

Frequency adverbs go after the verb to be.

He’s always on the phone.

You can also use phrases like:

every day/month/year

once a week/moth/year

These phrases go at the beginning or end of a sentence.

I make the bed every morning.

Once a year, he washes the clothes.

25
Functional Language

Telling the time

Use It’s + time to say the time in English.

 It’s eight o’clock.

 It’s a quarter past five.
 It’s half past eleven.
 It’s ten to nine.

We can say the time in two ways:

 It’s twenty to six.

 It’s five forty.

We can also use about + time. We use about when we don’t know the exact time.

 It’s about half past three.

We can ask the time in two ways:

 What’s the time?

 What time is it?

26
The date
For British English, day followed by month followed by year, the 13th day of the month April,
year 2014, might be written in full (in order of complexity):

 13 April

 13 April 2014

 13th April 2014

 the 13th of April 2014

 the 13th of April 2014,

These are all possible, and a matter of choice. The more complicated the style of date, the
more formal it is.

In the later examples, the and of are optional, but if you do use them you must add
both the and of; it would be incorrect to say only 13th of April or the 13th April.

In British English, commas are not necessary (although can be used to separate month an
year, as a matter of style).

If you wish to add the name of the day, it should come before the date, and should either
be separated by a comma or joined by the and of.

 Sunday, 13 April 2014

 Sunday the 13th of April 2014

Abbreviated Dates
 13/04/14, 13.04.14, 13-04-14
 13/04/2014, 13.04.2014, 13-04-2014
 13Apr2014, 13-Apr-14

In some circumstances, you may find the year comes before the month, then the day (a
reverse of the standard British format). This is not common in English speaking countries,
except in some technical texts.

27
Months
Month In 3 Days in
Number Month letters Month
1 January Jan 31
28 (29 in
2 February Feb
leap years)
3 March Mar 31
4 April Apr 30
5 May May 31
6 June Jun 30
7 July Jul 31
8 August Aug 31
9 September Sep 30
10 October Oct 31
11 November Nov 30
12 December Dec 31

Housework

In the kitchen
 to clear the table
 to load dishes into the dishwasher
 to start the dishwasher
 to wipe the table
 to clean the stove
 to clean the sink
 to sweep the floor
 to wash the floor
 to empty the dishwasher
 to put dishes into cupboards

In the bedroom
 to tidy up the room
 to put away clean clothes
 to put dirty clothes in the linen basket
 to make the bed
 to beat the rug
 to vacuum the floor
 to dust furniture

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In the laundry room
 to sort colours and whites
 to put clothes in the washing machine
 to put clothes in the dryer
 to fold clothes
 to put away clothes

In the garden
 to water plants
 to rake leaves
 to mow the lawn
 to paint the fence

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Unit 5

Can/can’t
Can is a modal auxiliary verb. This means:

 It goes with the infinitive without to.

 It has the same form for all subjects.
 The negative is with not (n’t).
 To make a question, put can before the subject and the infinitive after the subject.

Affirmative

I
You
He/She/It can speak another language
We
They

Negative

I
You
He/She/It can’t speak another language
We
They

I can speak French.

Not I can to speak French.

I can’t understand.
Not I don’t can understand.

Question & short answer

I
you
Can he/she/it do that, please?
we
they

Yes, I can.
you
No, he/she/it can’t

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 we
they

Can you hear me?

Not Do you can hear me?

Can has different uses.

Use can to talk about ability.

I can speak English.

Use can to ask for permission.

Can I use your phone?

Past simple was/were

The past simple of to be is was/were.

I was in Canada.
We weren’t in a lovely hotel.

Affirmative & negative

I was
He/She/It wasn’t

You on holiday.
were
We
weren’t
They

Question

Was I
he/she/it In Toronto?
Were you/we/they

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 Short answer

I was.
he/she/it wasn’t.
Yes,
were.
No, you/we/they
weren’t.

Examples
“You were supposed to clean your room today.”

“He was supposed to clean his room today.”

“I was supposed to clean my room today.”

“They were supposed to clean their rooms today.”

“She wasn’t supposed to arrive so early.”

“The sheep were grazing in the field.” (many sheep)

“The early 1940s was a period of war. / The early 1940s were years of war.”

Past simple regular verbs

The past simple is the most common way of talking about past events or states which have
finished. It is often used with past time references (e.g. yesterday, two years ago).

A past event could be one thing that happened in the past, or a repeated thing.

 I stopped at a zebra crossing.

We carried on with the test.
We played tennis every day in August.

A state is a situation without an action happening.

 We stayed at my grandparents' house last summer.

Form
Regular past simple forms are formed by adding -ed to the infinitive of the verb.

start → started
kill → killed
jump → jumped

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There are some spelling rules. If a verb ends in -e, you add -d.

agree → agreed
like → liked
escape → escaped

If a verb ends in a vowel and a consonant, the consonant is usually doubled before -ed.

stop → stopped
plan → planned

If a verb ends in consonant and -y, you take off the y and add -ied.

try → tried
carry → carried

But if the word ends in a vowel and -y, you add -ed.

play → played
enjoy → enjoyed

For negatives, use the auxiliary did and did not (didn’t) and the infinitive.

Negative
I
You
He/She/It didn’t visit the museum.
We
They

For questions, use the auxiliary did. Put the auxiliary before the subject and the infinitive
after the subject.

Question
I
You
Did He/She/It remember the passports?
We
They

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Functional language

Asking for permission

 Can I + infinitive?
 Could I + infinitive?
 May I + infinitive?
 Is it OK if I + infinitive?
 Is it OK to + infinitive?

Responses
 Yes, of course.
 Go ahead.
 Sure.
 No, I’m sorry but…
 No, I’m afraid not.

Word list

Things to take on holiday

 passport and copy of it; email a copy of it to yourself
 visa document and copy of it; email a copy
of it to yourself
 insurance documents and copies of them;
email a copy of them to yourself
 driving license, code for hire car and a copy
of both; email a copy of both to yourself
 boarding pass
 train or bus ticket
 Oyster card or other travel card
 phone
 phone charger
 electronic plug converter

The weather
 Cloudy
 Cold
 Cool
 Rainy
 Snowy
 Sunny
 Warm
 Windy

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Unit 6

Past simple irregular verbs

Many common verbs are irregular in the past simple.

Eat – ate go – went make – made see – saw have – had

Affirmative

I
You
He/She/It went to the party.
We
They

The rules for the negative and question are the same as past simple regular verbs.

Past time expressions & ago

We all talk about actions that happened at a specific time in the past. To do so we end up
using Past Time Expressions. In this English lesson we will look at the most common past time
expressions that we use in our conversation.

Time Expressions usually go at the end or at the beginning of a sentence.

Below are the most common Past Time Expressions

Yesterday - Previous day / One day before today

I took an off yesterday

The day before yesterday - Two days before today

Jane delivered a baby the day before yesterday.

Last night - It is used when speaking about the previous night.

We had a blast last night

This morning - An earlier time on the same day.

I skipped my breakfast this morning.

One week ago - Talking about a specific period of time / x number of

days/weeks/months/years

I spoke to her 10 days ago.

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In 1990 - To talk about a specific point in the past.

I graduated in 2003.

Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of manner are usually formed from adjectives by adding –ly:
bad > badly; quiet > quietly; sudden > suddenly
but there are sometimes changes in spelling:
easy > easily; gentle > gently
If an adjective end in –ly we use the phrase in a …. way to express manner:
Silly > He behaved in a silly way.
Friendly > She spoke in a friendly way.
A few adverbs of manner have the same form as the adjective:
They all worked hard.
She usually arrives late.
I hate driving fast.
Note: hardly and lately have different meanings:
He could hardly walk = It was difficult for him to walk.
I haven’t seen John lately = I haven’t seen John recently.
We often use phrases with like as adverbials of manner:
She slept like a baby.
He ran like a rabbit.

Adverbs of manner and link verbs

We very often use adverbials with like after link verbs:
Her hands felt like ice.
It smells like fresh bread.
But we do not use other adverbials of manner after link verbs. We use adjectives instead:
They looked happily happy.
That bread smells deliciously delicious.

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Functional Language

Talking about likes & dislikes

I really like…

I love…

I think… is wonderful/great/excellent.

I like…

I think… is good.

I don’t mind…

It’s OK.

I don’t like…

I’m not crazy about…

I hate…

I can’t stand…

I think… is/are terrible/awful/horrible.

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References
https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-simple-present-be.php

http://www.grammar.cl/Notes/Possessive_Adjectives.htm

https://www.test-english.com/explanation/a1/this-that-these-those/

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/fr/english-grammar/that-these-and-those

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simple-present

http://www.grammar.cl/Present/Simple.htm

https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-wh-questions.php

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/es/english-grammar/possessives-nouns

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/adjective/

https://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/in-on-at-prepositions-place

http://www.grammar.cl/rules/prepositions-of-place.htm

http://www.grammar.cl/Present/ThereIsThereAre.htm

https://www.easypacelearning.com/all-lessons/learning-english-level-1/201-giving-and-
asking-directions-english-lesson

http://www.grammar.cl/Intermediate/Prepositions/At_On_In_Time.htm

https://english-primary-3rd-cycle.wikispaces.com/Telling+the+time

http://www.englishlessonsbrighton.co.uk/how-to-write-dates-british-american-english/

https://www.mathsisfun.com/measure/months.html

http://wasorwere.com/

http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar/beginner-grammar/past-simple-
regular-verbs

https://lingualeo.com/es/jungle/common-past-time-expressions-learn-english-
415598#/page/1

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/adverbs-manner

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