Soil remediation

Risk assessment and risk

reduction of chemicals
in the environment
II
Gruiz Katalin
 Tools of environmental management

ECONOMICS Environmental politics POLITICS

LOW Risk management MONITORING

RISK ASSESSMENT RISK REDUCTION

1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 1. PREVENTION

2. RISK ASSESSMENT 2 . RESTRICTION
Generic / site specific 3. REMEDIATION
Qualitative/ Quantitative Physico-chemical technologies
Ecological / Human health Bioremediation
Ecotechnologies
Microbes on the surface of soil particles

bacterial cells

filamentous fun

protozoon
 Quantitative environmental risk assessment of
substances in soil
Characteristics of the risk assessment procedure:
 gradual procedure (cost effective),
 iterative
 it uses worth case estimation (pessimistic model)
 it works also in case of lack of data (exclusion)

PEC PNEC

No further testing
PEC/PNEC > 1 no
no risk reduction is
necessary
yes
Could further
no RISK
testing or plus data decrease
PEC/PNEC? REDUCTION!

yes

no No further
PEC/PNEC > 1
steps are needed

yes

PEC = Predicted Environmnetal Concentration PNEC: Predicted No Effect (on the ecosystem)Concentration
 Integrated risk model of a contaminated site

Transport
model Chemical
Source
pollutant

Ground- Surface
Soil Sediment Air
water water
Environmental
compartment

Human Ecosystem
Decomposers
Producers

Consumers
Exposure
model Land use
 Remediation by mobilisation of the contaminant
Chemical Contaminated soil air Contaminated ground Contaminated solid phase
characteristics water
of the
contaminant
Volatile Based on biodegradation Based on biodegradation Based on biodegradation
Soil gas extraction and Stripping Soil vapour extraction and
ex situ treatment ex situ treatment

Water soluble Based on biodegradation Ground water pump and
Soil vapour extraction treat, or in situ treatment
and ex situ treatment Based on biodegradation
Based on chemical
reactions
Fitoremediation
Active subsurface walls
Electrokinetic remediation
Based on biodegradation
Bioleaching
Soil washing
Thermal desorption
In situ chemical oxidation
Electrokinetic remediation

Sorbable Based on biodegradation Based on Biodegradation Based on biodegradation

Soil vapour extraction Ground water pump end Bioleaching
and ex situ treatment treat Fitoremediation
Chemical extraction
Grain size fractionation
Thermal desorption
Thermal oxidation
Pirolyzis
Vitrification
 Remediation by immobilisation of the contaminant
Chemical Contaminated soil air Contaminated ground Contaminated solid phase
characteristics of water
the contaminant

Volatile Isolation Biological immobilisation Gas-adsorption on solid

Chemical Chemical immobilisation phase
immobilisation Chemical immobilisation

Water soluble Isolation Biological immobilisation Biological immobilisation

Physico-chemical Rhizofiltration Phytostabilisation
immobilisation Increasing sorption Increasing sorption
(precipitation, Precipitation, decreasing Chemical oxidation /
increasing sorption) solubility reduction
Chemical oxidation / Physico-chemical
reduction stabilisation

Sorbable Biological immobilisation Biological immobilisation

Rysofiltration Phytostabilisation
Increasing sorption Increasing sorption
Precipitataion, Chemical oxidation /
decreasing solubility reduction
Chemical oxidation /
reduction Physico-chemical stab.
Vitrification: Ceramic
production
 Bioremediation
I. Based on biodegradation
The biodegradation of the contamainants in the soil or in the ground water
is ensured by the genetical and biochemical potential of the soil microbes.
The pollutants get into the element cycle on the same pathway as the
natural organic matter.
Type of biodegradation: Associated with energy production
By co-metabolism ( no energz is produced)
Depending on redox-potential: aerobic / facultative anaerobic / anaerobic
Complete mineralisation or partial degradation followed by humus-
production.
II. Based on microbial stabilisation: irreversible incorporation of organic
compounds into the humus or into inorganic compounds (metal-sulphides)
II. Bioleaching: leaching from soil as a result of microbial activity: metal
extraction
 Natural tensides

oil microdrops

mycel

producing mycel utilising

bacterial cell cell
 Phytoremediation

Phytoextraction
From soil: by hyperaccumulating plants, in their stem ot leaves, high yield
of biomass, burning, ash treatment, recycling in some cases
From ground water: by the rhysosphere of plants like wilow or reed
From surface water: rhysofiltration, living machines
Phytostabilisation
Growing resistant species: physical stabilisation by plants
A combination of chemical and phytostabilisation
Phytovolatilisation
Phytodegradation
Rhyzofiltration
Living machines
 In situ bioventillation
air

ventilator
C6 C5 C4 0

Air exhaust wells (B)

B3 B2 B1
1

Soil air cleaning after

exhaust 2

5
Talajlevegő
Áramlási iránya

Atmospheric air inlet C)

C2 C1
C3
 Off-gas
Hot air
injection ( Burner
250o-1200oF) 1500oF
Incinerator
Soil air

Soil air
collector
T= 72o F
psig = 0

Contaminated zone

Hot air injection

T = 250o- 1200oF psig= 5-22

Water table
Solid phase biological treatment in reactor
Two-zones biological tretament : 1. Anaerobic, 2. aerobic
Anaerob biological soil treatment in slurry phase
 Soil vapour extraction
Folyékony
szénhidrogén

Oil/water separator Container Oil recycling

Vwater

Treated water
wwtp
CH vapour

Vapour treatment Treated air

Condenser

Compressor

CH vapour Water input

Boyler
Gas
& water vapour

Production
Vapo
well: vapor
and liquid Hydrocarbon Steam Gőz Contaminated soil
Liquid injektáló kút
Steam with hydrocarbons (CH)
Pump water
Thermal desorption
Nutrients
Air

BIOREACTOR

X X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X X

Injection well
Extraction well

In situ Biological treatment

 AIR STRIPPING

Devaporizer

Diffuser

Cleaning door

Pump Aerating tower

Cleaning door

Compressor
Water
 In situ air stripping in special well
Air inflow
Vacuum pump CH vapour treatment
Soil
surface

Transport
Air injection Clean media
Contaminated with CH
Vapour exhaust
Upper recycler

Additives
Groundwater level
Groundwater level

Átlevegőztetett
talajvíz Groundwater
recycling
Contaminated
groundwater Contaminated
inlet groundwater
 Possible in situ operations in soil

Mixing tank
Nutrient addition Water treatment

Trenches
Air
extraction
Air injection or infiltration
inlet Air flow

Contaminated vadouse zone

Water
extraction
Water
injection

Contaminated
Air into groundwater Groundwater flow saturated soil zone
 Injection well

Desiccation
Extraction well
tartály

Monitoring well

Groundwater level Contaminated soil

Low permeability layer

In situ biodegradation with ex situ water treatment

 In situ soil heating with radiofrequency

On site vapor
recovery and
treatment

Vapor containment cover

Contaminated soil

Saturated zone
Guard
Electrodes
Excitor
Electrodes
 Contaminat Oil Oil
ed soil

Oily
water
Treated soil
Washer Filters, separators,
Oil/water separator
(with heat and jet) reactors
35 tons/hour Treated
water

Recycled water

Degrader Air
Air
Cleaner Water

Soil washing
 G

Complex physical soil treatment

 Stabilizing mix

Chemical addtives
Water

Waste/ In situ mixing container Product

contaminated soil

Dechlorination with stabilisation

In situ solidification
 Visszanyert
Oldószeres Szerves anyag
szerves
visszanyerés visszanyerés
anyag

Feladott anyag Levegő

Extrakciós
előkészítése visszanyerés
rendszer

Kezelt
szűrési
Visszanyert víz Szűrőrendszer maradék
elvezetés

Oldószeres extrakció
Thermal desorption
Electrokinetic remediation