2 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

Section 2.1b Power System Faults

Section 2.1.6 Faults - Application

For the system of Figure 2.1.5, the prefault voltage on bus 3 is 1.05 pu.

(a) Calculate the sequence components of the Zbus matrix,

(b) Calculate the pu subtransient fault-current for a single-line-to-ground fault occurring on bus 3,
(c) Calculate the bus voltages for the above fault, and
(d) Calculate the contribution of system components to the fault current for the conditions in (c).

Fig. 2.1.5 Single line diagram of system

The line, transformer, and generator/motor data are entered into arrays. The columns of these arrays have
the following meaning.

Line Data

For the system above, we have

⎡ 1 1 2 0.04j 0.04j 0.07j ⎤
Line ≔ ⎢ 2 1 3 0.06j 0.06j 0.08j ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 2 3 0.06j 0.06j 0.08j ⎥⎦
Transformer Data

where Zn1 and Zn2 are, respectively, the primary and secondary ground impedances for Y-g sides.

ENTER a large value under columns 7 or 8 if there is no ground connection at the corresponding side.

ENTER the following number under column 9

1 for Y-ground/Y-ground
2 for Y-ground/Delta
3 for Delta/Y-ground
-2 for Y/
-3 for /Y
0 for all other configurations

For this example,

⎡ 1 4 1 0.4j 0.4j 0.4j 10 15 0 3 ⎤
⎢ 15 ⎥
Trans ≔ 2 5 2 0.4j 0.4j 0.4j 10 0 3
⎢ 15 15
⎥
⎣ 3 6 3 0.5j 0.5j 0.5j 10 10 −3 ⎦

Generator/Motor Data

ENTER a large value under column 6 if there is no connection to the ground.

For this example,

⎡ 1 4 0.3j 0.3j 0.6j 0.2j ⎤
Gen ≔ ⎢ 2 5 0.3j 0.3j 0.6j 0.2j ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 6 0.4j 0.4j 0.8j 0 ⎦⎥
SOLUTION

Start all arrays from 1.

ORIGIN ≡ 1

(a) Zbus matrix

The bus-impedance matrix of the system is calculated by inverting the bus-admittance matrix of each
sequence.

Define the number of system buses and the number of lines, transformers, and generators.

N_bus ≔ 6

N_line ≔ rows (Line)

N_trans ≔ rows (Trans)

N_gen ≔ rows (Gen)

Define arrays holding the configuration information of lines, transformers, and generators.
⟨2⟩
Il ≔ Re ⎛⎝Line ⎞⎠ line sending end
⟨3⟩
Jl ≔ Re ⎛⎝Line ⎞⎠ line receiving end
⟨2⟩
Ig ≔ Re ⎛⎝Gen ⎠⎞ generator terminal
⟨2⟩
It ≔ Re ⎛⎝Trans ⎞⎠ transformer primary

⟨3⟩
Jt ≔ Re ⎛⎝Trans ⎞⎠ transformer secondary

Calculate the contribution of generator impedance to bus shunt admittance and include it into the arrays,
Ysh1, Ysh2, Ysh0, for positive, negative, and zero sequence respectively.

i ≔ 1 ‥ N_bus

Ysh1 ≔ 0 Ysh2 ≔ 0 Ysh0 ≔ 0

i i i

k ≔ 1 ‥ N_gen

1 1
Ysh1 ≔ Ysh1 + ――― Ysh2 ≔ Ysh2 + ―――
Ig
k
Ig
k Gen Ig
k
Ig
k Gen
k,3 k,4

1
Ysh0 ≔ Ysh0 + ―――――
Ig
k
Ig
k Gen + Gen
k,5 k,6
Add to Ysh0 the transformer contribution for Yg/ and /Yg connections.

m ≔ 1 ‥ N_trans

⎛ 1 ⎞
Ysh0 ≔ if ⎜Trans ＝ 2 , ―――――――, 0⎟ + Ysh0
It
m
m,9 Trans + 3 ⋅ ⎛Trans ⎞ It
m
⎝ m,6 ⎝ m , 7⎠ ⎠

⎛ 1 ⎞
Ysh0 ≔ if ⎜Trans ＝ 3 , ――――――― , 0⎟ + Ysh0
Jt
m
m,9 Trans + 3 ⋅ Trans Jt
m
⎝ m,6 m,8 ⎠

Calculate the zero sequence series admittance of Y-g/Y-g transformers and store them in arrays Ys0.

⎛ 1 ⎞
Ys0 ≔ if ⎜Trans ＝ 1 , ――――――――――, 0⎟
m m,9 Trans + 3 ⋅ ⎛Trans + Trans ⎞
⎝ m,6 ⎝ m,7 m , 8⎠ ⎠

Build the bus-admittance matrix for each sequence, Yb1, Yb2, Yb0, from system configuration and data.

j ≔ 1 ‥ N_bus Yb1 ≔ 0 Yb2 ≔ 0 Yb0 ≔ 0

i,j i,j i,j

Add lines.
k ≔ 1 ‥ N_line

Add transformers.
m ≔ 1 ‥ N_trans

Positive:
1 1
Yb1 ≔ Yb1 + ――― Yb1 ≔ Yb1 + ―――
Il , Il
k k
Il , Il
k k Line It , It
m m
It , It
m m Trans
k,4 m,4

1 1
Yb1 ≔ Yb1 + ――― Yb1 ≔ Yb1 + ―――
Jl , Jl
k k
Jl , Jl
k k Line Jt , Jt
m m
Jt , Jt
m m Trans
k,4 m,4

1 1
Yb1 ≔ Yb1 − ――― Yb1 ≔ Yb1 − ―――
Il , Jl
k k
Il , Jl
k k Line It , Jt
m m
It , Jt
m m Trans
k,4 m,4

1 1
Yb1 ≔ Yb1 − ――― Yb1 ≔ Yb1 − ―――
Jl , Il
k k
Jl , Il
k k Line Jt , It
m m
Jt , It
m m Trans
k,4 m,4
Negative:

1 1
Yb2 ≔ Yb2 + ――― Yb2 ≔ Yb2 + ―――
Il , Il
k k
Il , Il
k k Line It , It
m m
It , It
m m Trans
k,5 m,5

1 1
Yb2 ≔ Yb2 + ――― Yb2 ≔ Yb2 + ―――
Jl , Jl
k k
Jl , Jl
k k Line Jt , Jt
m m
Jt , Jt
m m Trans
k,5 m,5

1 1
Yb2 ≔ Yb2 − ――― Yb2 ≔ Yb2 − ―――
Il , Jl
k k
Il , Jl
k k Line It , Jt
m m
It , Jt
m m Trans
k,5 m,5

1 1
Yb2 ≔ Yb2 − ――― Yb2 ≔ Yb2 − ―――
Jl , Il
k k
Jl , Il
k k Line Jt , It
m m
Jt , It
m m Trans
k,5 m,5

Zero:

1
Yb0 ≔ Yb0 + ――― Yb0 ≔ Yb0 + ⎛Ys0 ⎞
Il , Il
k k
Il , Il
k k Line It , It
m m
It , It
m m
⎝ m⎠
k,6

1
Yb0 ≔ Yb0 + ――― Yb0 ≔ Yb0 + ⎛Ys0 ⎞
Jl , Jl
k k
Jl , Jl
k k Line Jt , Jt
m m
Jt , Jt
m m
⎝ m⎠
k,6

1
Yb0 ≔ Yb0 − ――― Yb0 ≔ Yb0 − ⎛Ys0 ⎞
Il , Jl
k k
Il , Jl
k k Line It , Jt
m m
It , Jt
m m
⎝ m⎠
k,6

1
Yb0 ≔ Yb0 − ――― Yb0 ≔ Yb0 − ⎛Ys0 ⎞
Jl , Il
k k
Jl , Il
k k Line Jt , It
m m
Jt , It
m m
⎝ m⎠
k,6
Add the Ysh arrays to the diagonal of Yb for each sequence.

Yb1 ≔ Yb1 + Ysh1

i,i i,i i

Yb2 ≔ Yb2 + Ysh2

i,i i,i i

Yb0 ≔ Yb0 + Ysh0

i,i i,i i

Find the bus-impedance matrix by inverting the sequential Yb matrices.

−1 −1 −1
Zbus1 ≔ Yb1 Zbus2 ≔ Yb2 Zbus0 ≔ Yb0

(b) Fault Current

The fault current is calculated using the sequence The venin impedance from the bus-impedance matrix.
k≔3 bus location of fault

Zf ≔ 0.0 fault impedance

VF ≔ 1.05 pre-fault voltage on bus 3

Define the transformation matrix T with a1 and a2 defined as

π
2j ⋅ ― ⎡1 1 1 ⎤
3 2
a1 ≔ e a2 ≔ a1 T ≔ ⎢ 1 a2 a1 ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 a1 a2 ⎦⎥
For a single-line-to-ground fault, define
VF
I ≔ ――――――――――
Zbus1 + Zbus2 + Zbus0 + 3 ⋅ Zf
k,k k,k k,k

In this case, all three currents, the zero sequence fault current, the positive sequence fault current, and the
negative sequence fault current, are equal to I. Therefore, the sequence fault current is
⎡I⎤
If ≔ ⎢ I ⎥
⎢⎣ I ⎥⎦

The abc fault current is

Iabc ≔ T ⋅ If

For the other fault types, the user may activate these equations Activating
by first dragging the expressions and all defined variables to the Equations
Worksheet window.
Three phase fault

I0 ≔ 0 zero sequence fault current

VF
I1 ≔ ―――― positive sequence fault current
Zf + Zbus1
k,k

I2 ≔ 0 negative sequence fault current

The sequence fault current is

⎡ I0 ⎤
If ≔ ⎢ I1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ I2 ⎦

Double Line

Define
VF
I ≔ ――――――
Zbus1 + Zbus2 + Zf
k,k k,k

⎡ 0 ⎤
If ≔ ⎢ I ⎥
⎢⎣ −I ⎥⎦

Double-Line-to-Ground

Define
Zbus0 + 3 ⋅ Zf
k,k
Zeq ≔ ―――――――
Zbus2 + Zbus0 + 3 ⋅ Zf
k,k k,k

VF
I ≔ ―――――――
Zbus1 + Zbus2 ⋅ Zeq
k,k k,k

The sequence fault current is

⎡ ⎛ Zbus2 ⎞⎤
k,k
⎢ −I ⋅ ⎜――――――― ⎟⎥
⎢ ⎜ Zbus2 + Zbus0 + 3 ⋅ Zf ⎟ ⎥
⎝ k,k k,k ⎠⎥
⎢
If ≔ ⎢ I ⎥
⎣ −I ⋅ Zeq ⎦
(c) Bus Voltage

The bus voltage for each sequence is calculated using Equations (2.1.8).

For the case of single-line-to-ground fault, we solve as follows.

Calculate the sequential bus voltages.

i ≔ 1 ‥ N_bus

V0 ≔ −Zbus0 ⋅ If zero sequence

i i,k 1

V1 ≔ VF − Zbus1 ⋅ If positive sequence

i i,k 2

V2 ≔ −Zbus2 ⋅ If negative sequence

i i,k 3

The positive and negative sequence voltages of the primary buses of Y/D and D/Y transformers must be
phase-shifted. Define phase-shift angle from Y to D.

phYD ≔ −1j for 90 degree Activating

Equations

π
−1j ⋅ ―
6
phYD ≔ e
for 30 degree

f1 ≔ 1 f2 ≔ 1
i i

m ≔ 1 ‥ N_trans

f1 ≔ if ⎛|Trans | ＝ 2 , phYD , f1 ⎞ for Y/D

It
m ⎝| m , 9| It
m⎠

f2 ≔ if ⎛|Trans | ＝ 2 , −phYD , f2 ⎞
It
m ⎝| m , 9| It
m⎠

f1 ≔ if ⎛|Trans | ＝ 3 , −phYD , f1 ⎞
It
m ⎝| m , 9| It
m⎠ for D/Y

f2 ≔ if ⎛|Trans | ＝ 3 , phYD , f2 ⎞
It
m ⎝| m , 9| It
m⎠
The abc components of the bus voltages are
⎡ Va ⎤ ⎡ V0 ⎤
i i
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ Vbi ⎥ ≔ T ⋅ ⎢ V1i ⋅ f1i ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ Vci ⎥ V2 ⋅ f2
⎣ ⎦ ⎢
⎣ i i ⎥⎦

⎡ 0.985 ⎤ ⎡ −0.071 − 0.072i ⎤ ⎡ −0.071 + 0.072i ⎤

⎢ 0.985 ⎥ ⎢ −0.071 − 0.072i ⎥ ⎢ −0.071 + 0.072i ⎥
⎢ 1.012 ⎥ ⎢ −16 ⎥ ⎢ −16 ⎥
Va = ⎢ Vb = ⎢ 1.11i ⋅ 10 ⎥ Vc = ⎢ 1.11i ⋅ 10 ⎥
i −0.55 + 0.318i ⎥ i 0.666 + 0.517i i −0.115 − 0.835i
⎢ −0.55 + 0.318i ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
0.666 + 0.517i ⎢ −0.115 − 0.835i ⎥
⎢⎣ −0.505 + 0.292i ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0.635 + 0.517i ⎦ ⎣ −0.13 − 0.808i ⎦

(d) Component Currents

The procedure for calculating the current contribution of the components is as follows.

(d1) Transmission lines

For line #2,

m≔2 line number

Define sequential impedances.

X0 ≔ Line X1 ≔ Line X2 ≔ Line
m,6 m,4 m,5

Calculate sequence current.

V0 − V0 V1 − V1 V2 − V2
Il Jl Il Jl Il Jl
m m m m m m
I0 ≔ ―――― I1 ≔ ―――― I2 ≔ ――――
X0 X1 X2

Calculate abc current.

⎡ I0 ⎤ ⎡ 0.209i ⎤
Iline ≔ T ⋅ ⎢ I1 ⎥ Iline = −1.196 + 0.95i ⎥
⎢
⎢⎣ I2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1.196 + 0.95i ⎥⎦
(d2) Generators

For generator #1,

m≔1

Define the sequence impedance of the generator.

X0 ≔ Gen + (3 ⋅ Gen)
m,5 m,6

X1 ≔ Gen X2 ≔ Gen
m,3 m,4

Calculate sequence current.

V0 V2
Ig Ig
m m
I0 ≔ −―― I2 ≔ −f2 ⋅ ――
X0 Ig
m X2

V1 − (VF)
Ig
m
I1 ≔ −f1 ⋅ ――――
Ig
m X1

Calculate abc current.

⎡ I0 ⎤ ⎡ 0.691 + 1.196i ⎤
Igen ≔ T ⋅ ⎢ I1 ⎥ Igen = ⎢ 0.025 − 0.812i ⎥
⎢⎣ I2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −0.716 − 0.384i ⎥⎦

(d3) Transformers

The primary side current for transformer #2 is calculated as follows.

m≔2
Define the positive, negative, and zero sequence impedances.
X1 ≔ Trans X2 ≔ Trans
m,4 m,5

⎛ 1 ⎞
X0 ≔ if ⎜|Yb0 | ＝ 0 , 10 15 , −―――
| It , Jt Yb0 ⎟
m m|
⎜⎝ It , Jt ⎟
m m⎠

The sequence currents are

V0 − V0 V1 − V1 V2 − V2
It Jt It Jt It Jt
m m m m m m
I0 ≔ ―――― I1 ≔ f1 ⋅ ―――― I2 ≔ f2 ⋅ ――――
X0 It
m X1 It
m X2
The abc currents of the transformer primary are

⎡ I0 ⎤ ⎡ 0.691 + 1.196i ⎤
Iptrans ≔ T ⋅ ⎢ I1 ⎥ Iptrans = ⎢ 0.025 − 0.812i ⎥
⎢⎣ I2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −0.716 − 0.384i ⎥⎦

The secondary currents can be obtained if the phase-shift is omitted.

V0 − V0 V1 − V1 V2 − V2
It Jt It Jt It Jt
m m m m m m
I0 ≔ ―――― I1 ≔ ―――― I2 ≔ ――――
X0 X1 X2

The abc currents of the transformer secondary are

⎡ I0 ⎤ ⎡ −2.811 ⋅ 10 −16 − 0.494i ⎤

Istrans ≔ T ⋅ ⎢ I1 ⎥ Istrans = ⎢ −1.196 + 0.247i ⎥
⎢⎣ I2 ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1.196 + 0.247i ⎦