romantizmi

romantizmi imdenad mniSvnelovani movlenaa xelovnebisa da kulturis

istoriaSi, rom misi arsis garkvevis gareSe SeuZlebelia XIX-XX saukuneebis
mxatvruli azrovnebis ganviTarebis kanonTa dadgena. es mimdinareoba
warmoiSva XVIII-XIX saukuneTa mijnaze da xelovnebis yvela dargi moicva.
romantizmi TiTqmis erTdroulad aRmocenda evropis wamyvan
qveynebSi. daaxloebiT erTsa da imave dros gamoaqveynes TavianTi
esTetikuri manifestebi da traqtatebi ienelma romantikosebma germaniaSi,
`tbis skolis” poetebma inglisSi, Jermena de stilma da rene Satobrianma
safrangeTSi. cotaTi mogvianebiT romantizmi aRmosavleT evropis qveynebsa
da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSic gavrcelda. romantizmis erovnuli
gamovlinebani erTmaneTisgan sakmaod gansxvavdebian, magram maT
saerTo niSnebic axasiaTebs. amitom SeiZleba visaubroT romantizmze, rogorc
dasrulebul mxatvrul meTodze.
romantizmis Teoriuli gaazreba misi CasaxvisTanave daiwyo da dRemde
grZeldeba. Camoyalibda romantizmis ramdenime koncefcia da TviT terminic
sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT gaiazreba. am koncefciaTa umravlesoba
romantizmis arss misi erTi romelime Tvisebis mixedviT xsnis. esenia:
klasicizmis esTetikasTan dapirispireba, SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba,
individualizmi, sinamdvilisgan gaqceva, pesimizmi da a.S.
XVII saukuneSi sityva `romantikuli” `warmosaxuls”, `fantastikurs”
niSnavda. igi ukavSirdeboda sityvebs `romansi” (lirikuli da sagmiro
saqmeebis amsaxveli simRera espaneTSi) da `romani” (raindebis
Tavgadasavalze agebuli epikuri poema), romelic Tavdapirvelad romelime
romanul enaze daweril Txzulebas ewodeboda, Semdeg ki - `Txrobas, romelic
gamonagons Seicavs”.
XVIII saukuneSi es sityva Semodis inglisur literaturaSi Sua saukuneebisa
da aRorZinebis xanis literaturis aRsaniSnavad. am periodSi `romantikuli”
niSnavda araCveulebrivs, saidumloebiT moculs, fantastiurs, e.i. imas, rac
`racionalurs” upirispirdeboda.
XVIII saukunis bolos germanelma romantikosebma Zmebma Slegelebma
Tanamedrove xelovneba daupirispires klasicisturs da wamoayenes opozicia:
`romantikuli” - `klasicisturi”. es dapirispireba mTel evropaSi popularuli
gaxada frangma mweralma da moazrovnem J. de stalma. ase ewoda axal
xelovnebas, romelic TavisTavs klasicizms upirispirebda, `romantikuli”.
romantizmis erT-erTi damfuZnebeli da Teoritikosi f. Slegeli miuTiTebda
am movlenis warmomSob sam mizezze. esenia: safrangeTis didi
revolucia, fixtes filosofia da goeTes romani `vilhelm maisteris
mowafeobis wlebi”. romantikosTa damokidebuleba safrangeTis revoluciis
mimarT sakmaod rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi iyo. upirveles yovlisa, man
moitana Tavisuflebis idea, romelic ase mniSvnelovania romantikuli
xelovnebisTvis. magram am revolucias negatiuri movlenebic mohyva. man
daamkvidra pragmatul urTierTobebsa da fulis kultze dafuZnebuli kapitalisturi
wyobileba, romelic arafriT ar hgavda racionalizmis epoqis mier aRTqmul
samarTlian da harmoniul sazogadoebas. amas mohyva gulgatexiloba.
socialuri konfliqtebi romantikosebma zogadsakacobrio, maradiul
antagonizmebad gaiazres. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis uperspeqtivoba
romantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi sevdian ganwyobilebebs badebda, rac
TandaTan `kosmiur pesimizmsa” da `msoflio sevdaSi” gadaizarda.
romantizmis warmomSob meore mizezad f. Slegeli i. fixtes filosofias
asaxelebs. germanelma romantikosebma marTlac zedmiwevniT SeiTvises
fixtes mowodeba: `CauRrmavdi sakuTar Tavs, moacile Seni mzera yvelafers,
rac gars gaxvevia, da mimarTe is sakuTari Tavisken”. filosofia, romelmac
samyaros centrad adamianis pirovnuli `me” gamoacxada, romantizmis
ideologiuri wanamZRvari iyo.
romantizmis mesame wyarod Slegeli miiCnevs goeTes romans `vilhelm
maisteris mowafeobis wlebi”, sadac adamianis sulieri evoluciaa asaxuli.
germanulma romantizmma marTlac bevri ram aiRo goeTesa da Sileris
Semoqmedebidan da ara marto maTgan. winareromantikul anu XVIII
saukunis meore naxevris evropul literaturaSi Caisaxa is ZiriTadi tendenciebi,
romlebmac ganviTarebuli da dasrulebuli saxe romantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi
miiRes. kerZod, interesi bunebisadmi da misi dapirispireba civilizaciasTan,
grZnobebisa da adamianis individualobis kulti, warsulis poetizacia da erovnul
siZveleebTan (istoria, folklori) mibruneba.
didi wvlili miuZRvis romantizmis esTetikis CamoyalibebaSi XVIII saukunis
meore naxevris evropuli literaturisTvis damaxasiaTebel or winareromantikul
tendencias: `rusoizacia” anu Jan-Jak rusos ideebiT gatacebas (bunebisa da
grZnobebis kulti) da `Seqspirizacias”, anu gacxovelebul interess
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Seqspirisadmi, rac klasicizmis normatiuli esTetikisgan ganTavisuflebisken
swrafvaSi gamoixata. safrangeTSi mimdinareobda polemika deviziT:
`Seqspiri Tu rasini?” rasini am SemTxvevaSi normatiuli klasicisturi esTetikis
gansaxierebad aRiqmeboda, Seqspiri ki – yovelgvari SemzRudavi wes-
kanonebisgan Tavisufali, mZafri vnebebis gamomxatveli xelovnebisa.
romantizmis ganviTarebaSi zogadad sam etaps gamoyofen. esenia:
adreuli romantizmi – XVIII saukunis bolo-XIX saukunis dasawyisi;
ganviTarebuli romantizmi – XIX 20-40-iani wlebi da gviandeli romantizmi –
XIX saukunis meore naxevari.
romantikuli msoflaRqmis safuZvelia ori samyaros – realurisa da idealuris
– arsebobis daSveba. amasTanave, romantikosTa azriT, realur da idealur
samyaros, anu sinamdvilesa da ideals Soris uzarmazari ufskrulia.
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom romantikosebma, klasicistebTan SedarebiT,
axleburad gaizres rogorc ideali, ise sinamdvile. klasicistebisTvis ideali
konkretuli iyo da misi gamosaxva savsebiT SesaZlebeli gaxldaT. ufro metic, is
ukve xorcSesxmuli iyo antikur xelovnebaSi, romlisTvisac swored imitom unda
miebaZaT, rom ideals miaxloebodnen. romantikosebisTvis ki ideali
ganusazRvrelia, usasrulo, absoluturi, saidumloebiT moculi, mSvenieri da
Seucnobeli; xolo sinamdvile aris mdabali, aramdgradi, denadi da warmavali.
maSin, rodesac klasicistebisTvis sinamdvile myari da marTvadi realoba iyo.
romantikosTa azriT, sinamdvileSi idealis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia, radgan
ideali, romelic mxolod sulier sferoSi an adaminis warmosaxvaSi arsebobs,
materiaSi xorcSesxmisas aucileblad maxinjdeba. romantikosi xelovani
miiswrafvis daewios da Seerwyas idumalebiT mocul usazRvroebas.
usazRvroebisken ltolva erT-erTi mTavari motivia n. baraTaSvilis poeziaSi.
ori samyaros arseboba romantikosisTvis SemoqmedebiTi sixarulis
saTavec aris da tragikuli gancdisac. sixarulisa imitom, rom arsebobs ideალuri
samyaro, sadac aris is, rac ar aris aq, realur sinamdvileSi – mSveniereba,
zneoba, maradiuli Rirebulebebi. tragikulisa ki imitom, rom idealuri samyaro
miuwvdomelia da adamiani ganwirulia materialur da mdabal realobaSi
arsebobisTvis (aqedan iRebs saTaves romantikosTa `msoflio sevda”).
amgvarma Sexedulebam warmoSva romantizmis esTetikaSi ironia, rogorc
filosofiuri pozicia da mxatvruli xerxi. romantikuli ironia idealurisa da realuris,
sulierisa da materialuris, usasrulosa da SemosazRvrulis maradiul konfliqtze

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amaRlebis xerxi iyo. h. haines poeziaSi ironiis sagania rogorc samyaros
arasrulfasovneba, ise TviT – romantikuli iluziebi. baironma Tavis ukanasknel
dramatul TxzulebaSi (`don-Juani”) ironiis sagnad aqcia is faseulobani,
romlebsac Tavad amkvidrebda adrindeli nawarmoebebiT: Tavisuflebisa da
idealisken swrafva, romantikuli siyvaruli da a.S.
romantikosebma kargad gaiazres safrangeTis didi revoluciis
gamocdileba. maT Tvalwin daingra da aiwewa samyaro, romelic sul cota xnis
win ase myari da xelSeuvali Canda. mxolod didi istoriuli gadatrialebis
mowmeebs SeeZloT SeeTvisebinaT is azri, rom ar arsebobs erT adgilas
gayinuli cxovreba, ucvleli formebi. arsebobs mxolod maradiuli qmnadobis
procesi, romelic sul axal da axal formebs badebs. ar arsebobs maradiuli
WeSmaritebani (arc mxatvruli Semoqmedebis gansazRvruli wes-kanonebi).
aris mxolod sagnebisa da movlenebis maradiuli ganaxleba samyaroSi.
amgvarma azrovnebam ganapiroba romantikuli esTetikis erT-erTi mTavari
aRmoCena – istorizmis principi, ramac, Tavis mxriv, warmoSva axali
literaturuli Janri – istoriuli romani. istoriuli romanis fuZemdebelma valter
skotma pirvelad asaxa literaturaSi istoria, rogorc procesi, pirvelad mis
romanebSi gvxvdeba ama Tu im epoqis kulturis, yofis damajerebeli asaxva,
rac manamde literaturisTvis ucxo iyo.
im Tezisma, rom sinamdvile aramyaria da warmavali, romantixzmis
esTetikaSi istorizmis principis damkvidrebasTan erTad ararealurisa da
fantastikuris kultic moitana. romantikosTa azriT, mSvenieria is, rac ar
Seesabameba sinamdviles, fantastiuria. aman saTave daudo ori axali Janris
warmoSobas literaturaSi. esenia: literaturuli zRapari, romlis fuZemdeblebi
iyvnen Zmebi grimebi, anderseni, hofmani; da, agreTve, fantastikuri
moTxroba, romlis saqveynod cnobil pirvel nimuSs meri Selis `frankenSteini”
warmoadgens.
romantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi xSirad fantastiuria ara mxolod
gamoxatvis obieqti, aramed – TviT nawarmoebis struqturac. romantikosebma
Seqmnes `fantastiuri” (manamde ararsebuli) Janrebi, daarRvies JanrTa
siwmindis klasicisturi principi, erTmaneTSi auries realuri da zRapruli, e.i.
warmoaCines kontrastebze agebuli samyaro – rac romantikuli stilis erT-erTi
damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa.
romantikosebis mier damkvidrebulma idumalebis kultma ki saTave
daudo ara marto nangrevTa da Zvel cixe-simagreTa esTetikas, aramed kidev
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erT axal literaturul Janrsac – kriminalur moTxrobas, anu deteqtivs, romlis
fuZemdebladac amerikeli poeti da prozaikosi e.a. po iTvleba.
klasicisturi literaturis gmirs – sazogadoebriv adamians, romelsac
garkveuli valdebuleba akisria sazogadoebis winaSe da faseulia imdenad,
ramdenadac asrulebs am movaleobas – romantikosebma daupirispires
sazogadoebisagan gariyuli meocnebe, gonebis kults – grZnobebisa da
warmosaxvis kulti, sazogadoebrivs, garegans – individualuri, subieqturi,
Sinagani. romantikuli xelovnebis centrSi dgas martosuli gmiri, romelic
konfliqtSia garemomcvel samyarosTan.
jer kidev goeTem SeniSna, rom baironis poeziis, anu romantikuli poeziis
ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia dauZleveli miswrafeba SeuzRudavi pirovnuli
Tavisuflebisken, rasac Tan mosdevs sazogadoebisagan mTliani gamoyofa.
sentimentaluri literaturis gmiric upirispirdeba sazogadoebas da sakuTar
gulisTqmas mihyveba, magram igi ar aris samyarosagan gaucxoebuli da
martosuli. igi yovelTvis poulobs monaTesave sulebs (rasac moklebulia
romantikuli gmiri. gavisxenoT Tundac `suliT oblobis~ motivi n. baraTaSvilis
SemoqmedebaSi). sentimentaluri literaturis gmiri bunebis Svilia da TviTon ki
ar aris samyarosagan gaucxoebuli, Tavad samyaroa Tavis bunebriv
ganviTarebas mowyvetili. sentimentalisti mwerali adamianis daniSnulebas
siyvarulSi xedavs. ase rom, sentimentalizmi, pirvel rigSi, bunebis apoTeozia
da, Semdeg, pirovnebisa, romelic bunebis umaRles gamovlinebas
warmoadgens.
romantizmi ki iSva, rogorc pirovnebis apoTeozi, pirovnebis kulti,
pirovnebisa, romelic gamocalkevebulia sazogadoebisagan da mxolod
sakuTari Tavis imedad aris darCenili uzarmazar samyaroSi. amitom tovebs
samyaros da martosuli daexeteba baironis Caild haroldi. bedis anabarad
arian migdebulni hiugos sabraloni. samSoblodan gaqcevisa da ugzo-ukvlod
gadaxvewis motivi JRers baraTaSvilis `meranSi~ da a.S.
ras niSnavs buneba romantikosisaTvis? buneba, iseve, rogorc religia,
xelovneba, egzotikuri qveynebi da erovnuli warsuli (istoria, folklori),
sazogadoebidan gaqceuli Tu gandevnili romantikuli gmiris TavSesafaria. aq
daeZebs is ideals, romelic realur cxovrebaSi ver ipova. bunebaSi
ganmartoeba aZlevs romantikoss TviTCaRrmavebis saSualebas. gmiri
swvdeba bunebas ara Semecnebisa da aRqmis saSualebiT, aramed –
grZnobisa da warmosaxvis wyalobiT. novalisi mouTmenlad elodeba Rames,
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radgan mis siCumeSi ukeT SeigrZnobs Tavs uzarmazari samyaros organul
nawilad. aseve bunebis saSualebiT cdilobda baraTaSvili samyaros
universaluri kanonebis wvdomas (`mwams, rom ars ena ram saidumlo
uasakoTa da usulT Soris~).
magram radgan romantikuli ideali, arsebiTad, miuwvdomelia,
romantikosi verc bunebaSi poulobs saboloo navTsayudels (gavixsenoT n.
baraTaSvili: `gulisTqma Cemi Sens iqiTa eZebs sadgurs~).
verc siyvaruls moaqvs simSvide romantikuli gmirisTvis. romantikuli
siyvaruli yovelTvis tragikulad mTavrdeba, radgan mTeli samyaro
SeyvarebulTa bednierebis winaaRmdegia. gmiri martoobisaTvis aris
ganwiruli, radgan romantikuli siyvarulis tragizmi da momxiblaoba is gaxlavT,
rom igi erTaderTia da ganumeorebeli (`sabraloa mxolod suli oboli, ZnelRa
hpovos, ra dakargos man toli~).
romantikuli gmiris xasiaTi Tavad misive monapovaria da ara raime
gareSe faqtorebis mier gansazRvruli. aseTi xasiaTi romantizmamdel
literaturaSi ar arsebobda. romantizmma aRmoaCina pirovneba, rogorc
ganumeorebeli Rirebuleba.