Professional Documents
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Quality of Air
• The air habitat room should never contain
more than 0.06 % of CO2, this can be
achieved by proper ventilation
Functional Requirement of Ventilation
Effective Temperature
• The general temperature difference between
inside & outside is kept not more than 8 0C.
• The effective temperature, affects the human
body, is an index, which combines into a single
value, the effect of air movement, humidity and
temperature. This is a temperature at which a
person will experience sensation of some degree
of cold or warmth as in quite air fully saturated.
The common value of effective temperatures in
winter and summer are 20 0C and 22 0C
Effective Temperature
Functional Requirement of Ventilation
• Natural Ventilation
• The rate of ventilation by natural means through
windows or other openings depends upon.
• Direction and velocity of wind outside;
• Size and disposition of opening (Wind Action)
• Convection effects arising from temperature or
vapor difference between inside and outside the
room;
• Difference of height between the outlet and inlet
openings
Natural Ventilation
General Rules for Natural Ventilations
• The following rules are broadly followed for
obtaining the efficient natural ventilation
• Inlet opening in the building should be well
distributed and should be located on the
windward side at a low level and outlet
openings should be located on the leeward
side near the top.
• When outlet serves also as inlets, they should
be located at the same level.
General Rules for Natural Ventilations
General Rules for Natural Ventilations
• Inlet opening should be free from all obstructions- trees,
buildings, signboards etc.
• Greatest flow per unit area can be achieved when inlet and
outlet are equal in areas;
• Openings may be arranged to take advantage of constant
and dependable stream of winds. In case of variables wind
directions, openings have to be provided in all directions.
• The amount of outside air entering by natural infiltration
through doors/ windows and other openings depend on
direction and velocity of wind outside and /or convection
effects arising from temperature or vapor pressure
difference between inside and outside of the workroom.
General Rules for Natural Ventilations
Artificial Ventilation
• Artificial ventilation involves the use of some
mechanical equipment's for effective air
circulation.
• It is applied when natural ventilation is
unsatisfactory in respect of quality, quantity and
controllability.
• This system is costly but improves on the
situation extraction (Exhaust), Plenum (Supply),
extraction- Plenum and evaporative cooling and
air conditioning.
Artificial Ventilation
Extraction System (Exhaust)
• It is based on creation of Vacuum in the room by
exhaust the vitiated inside air by means of
propeller type (exhaust) fans.
• The extraction of air from the room permits the
fresh air to flow from outside to inside through
openings (Windows). The system is more useful
in removing smoke, dust, odors etc. from kitchen,
toilets and industrial plants.
• The exhaust fans are not located near the
windows openings to avoid short-circuiting of
the air.
Extraction System (Exhaust)
Artificial ventilation
• Plenum System
• In this system fresh air is forced into the room
and the vitiated air is allowed to leave
through ventilators, Air is Passed through a
fine gauge screen or filter.
• A constant stream of water is kept flowing
down the screen by means of a blowing fan.
Thus all impurities are removed from the air,
and one can get fresh air.
Plenum System
Artificial ventilation
Celling Fans
• Almost all types of houses and offices use fan in
bedrooms, living rooms and offices area.
• Variety of fans like ceiling, table mounted, and
wall mounted, pedestal fans are available in the
market. Air circulation by ceiling fans cover
normal area of 9 to 10 sq. m. Ceiling fans are
widely used in all premises for the purpose of
ventilation. The ceiling fans are effective only
over certain limited areas
Celling Fans
Artificial ventilation
• Extraction –Plenum System
• This is an extension of plenum system in
which extraction (Exhaust) fans are used for
exit of the vitiated air from the rooms and
fresh air supplied through system.
Extraction –Plenum System
Artificial ventilation
• Evaporative Cooling
• Evaporative cooling is used in the region where
high day temperature prevail with reasonably
low humidity.
• This system may be employed effectively to lower
the temperature of the air to near the wet bulb
temperature.
• It produces an air supply cool enough to take
care of the indoor sensible heat loads without
exceeding the upper safe limits.
Evaporative Cooling
Evaporative Cooling
Artificial ventilation
Air Conditioning
• It is the process of treating air so to control
simultaneously its temperature, humidity, purity, and
distribution to meets the requirement of the
conditioned space.
• W.H. Carriers who is known as the ‘Father of Air
Conditioning’ engineered and installed the first year
around air conditioning system, providing for the the
major functions of heating, cooling, humidifying and
dehumidifying. He made use of air washers for
controlling the dew point of air by heating or chilling
recirculate water.
‘Father of Air Conditioning’
Air Conditioning
Air Conditioning
• Carrier Presented ‘ Rational Psychometric
Formulae/ Related to the dry bulb, wet bulb,
and dew point temperature of air with its
sensible, latent and total heats and presented a
theory of adiabatic saturation.
Air Conditioning
• Moist air is the working substance in air-
conditioning system. It is a mixture of two
gases dry air and water vapor.
• Dry air is a mixture of a number of gases and
water vapor may exist in a saturated or
supersaturated state. Dry air is considered as
fixed part and water vapor is considered as
the variable part.
Air Conditioning
Air Conditioning
• Therefore, the air conditioning must be able to
vary the temperature and humidity of the air
conditioning space according to the outside
conditions. That means:-
• In hot arid regions it must reduce temperature
and increase humidity;
• In hot-humid regions, reduce both temperature
and humidity;
• In cold humid regions, increase both
temperature and humidity
Air Conditioning
Air Conditioning
• Air Circulation is the best system of artificial
ventilation in which provision is made for
filtration, heating or cooling humidifying etc.
Thus creating most comfortable conditions.
Air Conditioning
• Air Conditioning helps in the following ways-
whether for comfort air conditioning or
industrial air- conditioning;
• Preserving or maintaining health, and comfort of
human beings;
• Comfortable entertainment in theatres, assembly
halls;
• Journey on roads/ rails become comfortable.
• Improving the quality of industrial products,
such as artificial silk, cotton cloth, etc.
Air Conditioning
Summer Air Conditioning
• In summer, outside temperature is more, and
hence cooling of air is required for greater
comfort. The cycle of operations consists of air
cleaning, air cooling, dehumidification and
air distribution/ Circulation.
Summer Air Conditioning
Air Conditioning
Winter Air Conditioning
• In winter, outside temperature is low and
hence heating of air is required for comfort.
The cycle of operation consists of air cleaning,
air heating, and humidification and air
distribution/ circulation.
Air Conditioning
Air Conditioning
Composite Air Conditioning:
• In this, the same air conditioning is done
throughout the year, irrespective of outside
temperature.
Air Conditioning
Systems of Air conditioning
• All air conditioning systems can be broadly
classified in two categories-
• Direct expansion systems ( DX systems) and
Chilled Water ( Indirect ) Systems.
Direct expansion systems
( DX systems)
Chilled Water ( Indirect ) Systems
Air Conditioning
Direct Expansion System
• It is the system where the refrigerant is
utilized to cool the air directly the common
example are room air conditioners, packaged
units, and central direct expansion plants.
Room Air Conditioner