RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND CLAUSES

WHO PEOPLE (QUIEN)

WHERE PLACES (DONDE)
WHEN TIMES (CUANDO)
THAT/WHICH THINGS (QUE)
WHOSE POSSESSION (CUYO)

PREPOSITIONS
AT 7:00
AT TWO O’CLOCK
AT NIGHT
IN 1993
IN JULY
IN MORNING
IN AFTERNOON
IN EVENING
ON MONDAY
ON JULY 14, 1993
FROM/TO FROM 7:00 TO 15:00

PRESENT PERFECT
I HAVE (YO HE) TAKE – TAKEN DO - DONE
YOU HAVE (TU HAS) WORK – WORKED LEARN - LEARNT
HE HAS (EL HA) FIND – FOUND EAT - EATEN
SHE HAS (ELLA HA) SEE – SEEN HAVE - HAD
IT HAS (ESO HA) SPEAK – SPOKEN WRITE - WROTTEN
WE HAVE (NOSOTROS HEMOS) KNOW – KNOWN GIVE - GIVEN
THEY HAVE (ELLOS HAN) BEGIN – BEGUN BE - BEEN
ESTRUCTURA
SUJETO + HAVE/HAVEN’T/HAS/HASN’T + VERBO EN PASADO PARTICIPIO + COMPLEMENTO
I HAVE TALKED TO PETER (YO HE HABLADO CON PETER)
SHE HAS GONE TO WORK (ELLA HA IDO A TRABAJAR)
HAVE/HAS + SUJETO + PASADO PARTICIPIO + COMPLEMENTO
HAVE YOU TALKED TO PETER? (¿TU HAS HABLADO CON PETER?)
HAS SHE GONE TO WORK? (¿ELLA HA IDO A TRABAJAR?)

PASSIVE VOICE
TIEMPO ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
PRESENTE SIMPLE MY BROTHER STUDIES THE LESSON THE LESSON IS STUDIED BY MY BROTHER
PRESENTE CONTINUO MY BROTHER IS STUDYING THE LESSON THE LESSON IS BEING STUDIED BY MY BROTHER
PASADO SIMPLE MY BROTHER STUDIED THE LESSON THE LESSON WAS STUDIED BY MY BROTHER
PASADO CONTINUO MY BROTHER WAS STUDYING THE LESSON THE LESSON WAS BEING STUDIED BY MY BROTHER
FUTURO SIMPLE MY BROTHER WILL STUDY THE LESSON THE LESSON WILL BE STUDIED BY MY BROTHER
FUTURO CERCANO MY BROTHER IS GOING TO STUDY THE LESSON THE LESSON IS GOING TO BE STUDIED BY MY BRO…
PRESENTE PERFECTO MY BROTHER HAS STUDIED THE LESSON THE LESSON HAS BEEN STUDIED BY MY BROTHER
PASADO PERFECTO MY BROTHER HAD STUDIED THE LESSON THE LESSON HAD BEEN STUDIED BY MY BROTHER

CONDITIONAL 3RD
HAD HUBIERA
WOULD HAVE HABRIA
SHOULD HAVE DEBERIA HABER
COULD HAVE PODRIA HABER
ESTRUCTURA
IF + SUJETO + HAD/HADN’T + VERBO EN PASADO PARTICIPIO + COMPLEMENTO, + SUJETO + WOULD/WOULDN’T/SHOULD/SHOULDN’T/COULD/COULDN’T HAVE +
VERBO EN PASADO PARTICIPIO + COMPLEMENTO
IF I HAD WOKEN UP EARLIER, I WOULD HAVE ARRIVED ON TIME (SI ME HUBIERA DESPERTADO TEMPRANO, HABRIA LLEGADO A TIEMPO)
IF YOU HADN’T GOT THE JOB, YOU WOULD HAVE BEEN VERY SAD (SI NO HUBIERAS OBTENIDO EL TRABAJO, HABRIAS ESTADO MUY TRISTE)
SHE COULD HAVE GONE TO THE PARTY IF SHE HAD DONE THE HOMEWORK (ELLA PODRIA HABER IDO A LA FIESTA SI ELLA HUBIERA HECHO LA TAREA)

REPORTED SPEECH
TIEMPO DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
PRESENTE SIMPLE GO TO WENT TO
PRESENTE CONTINUO AM GOING TO WAS GOING TO
PASADO SIMPLE WENT TO HAD GONE TO
PRESENTE PERFECTO HAVE GONE TO HAS GONE TO
PRESENTE PERFECTO CONTINUO HAVE BEEN GOING TO HAD BEEN GOING TO
FUTURO SIMPLE WILL GO TO WOULD GO TO
FUTURO PERFECTO WILL HAVE GONE TO WOULD HAVE GONE TO

CAN COULD
MAY MIGHT
WILL WOULD
MUST HAD TO

NOW THEN
TODAY THAT DAY
LAST NIGHT THE NIGHT BEFORE
TONIGHT THAT NIGHT
THIS AFTERNOON THAT AFTERNOON
THIS MONTH THAT MONTH
NEXT WEEK THE FOLLOWING WEEK
HERE THERE
NEXT YEAR THE YEAR BEFORE