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MODULE 1
Introduction and General Principles
Contents
• Introduction
• Conversions
• General Principles
• Charting Accuracy
• Bearings, Tracks and Radials
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Introduction
Units of Measurement
PANS OPS II includes both SI and non‐SI units of measurement.
Foot? Pound?
Knot?
Kilogram?
Meter?
Nautical
Mile?
Aeronautical information publications also use a mixture of both types of units.
Care must be exercised to ensure measurements are used correctly and consistently.
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Introduction
Rounding
• Rounding in PANS OPS is not always mathematical.
• Calculated values must always be rounded to the safe or more conservative side.
Some rounding examples:
• For speed converted from IAS to TAS resulting to 224.42 kt, we would round up to 225 kt if we are
to use this value as a parameter to calculate for turn areas (higher speed = larger protection area).
• For calculated OCA, say 432 ft, we would round up to 440 ft. (higher OCA = more obstacle
clearance)
• To determine the obstacle identification surface calculated from a climb gradient of say 3.24%, we
would round down the gradient to 3.2%. (lower gradient = more obstacles identified)
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Conversions
Conversion Factors Commonly used in Procedure Design
Conversion Factor
NM to m *1852
m to NM /1852
m to ft *3.2808
ft to m *0.3048 or /3.2808
kt to km/h *1.852
km/h to kt /1.852
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Conversions
Conversion Inconsistencies
PANS OPS text
Obstacles within a buffer zone of 9 km (5 NM)
5NM * 1852 = 9260m
Designers could get different results if one uses 9000m and another
uses 9260m
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General Principles
Overview of Procedures
A flight may consist of the following phases:
• Take‐off
• Departure
• En‐route
• Arrival
• Approach
• Landing
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General Principles
Phases of flight
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NZ PBN Implementation Plan
General Principles
Procedure Construction
An instrument approach procedure may have five separate segments:
• Arrival
• Initial
• Intermediate
• Final
• Missed Approach
Under normal circumstances each segment begins and ends at a designated fix ‐
e.g. Initial Approach Fix, Intermediate Fix etc.
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General Principles
Procedure Construction
Types of Approaches based on conventional navigation aids:
• NDB ‐ Non‐Directional Beacon
• VOR ‐ Very High Frequency Omni‐directional Radio Range
• ILS – Instrument Landing System
• MLS – Microwave Landing System
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General Principles
PANS‐OPS deals with each segment in the order
in which they would be flown.
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General Principles – Protection Areas
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General Principles – Protection Areas
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General Principle – Obstacle Clearance
• Full obstacle clearance is
provided in the primary area.
• The obstacle clearance area in
the secondary is reduced
linearly.
• Full clearance is given at the
inner edge and is reduced to
Figure I-2-1-3. Obstacle clearance in secondary areas
zero at the outer edge.
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Charting Accuracy
• Charting accuracy must be taken into account when establishing minimum
altitudes or heights within obstacle clearance areas.
• Both vertical and horizontal tolerances may need adding to depicted objects
on the charts used.
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Bearings, Tracks and Radials
• Degrees true (T) are used in the construction of all flight procedures.
• All published procedures are in degrees magnetic (M).
• Radials are expressed in degrees magnetic (M) and identified by the prefixing
with the letter “R”.
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