TRANSPORTATION

ENGINEERING

BY: NIEL ARVIN B. GALOS

HIGHWAY SAFETY AND ACCIDENT
ANALYSIS
1. HMVM - ACCIDENT RATES FOR 100 MILLION VEHICLE MILES OF
TRAVEL FOR A SEGMENT OF A HIGHWAY

A100,000,000 
R
ADT x N x 365 x L
Where:

R = the accident rate for 100 million vehicle miles

A = the number of accidents during period of analysis
ADT = average daily traffic
N = time period in years
L = llength
th off segmentt iin miles
il
2. MEV – ACCIDENT RATES PER MILLION ENTERING VEHICLES FOR
AN INTERSECTION

A1,000,000
R
ADT x N x 365
Where:

R = the accident rate for one million vehicle miles

A = the number of accidents during period of analysis
ADT = average daily traffic entering the intersection from all legs
N = time period in years
3. SR – SEVERITY RATIO

fatal  injury accidents

SR 
fatal  injury  property damage

4. SPACE MEAN SPEED OF A VEHICLE

ndd
s  Where:
 ti Σti = sum of all time observations
n = number of vehicles
d = length of a segment of the road

μs = space mean speed

5. TIME MEAN SPEED OF A VEHICLE

d
 Where:
ti
t  ti = time observations
n = number of vehicles
n
d = length of a segment of the road

μt = time mean speed

6. RATE OF FLOW

q  K s Where:

K = density of traffic in vehicles/km

μs = space mean speed in kph

q = flow of traffic in vehicles/hr
7. SPACING OF VEHICLES

1000
Spacing of vehicles 
ave. density
Average density = no. of vehicles per km.
Voll. off in vehicles
h l / hr
h
No. of vehicles per km. 
Ave. speed of car in kph

8. CAPACITY OF A SINGLE LANE IN VEHICLES PER HOUR

1000 V 
Where:

C C = capacity of a single lane in vehicles/hour

S S= ave. center to center spacing of cars in meters
p
V = ave. speed of cars in meters / sec.

S  Vt  L t = reaction time in seconds

L= time mean speed
9. MINIMUM TIME HEADWAY

Where:
3600
Ht  Ht = time headway in sec.
C C= capacity

10. TIME MEAN SPEED

Where:
 i
t  μt = time mean speed
n Σμi = sum of all spot speed (kph)
n = number of vehicles
11. SPACE MEAN SPEED

Where:
n
s  
1
= time headway in sec.
1 1

1 n = number of vehicles

μs = space mean speed

12 DENSITY OF TRAFFIC
12.
Where:
q
K μs = space mean speed in kph
s q= flow of traffic in vehicles/hr
K = density of traffic in vehicles/km
13. DENSITY OF TRAFFIC

R1
K
ave. length of vehicles
sum of vehicle lengths
Where: R1 =
length of roadway sec tion
K = density
d it off traffic
t ffi ini vehicles/km
hi l /k

14. VARIANCE ABOUT THE SPACE MEAN SPEED

Where:
s 2
σs² = variance about the space mean speed
t   s 
s μt= time mean speed
μs = space mean speed
15. 5 min. PEAK HOUR FACTOR

sum off fflow rate in one hour

P.H .F . 
60
max . peak flow x
5
PAVEMENTS
1. RIGID PAVEMENT: (Olders Theory)

 Without dowels or tie bars:

Where:
3W
t f = allowable tensile stress of concrete
f W = wheel load in lb. or kg.

 With dowels or tie bars:

3W
t1  (thickness at the edge of pavement)
2f

3W
t1  (thickness at the center of pavement)

4f
2. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT:

W
t  0.564 r Where:
f r = radius of projected load

3. THICKNESS OF PAVEMENT USING MCLEODS METHOD

P
T  K log10 Where:
P = wheel load
S S = subgrade
g pressure
p
K = constant value from table
4. THICKNESS OF PAVEMENT USING U.S. CORPS OF ENGINEERS

1
 1.75 1  2 Where:
t = thickness of pavement in cm.
t w   W = wheel load in kg.
 CBR p  CBR = California Bearing Ratio
p = tie pressure in kg/cm
kg/cm²

5. THICKNESS BY EXPANSION PRESSURE METHOD:

exp ansion pressure

t
ave. pavement density
ave.
6. STIFFNESS FACTOR OF PAVEMENT:

1
Where:
 EB  3
EB = modulus of elasticity of subgrade
S .F .    Ep = modulus of elasticity of pavement
E  S.F. = stiffness factor
 p
7. BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF A CORE OF COMPACTED
ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

Where:
A
d d = bulk sp.gr. of core

DE
 D  A A = weight
i ht off dry
d specimen
i in
i air
i
D = weight of specimen plus paraffin
coating in air
F E = weight of specimen plus paraffin
coating
ti in
i watert
F = bulk sp.gr. of paraffin.
8. ABSOLUTE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COMPOSITE AGGREGATES.

100 Where:
G G = abs. sp.gr. of composite aggregates
Pc Pf Pc = % of course materials by wt.
 Gc = sp.gr. Of course material
Pf = % of the fine materials by wt.
Gc Gf Gf = sp.gr. Of the fine material

9. RELATION OF POROSITY, ABSOLUTE SP.GR. OF

COMPOSITE AGGREGATES,, AND BULK SP.GR.

Gd Where:
n n = porosity
G = abs. sp.gr.
G d = bulk sp.gr.
10. BULK SP.GR. OF SPECIMEN

Wa Where:
d d = bulk sp.gr.
Wa  Ww Wa = weight of specimen in air
Ww = weight of specimen in water

11. PERCENTAGE OF VOIDS

Gd Where:
V x 100 V = percentage of voids
G = theoritical or abs. sp.gr.
G d = bulk sp
sp.gr.
gr
12. BULK SP.GR. OF TOTAL AGGREGATES

P1  P2 Where:
Gsb  Gsb = bulk sp.gr. of total aggregate
P1 P2 P1 = % of total weight of course aggregate
 P2 = % of total weight of fine aggregate
d1 d 2 d1 = bulk sp.gr.
sp gr of course aggregate
d2 = bulk sp.gr. of fine aggregate

13. EFFECTIVE SP.GR. OF AGGREGATE

Pmin  Pb
Gse  Where:
Gse = effective sp.gr. of aggregate
Pmin Pb
 Pmin = totall loose
l mixture
i
Gmin = max sp.gr. of paving mixture
Gmin Gb Pb = asphalt (% by total weight)
Gb = sp.gr. Of asphalt
14. ASPHALT ABSORPTION

 Gse  Gsb  Where:

Pba 100 Gb Pbe = asphalt absorption
Pse = effective sp.gr. of aggregate
 GsbGse  Gsb = bulk sp.gr. of aggregate
Gb = sp.gr.
p g of asphalt
p

15. EFFECTIVE ASPHALT CONSTANT

Pba Ps Where:
Pbe  Pb  Pbe = effective asphalt constant
100 Pb = % weight of fine aggregate
Ps = sum off % weight
i ht off fine
fi & course agg.
Pba = asphalt absorption
16. FROG NUMBER

length of heel
Frog no. 
heel spread

1 
Frog no.  cot Where:
θ= angle subtended by heel spread
2 2