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If a structure is to be safely
designed, members must be
proportioned such that the
maximum force produced by dead
and live loads is less than the
available section capacity.
Figure 1. Bridge Truss Structure
Subjected to a Variable Structural analysis for variable
Position Load loads consists of two steps:
1.Determining the positions of
Therefore, the truss analysis the loads at which the
for each member would response function
f ti isi
involve determining the load maximum; and
position that causes the 2.Computing the maximum
greatest force or stress in value of the response function.
each member. 3 4
1
Influence Line Once an influence line is
Definitions constructed:
• Determine where to place live
Response Function ≡ support
load on a structure to maximize
reaction, axial force, shear force, or
the drawn response function;
bending moment.
and
Influence Line ≡ graph of a
• Evaluate the maximum
response function of a structure as
magnitude of the response
a function of the position of a
function based on the loading.
downward unit load moving across
the structure.
structure
NOTE: Influence lines for
statically determinate structures
are always piecewise linear.
5 6
1
Calculating Response x
MB
Functions a
0<x<a
(Equilibrium Method) VB
Ay
∑ Fy = 0 ⇒ V B = A y − 1
∑ Ma = 0 ⇒ M B = A y a −1(a − x)
1 ILD for Ay MB
a
VB a<x<L
Ay
0 L
ILD for Cy 1
∑ Fy = 0 ⇒ V B = A y
0 L
7
∑ Ma = 0 ⇒ M B = A y a 8
2
1 – a/L
VB Beam Example 1
0
a L
ILD for VB
-a/L
/L
MB a (1 – a/L)
9 10
Beam Example 2
Frame Example
BD: Link
Member
3
CAUTION: Principle is only valid
Muller-Breslau for force response functions.
Principle
Releases:
Muller-Breslau Principle ≡ The
Support reaction - remove
influence line for a response
translational support restraint
restraint.
function is given by the deflected
shape of the released structure Internal shear - introduce an
due to a unit displacement (or internal glide support to allow
rotation) at the location and in the differential displacement
direction of the response movement.
function.
Bending moment - introduce an
A released structure is obtained internal hinge to allow differential
by removing the displacement rotation movement.
constraint corresponding to the
response function of interest from
the original structure. 13 14
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
15 16
4
Application of Muller-
Breslau Principle
17 18
y = (L – x) (a/L)
θ1 + θ2 = 1
19 20
5
Qualitative Influence NOTE: An advantage of
Lines constructing influence lines using
the Muller-Breslau Principle is
that the response function of
In many practical applications, it is interest can be determined
necessary to determine only the directly. It does not require
general shape of the influence determining the influence lines
lines but not the numerical values for other functions, as was the
of the ordinates. Such an case with the equilibrium
influence line diagram is known as method.
a qualitative influence line dia-
gram
gram.
An influence line diagram with
numerical values of its ordinates is
known as a quantitative influ-
ence line diagram. 21 22
6
These load paths to the truss joints Due to the load transfer
provide a reasonable assurance process in truss systems, no
that the primary resistance in the discontinuity will exist in the
truss members is in the form of member force influence line
axial force. Consequently, diagrams. Furthermore, since
influence lines for axial member we are restricting our attention to
forces are developed by placing a statically determinate struc-
unit load on the truss and making tures, the influence line
judicious use of free body diagrams will be piecewise
diagrams and the equations of linear.
statics.
25 26
27 28
7
1. The value of a response
P function due to any single
A B C D concentrated load can be
obtained by multiplying the
x magnitude of the load by the
ordinate of the response
yB function influence line at the
position of the load.
D
A B C
2. Maximum positive value of
the response function is
ILD for MB
-yD obtained by multiplying the
point load by the maximum
positive ordinate. Similarly, the
+
(M B ) max ⇒ place P at B maximum negative value is
obtained by multiplying the
−
(M B ) max ⇒ place P at D point load by the maximum
29
negative ordinate. 30
8
in which the last integral expres-
sion represents the area under the 2. To determine the maximum
segment of the influence line, positive (or negative) value of a
which corresponds to the loaded response function due to a
portion of the beam. uniformly
u o yd distributed
st buted live
e load,
oad,
the load must be placed over
SUMMARY those portions of the structure
where the ordinates of the
1. The value of a response response function influence line
function due to a uniformly are positive (or negative).
distributed load applied over a
portion of the structure can be
obtained by multiplying the load Points 1 and 2 are schematically
intensity by the net area under demonstrated on the next slide for
the corresponding portion of the moment MB considered in the point
response function influence 33 load case.
34
line.
35 36
9
Where should a CLL
(Concentrated Live Load), a ULL
(Uniform Live Load) and UDL
(Uniform Dead Load) be placed Typical Interior
on the typical ILD’s shown below Beam Shear ILD
to maximize the response
functions?
Typical Interior
Bending Moment ILD
loads.
10
where x i is the distance to point i For example,
xi consider the ILD
measured from the zero y-axis shown on the next slide
intercept, as shown in the subjected to the given wheel
schematic ILD below. loading:
m
L dP
Load Position
ii 1 1:
1
yb
ya
VB1 = 8( 1 20) + 10( 1 16) + 15( 1 13) +5( 1 8)
30 30 30 30
x
= ( )(8(20) + 10(16) + 15(13) + 5(8))
1
a 30
b = m∑Pi xi = 18.5k
18 5k
i
ya y b
= ⇒ similar triangles
a b
y y
∴ ya = b a ; m = b 41 42
b b
2/3
10 ft.
20 ft
ft.
-1/3 Position 1
Position 2
Wheel Loads
43 44
11
Load Position 2:
influence line ordinate before the
VB2 = 1 (−8(6) + 10(20) + 15(17) + 5(12)) lighter loads in the series. In such
30
= 15.6k a case, it may not be necessary to
examine all the loading positions.
Thus,, load position
p 1 results in the Instead the analysis can be
Instead,
maximum shear at point B. ended when the value of the
response function begins to
NOTE: If the arrangement of decrease; i.e., when the value of
loads is such that all or most of the the response function is less than
heavier loads are located near one the preceding load position. This
of the ends of the series, then the process is known as the
p
analysis can be expedited by “Increase-Decrease Method”.
selecting a direction of movement
for the series so that the heavier
loads will reach the maximum
45 46
47 48
12
b −b Example Truss Problem:
x + = −b+ ; m+ = − + Application of Loads to
m+ L
Maximize Response
b −b
x − = −b− ; m− = + −
m− L
ML
49 CM 50
51 52
13
For a single concentrated For a uniformly distributed
force for a simply sup- load on for a simply sup-
ported beam: ported beam:
((V))+max =
wl
⎛ a⎞
(V) +max = P ⎜1− ⎟ ( L − a )2
2L
⎝ L⎠
wl a2
(V)−max = − P
a (V)−max = −
L 2L
⎛ a⎞ wl a
M max = P a ⎜1− ⎟ ma =
M max (L −a )
⎝ L⎠ 2
55 56
14