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3.4 Lifting Points

The effect of lifting points on deck design is considerable. For example the local forces that act on the lifting points (Figure 5) have to be
transmitted safely through to the deck structure.

There are two types of lifting points, trunnions and padeye, Figure 6.

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Trunnions, though favourable from other points of view, see Section 4, can generate considerable offset of the sling force with respect to the
topdeck system points. Significant bending is generated which is transferred to the topdeck girders to the extent that they contribute to joint
stiffness. It is most efficient to leave these bending moments in the column, by providing stiff columns.

Padeyes generally provide a good opportunity to minimize or eliminate offset, as far as they can be situated on top of the column. The
requirement of recessed padeyes (recessed padeyes are those which are positioned between the top and bottom flange elevation) or the
presence of other structures on the top deck can lead to very eccentric positioning and resulting heavy moments. For this reason the lifting
concept must be developed in the concept phase of the structural development.

API-RP2A [1] requires larger load factors to be used for members direct-loaded by padeyes or trunnions.

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Special provisions are necessary for lifting the modules; padeyes or trunnions, for example, can be provided for this purpose,
as shown in Figure 12; nowadays these devices are sometimes made of cast steel. It is important that these lifting devices are
designed in such a way that they can be connected to the deck structure at a later stage when the precise location of the
centre of gravity of the module, and the lifting method, are known.

Strength of padeyes is often assessed by means of "Lloyds" formulae, which are presented in the SWL (safe working load)
format.

The SWL is the least of the following values of Ni:

N1 = 0,60 (a tL + 2 b tE) fy

N2 = 1,08 (c tL + (D - d) tE) fy

N3 = 0,87 d (tL + 2 tE) fy

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where the following limitations apply:

l 1,0 ≤ ≤ 8,0

l and if ≤ 1,0

then put tL + 2 tE = d in the above formulae.

l tE not to exceed tL/2

l dHOLE/dPIN ≤ 1,05

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