BQ7I

Brifish Ceiiieri Associahon

Designed
and detailed
(BS 8110: 1997)

J. B. Higgins and B. R. Rogers MA, CEng, MICE

This document
contains 32 pages
OFC
For a worldwide and up-todate literaturesearch Ofl any aspect of concrete design or construction and related topics, contact the
BCAs Centre for Concrete Informationon Dl 344 762676.

43.501 First published 1973 Published by

Second edition 1986 British CementAssociation
Third edition 1998 Century House. Telford Avenue
ISBN 07210 1541 7 Crowihorne.BerksRG45 ÔYS
Price Group F Tel: 01344 762676 Fax: 01344 761214
© British Cement Association 1998 Website: www.bca.org.uk

All advice or information from the British Cement Association is intended for those who will evaluate the signiticance and limitations ol its
contents and take responsibilityfor its use and application.No liability (including that for negligence) for any loss resulting from such advice or
informationis accepted. Readers should note that all BCA publicationsare subjectto revisionfromtime to time and should therefore ensure that
they are in possession of the latest version.

IFC
Designed and detailed
(BS 8110: 1997)
J. B. Higgins and B. R. Rogers MA. CFng, MI(I

Contents
2 Introduction
3 BS 8110 and limit state design
6 Design information
7 Structural summary sheet
8 Floor slab
Foreword
This third edition ofDesignedand detailedhas been revised to BS 8110 : Part I:
1997, and the amendment dated 15 September 1998. Althoughthere havebeen
several amendments to the code since 1985, the latest and most significant change
has been the reduction
.
in the partial safety factorfor reinforcement m from 1.15
.
to 1 .05. With higher stresses, less steel is required. However, the total saving may
not be fully realised becausethere are other considerations such as choosinga
practical arrangement of bars, and the deflection in the case of shallower
members.

10 First-floormain beam The calculations have also been revised for the loading requirements ofBS 6399
Part 1: 1996 and Part 2: 1995.
16 Edge beam .
Designcharts in BS 8110: Part 3: 1985 may still be used to providea
18 Columns conservative solution, and one ofthese charts has been includedfor the design of
columns. Lap lengths for these members have also been takenfrom BS 8110,
22 Foundation Table 3.27, but adjusted for the design stress of 087f.

24 Shear wall The tie reinforcement for robustness is designed at its characteristic strength. If the
characteristic bond stress is used for calculating laps and anchoragelengths, then
26 Staircase the values in Table 3.27 may be multiplied by I 05/l4. This publication takes a
conservative practical approach and usesdirectly the values given in Table3.27.
28 Columndesignchart
Observant users of previous editionswill appreciate the skill that is evidentin the
29 Further information setting out of the calculations and the drawings. This is the work of the late Jim
Higgins, whose care in the production of the original artworkwas meticulous.
Sadly, he never saw the second edition in print. I hope that my amendments to
this thirdedition will not detract from his fine workmanship.

Special thanks are due to Tony Threlfall for his advice and suggestions for this
edition.

Railton Rogers
Introduction

The purposeof this publication is to apply the principles of limit stale design given
in BS 8110 by means of a simple worked example for a reinforced concrete
building frame. The calculations and details arc presented in a form suitable for
design office purposes and are generally in accordance with the following
pLihIications.

BRITISHSTANDARDS INSTITtJTION Siructural use 0/concrete. Part I . Code of

practice/ordesign and construction. Milton Keynes, BSI. 1997. 120 pp. BS 8110
Part I: 1997.

H MSTATIONERY OFFICE. Building and buildings. The Building Regnlation.v 1991

(Amended 1994). HMSO, London. 21 pp. Statutory Instruments No. 2768.

BRITISHSTANDARDS INSTITUTION Loading/or buildings. Part I . Code 0/practice

br deadand inposed loads. Milton Keynes. BSI. 1996. It) pp. BS 6399 : Part I

1996.

BRITISH STANDARDSINSTITUTION.Loading/or buildings. Part 2. Code 0/practice

Jiir wind loads.Milton Keynes,BSI. 1995.82 pP BS 6399 : Part 2: 1995.

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION.Loading /ir

buildings. Part 3. (ode 0/practice
/r imposed roo/ loads. Milton Keynes. BSI. 1988. 23 pp. BS 6399 : Part 3: 1988.
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTlThTIO'J. Specification /or scheduling, dimensioning,
bendin' (111(1 cutiin' steelrein/irceinent/r concrete. Milton Keynes, BSI. 1989.
20 PP BS 4466 : 1989.
IIIE C()NCR VIE SOCIETY. Modelprocedure /ir
the presentation0/ calculation,r.
London (now Slough). 1981 . Technical Report 5, second edition. 18 pp.

THE CONCRETE SOCIETY ANDTHE INSTITUTIONOF STRUCTURAL F.NGINEERS,

5iandardmethodo/detailnig structural concrete. London. The Institution. 1989.
138 pp.
BS 8110 and limit state design

c:)bjective To serve its purpose, a structure must be safe against collapse and be
serviceablein use. Calculations alone do not produce safe, serviceableand
durable structures. Equally important are the suitability of the materials,
quality control and supervisionof the workmanship.
Limit state design admits that a structure may become unsatisfactory
through a number of ways which all have to be considered independently
against defined limits of satisfactory behaviour. It admits that there is an
inherent variability in loads, materials and methods of design and
construction which makes it impossible to achieve complete safety against
any possible shortcoming. By providing sufficient margins of safety, the aim
of limit state design is to provide an acceptable probability that the structure
will perform satisfactorilyduring its intended life.
Limit states can he classified into two main groups:
(I) the ultimate limit state, which is concerned with the provision of
adequate safety;
(2) the serviceability limit states, which are essentially concerned with
durability.
Generally, in practice, there are three limit states which are normally
considered for reinforced concrete and these are given in the Table below.

Serviceabilitylimit states
Ultimate
limit state Deflection Cracking

Structure should Cracking should

Provision of not deflect so as not be such as
Objective to impair use to damage finishes
adequate safety or
of structure . otherwise
impair usage
Design ultimate
Loading regime loads Design service load

Deflection should Crack width

Performance limit Structure should not exceed should not
not fail specified exceed 03 mm
limits generally

Characteristicvalues For the testing of materials, a statistical approach can be applied to the
variations within materials which occur in practice. A normal or Gaussian
distribution curve is assumed to represent the results of the tests and a value
known as the characteristic value can be chosen below which not more than
5% of the test results may be expected to lie.
The characteristic strength is given by the equation:
Characteristicstrength = Mean or Averagestrength — L64 X Standarddeviation
Ideally, a characteristic load should be similarly defined, as a load with a 5%
probability of being exceeded during the lifetime of the structure. Flowever, it
is not yet possible to-expressloading in statistical terms, so the Code uses the
loads defined in BS 6399: Parts 1, 2 and 3.
3
Desiqn toads The design load is given by the equation:
Design load = Characteristic load X
where 'r is a partial safety factor for loading. This factor takes into account
the possibility that the loads acting on the structure may be greater than the
characteristic values. It also takes into account the assumptions made in the
method of analysis, and the seriousnessof failure to meet the design criteria
for a particular limit state. The consequence of collapse is much more
serious than exceeding the serviceability limits and so this is reflected in the
higher values of the partial safety factors. Components of load have to he
considered in their most unfavourable combinations, Sc) sets of values of
for minimum and maximum design loads are required. For example, the
worst situation for a structure being checked for overturning under the
action of wind load will he where the maximum wind load is combined with
the minimum vertical dead load. Lower values of ;' are used for the
combination of wind, imposed and dead loads than for the combinations of
wind and dead, and dead and imposed loads, as the probability Df three
independent design loads achievingtheir maximum value at the same time is
less. The table below gives the partial load factors for the ultimate limit
state.

Partial safety factor to be applied to

dead load imposed load —
Combination wind
of loads when effect of load is load

adverse beneficial adverse heneficEal

1 Dead and imposed 14 10 16 1) —

2 Dead and wind 14 10 — — 14

3 Dead and wind 12 12 12 12 12
with imposed

Deiiçn strenqths The designstrengthis given by the equation:

Characteristic strength
[)esign strength = —______________________
where is a partial safetyfactor on the material strength. This factor takes
into account the variation in workmanship and quality control that may
normally be expectedto occur in the manufacture of the materials. The
values of to he used for the two materials when designingfor the ultimate
limit state are given below:

Values of , for theultimate limit state

Reinforcement I .05
(oncrete
Flexure or axial load IS
Shear strength without shear reinforcement 125
Bond strength 14
Others (e.g. bearing stress) 15

iOLisiuest In addition to providing a structure that is capable of carrying the design

loads, the layout should be such that damage to small areas of a structure or
failure of single elementswill not lead to a major collapse.
The Code requires that in all buildings the structural members should be
linked together in the followingmanner:
(a) by effectively continuous peripheral ties at each floor and roof level:
4
 (b) by internal ties in two directions approximately at right-angles,
effectively continuous throughout their length and anchored to the
peripheral ties at each end (unless continuing as horizontal ties to
columns or walls);
(c) by external column and wall ties anchored or tied horizontally into the
structure at each floor and roof level;
(d) by continuous vertical ties from foundation to the roof level in all
columns and walls carriing vertical loads.

In the design of the ties, the reinforcementmay be assumed to be acting at

its characteristic strength with no other forces present but the tie forces.
Reinforcementprovided for other purposes can often be used to form part
or the whole of these ties, so that in the design process, when the required
reinforcementfor the usual dead, imposed and wind loading has been found,
a check can be made to see whether modifications or additions to the
reinforcementare required to fulfil the tie requirements.

Durabflty and re resislance At thecommencementof the design, the following should be considered:
— the climate and environmental conditions to which the concrete will be

exposed;
— the concrete quality;
— the cover to the reinforcement.
It should also be noted that the quality of the construction process and the
Iirst hours after casting of the concrete have a major influenceupon the
subsequent durability of the structure.
The cover for protection against corrosion may not be sufficient for fire
protection, so this should be considered at the onset of the design, and also
the dimensionsof the members.
The Code gives maximum water/cement ratios, minimum cement contents
and minimum characteristic strengths for concretes suitable for use in
various environments with specified covers and using 20 mm nominal
maximum size aggregate. The minimumgrades will generallyensure that the
limits on free water/cement ratio and cement content will be met without
further checking.

Appflcation Durability and fire resistance requirements are considered at the onset of the
design process because this determines the grade of concrete, the cover, and
the size of the members. Usually,for most structures, Part 1 of the Code will
be used in which it is assumed that the ultimate limit state will be the most
critical limit state. Design will therefore be carried out at this limit state,
followed by checks to ensure that the serviceabilitylimit states of deflection
and cracking are not reached. In special circumstances,other limit states,
such as vibration or the effects of fatigue, may require consideration. Should
it be necessary to calculate deflectionsand crack widths, methods are given
in Part 2 of the Code. The serviceability limit state of deflection may be the
limiting requirement for floor slabs with large span/effective-depthratios.
This can he checked before the reinforcementis determined, although some
engineers may prefer to followthe procedure where the check is made after
thereinforcementhas been found.
Simplifieddetailing requirements for the curtailment of the reinforcement
may be used for beams and slabs which fulfil certain design conditions.
Nowever, for other situations, the curtailments should be taken from a
bending moment envelopeand be in accordance with the general
recommendationsof the Code.

5
Design information

Client
Architect
W
Co#.ai Engineer responsible
BRJZôers

/j, Building Regulationauthority

or other and
Date of submission

'a,
LIL14
TLe.
5SiO T tnj LP
Pout
of2 Cocre.tc Past
IO5)ckr PCU B8
'j. S7
Relevant Building
Regulationsand
Design Codes

Intended use of structure

Lbon
Fire resistance reqLnrements

Roof 5 General loading conditions

-
F1'oo
irvoecj C°) &ct tL3r 4.QkW/
Sjr- 4O k4/
LXc Co4 Fors a
Speed 2 a/ec (basic Wind loading ccnditrons
Factors 105 Sb = 171,S S 1.0 = 1•
O S
Co'84, C +O(*r.') ,.ç, O•3((),C_r=QO2S

e.'Jere. 4 (Vd ('i€xaS) (S6llOTcie3.2)

Exposureconditions

Subsoil conditions
- v\O
AoLjo, beac rreure 2oo

fs
,
k4 ov wcik Foundationtype
R1c o
Material data

,r-A4e. 4o wt '20. a (€IIOTcIb3.)

L. strek -- 1iJ'c
•' fL
4o

Sdf wet 4'ok4/ Other relevant information

AU S-oir,. ov ore
Structural summary sheet

G 5ooO=4oooO
t, AU CoCa oox3oO
z, Mbean OOx'oO
0
, bW4w SO OO
11 fl5
-l wall

0-I
175
S

T"{P1CALLOOR PLA4
S S 0

W1 t5-rAI4cE.
IiP w orce ré4
i, eA

T'-(PICAL cRoSS- C'TtoJ. Lr

. brGctrcL EW kor
e4A kax- vodk.

prviAed. br4 /u—i, o4

SJe: ICryo,, CoS,$.275Ox'l75OxOO or. r4 /"44
-3

C C- cPc C C

- Perpcc ;te
P
><
Ir. rEt,
P
It.—
a-
ter e
w w— wc

C C
Tia
Ccc
PRVSi -
C C

3 1'2..4.2 Ft C2o4\0) = 2Q+lG 3G(Ok,

7
 Floor slab
interior-span solid slab

175

5000

BS 8110 CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

ref.

ct REITA4C
T3.?,c3 DugPB%t.vr' FR.E
3 W.L4S4 ov hr U4 CovCt.ov of <pare
r.ce 2o .ik cover '2o si.
34 Mo.xre o766tbk 2Ocovt 1zk>
..

LoA
F (G4t ) toc.d
O.17E x 24
=
4.2
0. r
4.7kt{/ 4.7kN/2
3.r.2,4
Tb(3,12 Dgvtoati t.1r47+ 1.x4) 50
Cpa.ge c) = 4. okN/
3k
F
401
32.4 ULXIMATE /Vs
Iable3i2 Iraror r.spo. o.oC,3F =0.OCx,43x5O =
2O.4kh/
wct 4.DrtS
FCEfrT
i
=
4.44 2o.4
t4 k 4o-1ox4S2 0 0Th
ppor.
oc'23
= i4s(o.S+J(o.Z— )= (buto.x1494s: Top&otow
T12. 0o
A5--
Cdr5cear
O.95
PA 204x1&
O.9546Ox14l5
- (iiJ)
Tb(e8 o.S4.91O3' 0.22
lc?x 14S M/w ok.

DLaC.T(oi.4 6k /4faeq rio =

TQ6k PA 2o4d0',.- 031 2x4(O33O
I4') 3 x 317
Tok3•IO
. Atlte cr or WOr re.L.'.ft.
'21.5
1 5
5000 - 33
'I

149
$(o •, r4o oc.
2U.27 CR.Acl(ii 447
OC 34 c.*j
p-cj
k ,(
bt.twee. bo.r
2oO
— 12
rttQ. cJck.4
.
k.
ak..

r
11 .,

3.12.3.4

TAbteZ7
T€orce
PV(op..J
4t(
4S.x lo
7 ( 4t)_ :#3oo.
o..ct4We5 ITR..iALii

-'fl'
Ft = 3kN/.wd
4r.Lw>Ft
T12.e3oo
44,0
(377
 )
Al
i,TIO—c—30OTQt 1.
T " -
II
I

tso.l. i1loo
5T10.-41 2)00
5Tt0-5JT' Mt.
4 —' — — C3*'Z)
I
U-
'2 .1
—I
8T1O-2.00
1oo '7T1O-3)2Mt.
B L
'1
L%o
1
1

3 2 T10- 1300
7 TI 0- e2 AlL
'z)
STtO -51 30O
5T10-41r2 It,
4 1 — i_
I
(2) _i
(2+3)

I
I I

S-rto--3GO'r2 L — .J

@_Th F
4T'2-1- 300±
P LA.1
A It
(r4 '2 ovfte4 r c[ti) AR. = alecY4J &r5

.45s Att

,z tt.
A-A - CovE.R toote 5= 20 $cale; i;o—-

Commentaryon bar arrangement

BS 8110 ref Bar marks Notes
All bars are labelled in the form described in the Standard methodofdetailing structural concrete,
e.g. 45T12-l-300B1 means that in the bottom outer layer there are45 Grade 460 Fype 2 deformed
12 mm nominal size bars at 300 mm centres and the bar mark is -I-.
The bars are numbered in the likely sequence ot fixing; the positionsofthe first and last bars in a stringare
indicated in plan and section. Intermediate bars have been omitted for clarity.
Table3.25 Minimumarea of tension reinforcement= 00013 X 1000 >< 175 = 228 mm2/m.
3.12.11.2.7 Maximum clear spacing of tension bars = lesser of 750 mm or 3d, i.e. 3d = 3 )< 149 = 447 mm.
h < 200, therefore no further check on spacing
— 1 Main tension bars Tl2 @ 300, A = 377 mm2 > minimum 228 mm2/m. — OK.
<
If curtailed, A = 377/2 = 189 mm2 minimum228 mm2/m — not OK.
3.12.3.4 Bars lapped 300 mm at bottom support to provide continuous tie.
Table 3.25 2,3 Secondary bars — use T10 @ 300 (262 mm2/m).
3.12.8.11 4,5 Minimum lap = 300mm > IS )< 10 = 150 mm. Lapping reduces bar lengths for easier handling on site.
— 7 Laps are shown staggered for effectivecrack control.
3.4.1.5 6 Minimum transverse reinforcement is placed across the full flange width of the edge beam (minimum
width = 650 mm, see page 16).
Table 3.25 Minimum area = 00015 )< 1000 >< 175 = 263 mm2/m — use TlO @ 300 (262 mm2/m).
— 8 Main tension bars over support 112 @ 300 as bar mark I.
3.12.10.3 One curtailment shown at 03 effective span from face of support. Further curtailments prevented by
minimum area and spacing requirementssimilar to mark I.
9
 f =460 First-floor main beam

8000
tto
.............
6000 300
two-span flanged beam

BS 8110 CALCULATIONS OUTPJT

ref.

.2.I.21 AL'-t'5
Su.FR.P1ME.
taa.r ett. Ljs
A
er rMrv
t S
beC
e.LLa.r ro4kcgd

4 tse be(oi
tD
e' b

'
forces.
F-or ç-1oo co(s.bosje
&iiiwecL to be çxed. c
1ve. Ti. w ot prove rot rcd rert.
Lart* to b sc-ur wcAk.
1L4
t'i.ov,.
a-re. takcr
•3 Ri
To.bk6

3,34
D F
COVW
ov1 cove for?OO
CG
vt t.ov of eposurc - 2o.
co
wbefor
STA
t Ii4K5
20
cover

.2122 LAPD4G
p4 toc o75o.b CPe&) 5c4.7— 2.S
se-ieLt (o.—o.r7s)o.3 x 24
oGa.w
= '2•3
2B.kW/, 2S&k4/.
Mv ce 103K
(.B) = £x4 Oc
o4 i4
'(2
+
2o.Ok4/,
t.4 .i2k/M
2OOk/t.

Bi
+ 32
'i& k/s +t
Moie.m
.Ove4tl.Q% uie.4:
() )

B¼A 1'
cZUIL4 rowv AvJ

I
-
------
12 Ctk I 1oo4
-
+
17$
ba
2O + 4o2 - 348k + Qc wp
+ ii — —
LtperCowC.
Lower II

24 oo 22 Scur (k)
(8't'2 CASEJ1
-19 2.7( 4- 4$ —2So 28 - 4 CM IS%t
4-it7 —

—34
+ 'a-
#1's Lij*- Cokiv v#
ower
2$2 i'2o 3 sc-0- (1)

-iii
.54 e4 + 2o4 -
- 52
- 4 Ler CDiLAIstf,
1- 33 + 17
+ 2'
10
1% 1 0 se (-!)
 CALCULATIONS

I 17S o .5S 40r

CASE ii')
(SQ..e

II
II
402

34
1
2&L

S2 (I)
( —O')
(—2o'J')

III o
eatA.
{1
-UI

I trbut&i
La6t

wecoçc 32S
L
MDN-E'JT ..NvLOPE

2? I
22 I

3511

00m.
EveLop.
Rrnto I
2BBR
V oao I
3001 L
•1

FogcE E1LOPE
 BS 8110
CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
ref.

Mu 3EAM.,
:vta.-vt Suçpor:
t.FLOof E')
Fcor. ?JL = 282
322t
Q1
= 0.7 /ct
3.4.4.4 K' O.4o2(0.7O.4')_01(O.7_Q.4)2 = o.io4 s'. t&or
K =
4oxooi4.4 Ot21 > O1o4 (. .3 a

efoe bd2
50 O > O7 1—
4T25
.. I,
/O.4,):. /c i-0•4<O.
0. 1o4') x 40 x 00 x 4402
—
440
- Co. t21 —
0'5 4(0 C440-5o) 22 Ma J__ Lj4co
r32 C'tgck o (oo 5oo)/
A1

0104 . 4o x oo 442.
= 3o0
2 T 2B

0.95 4ox o5 44O + 232 1685 Co

S%
Frot
Ef. f[aewtL = 6 . x O•7 3 + Q. t4 .'< 9000
M
42O
4
(Q.2
= 1O 0.02'3
4Z0x4So
4d =(o,s+Jo,2-oo.7> o•s
______
0•4S
- so 4T 2 E

A5 - 32. < 10
0.5x4Ox0.9Sx4SO
—
— t756 (tO
tc...o ".
FroM .M.evop€11) i55 k1
2.2.1 = 0.4
i5x tO
40 x OOx 45O
= O.O,4 So -
2T25

— (O.So. °')i,xtO :.- Ø.4)

D2 cl

As O'Sx4,0.x0.9rLx 450 657 MAM

775 o'S.c.4Ox4S1 __
ckovcbox: 75 xto
190x S0/5)
312'32'2 ..IC.b4rcksr= 2 x4o,( '25
M
Frv .Vf. Cvveloe
M = 0.s
46o vw1 jnPoo )25,, a.6

.M.evei.oe,
3.4.j. E. M . .OO+ 0.14 x (,00O = 1t40

cu
= OO7, 0

13x 10
Ce4c
A

we.b
—

4o 4So
Abt9e4
o.ooK300X 500 =
&s
2
TLc 2 T 2S
(8lr.
-se. or-.oVe.r Spport,0.002fx3Q0oO= 0 t&4%SLO
12
BS 8110 CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
ref
34.G SkEAR REll4PORc€MEJT d.4SO
Ccve. tior, re.L,, 2T2 (82 w2)
4ooA - 100x2 0•73,
T.6te3'B b OO4SO \!c 0S7(- /
TóIe7
2 45.5
Tbe37
t'vvk
Sv
' = 0•75
A

3oo
' 4B0
6 0.4

00TrR2oo
0'
OOx 04
OSS(2O

.(vO7O4.o59/2
io
Tobe7 Skct
Lk
R12
2 A/ oo
2 .50 j 1t

i
o.•7s j J
T6137
4•S•tO LoaoV.f.d V/N/ vv Ay Lks
8LM 2t j(oo 0•% tlS R'l2C. 175
25 R. 2 3-
L.H
R.L
,,

2M j•sc
.o3
•'32 tSS
O.o j.14
•37 p.51 R 1 300
12
V1G875 k..N •2S O.'9 O.7 R..t'2. @ 3oo
34..1 FLECTION1 b-Lo=
T.bIe•9
3.4, b M
42Ox4SO2
2x 4(oOic I75i27
3x 1%O 325 23/2
bkto

'2.t1.2.
CAC

T'VLOY.
t
\'L4.
ctor
rk
I
i..5

1V\
Acto -
ba
&000
450

pa
224

f
.
,
0/
Tk32g & €xtr-.f sport T — 2o 100 < 125 - - 1

3ViII2 + 18 40 < 203 35 < 0I5

3 I2124 I.e.raS $..4por-t T — 30 100 <
410 - - :c-.k ct;
2i2 0 1 < 35 < 92
e,<tLrroj sro T 0 o0 < 55 J

3t2.3 TIE PRO\, Si0 F 3k/ (e aae 7)

Tv\.trJ (K) or po
-S2
0. tLC
forCe
= F 4.+4.O
( 7 15 7. 2
'. G'&x S = I
2 &t6
Tcb3'27
Cvw

Lap
etee d-t
4 ioo< (
3S< ('s2)
2S)
uefa- 4 L'e oc;
0r€.a4L,
D2rS

'
0L (va.4Q,
312•3.i b xe-r Co

( -sF < 7QkJ 0O3

(J) 3,%
L5
o ca4o2< Coa carKe
41kN
coLw
t
c'r o 473 x
o . 04 xteJ
II
 c,2R12 - 11 i4eoO —

A 'ZTi6- G

5
2
'2T2,-2
t '12 t 4
ELE VAI
A-A
: O___
1

For
-

= c1_
o
xO.95[j]
ba.c 4 r .stcxxce
M=
M o 2T2S ('3&2
O.5fx4x, (3.4.4.4.)
a bdxO a=
Top: b=300, /4o.9i2)MJ7 4LY Mo± Ev.ve1opii.
= 0., M13'5km.
—
Bt,n: b 1420>

& 1o l_o.I_ ____

_____

1s

'75 153kNn
bOO Extntot QIon4 T.C.P(3.1,S
a. cL450.
2) b = 300. (.
C t€.Lo. ct. 5Ø =
CURTA1LMT DIAGRAM. to pt, we4- M/I€T.C.P
2

Commentaryon bar arrangement

US 8110 ref Bar marks Noics

lius beam shows loosesplicebars at each column intersection. Ihis met hod simplifiesdetailine and 0sing
and the span cage can readily he prefabricated.
— I Tension bars arc stopped 50 mm from each column lace to avoid clashing with the column bars
3.3.1.2 shown in section A--A. Nominal cover 20 + 12 32 mm > 25 mm, say 35 mm.
3.12.9.1 2 Remainingtension bars stopped off as shown in the curtailment diagram above.
3.12.8.14 ('heck masimum amount of reinforcement at laps < 40 breadth
4 >< 25 = 100 mm < 0-4 X 300 = 12)) mm — OK.
— 3 loose bars arc fixed inside column bars as shown in section B—B. Although designed as compression
3.12.3.4 bars, these bars also act as internal ties and lap 1000 mm with the adjacent span bars for continuity.
— 4 The two tensioil bars are stopped 51) mni from the column Oice to avoid the column bars beyond.

'
— 5,10 loose I—bars are bxcd insidc the column bars and provide continuitS for column and internal ties.
3.12.11.1 ('heck minimum distance between tension bars 25 mm (aggregate si/c 5 mm). f
30)) — 200 -— 100 mm 25 mm — OK.
3.12.9.1 Top legs propect from centre-line into span. minimum dimensions shown in the curtailment diagram.
'4
 M A1P4 EAM

cer

LNK DARAIY\
3.12.3.6 Bottom lcts lap minimum 00)) mm with span bars to provide continuity for the internal tie.
'lop legs 5 + 450 1315 mm ) let both legs
Bottom lees 200 100)) 1200 mm ) project 350 mm. say.
3.12.8.14 Note that the bottom lees are raised to avoid the 40i rule in the lower layer.
3.12.8.3 ('heck hearing stress inside bends. Jy ' 55 br each radius to simplify bending.
— 10 'lop legs -
535 450 05 mm ) let both legs
Bottom legs 20(1 1001) 1200 mm ) project 1200 mm. say.
—4-

3.12.8.3 Else r 4d minimum radnis bends.

— 6.9 link hangerbars arc same length as bar marks I and 4. Bar is onesize largerthan links(n' inimum 12 mm).
3.12.9.1 7.8 'Ihe tension bars over the support stop as shown in the curtailment diagram. These hai's arc Oxed inside
the column reinforcement as shown in section B—B.
3.12.4.1 'Ihese bars are bundled vertically in pairs to reducecongestion andthis also allowsa gap(ninimuni75 mm)
for insertmii of a vibrator.
— II ('hosed links, shape code hi. are arranged to suit the link diagramabove. Opentop links, shape code 77.
arc not suitable for the sites shown.
3.12.8.12 Note that links it laps are spiLed at ilot greater than 200 mm since cover I'S bar size.
15
 Edge beam
interior-span flangedbeam
1=••••• '350
t
5000
f 300

BS 8110 CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

ref.

DL,RAILITY FIRE. 'S1iCE

To.bIe NDw2aJ Cver tjqr Ovc cf ex?oure = 4OøA.. /vLLMtA Co/e.r
33,34 3OOwde. be.4 for ir.ero 4O%W%
LoAi
Ie44 CooA 4!rov 2x2 294
6-3
25.0
.' o-7kL k= QO.7kJ
ose4 i osab(p.t W'25 2.s•okM. k= 2•Ok.
byi (o.4 544o 125.0kg. F =i'zsok.

ULTtMATE .M'S
TAb(e..35
IrorsorC
Wtt4—. a:
M.oo8F€
M E
OO&xt?x5
O.07 12Sx 4S
O.OkW

5Qx0' ob0
2w
444 t.rLor os: OO5 2T2O
bd2 4ox oox'2So
(o.s+a;- 0'O)
0Xi0
A:o5,46OxO'S7x2&D 442. fj
J L.jio.
1 2C)o
3.415 M4-Ltcuy; e.fewi4t =
- .LJ—4O 43.9x
Cu 40X650x2902 002.,
A
vri
fc'ot reforea.rc2T20
i
Taá'5 SrorceO5SF*1•2S6875kN, (4o2
4;,Io 'Larforce G8'75_(D. I+ 0.28) 2S
5BxD

'
1oo4 o.is =
bd 3oo,'2PO / 3oox2.BO 0.G3N)
Tcbk7 v <ea+ 0.4) = o.4,( 300 0'
o•Sx2O 1
R.io€200
M. L.j ZI0P4 AS/
O'75>2&O—&C2OOMs' Sv
-
'200
- O.7> Oi tLccgct.
4.'(.1 D,FL.CT%O,.J 44L.C 22o b7b_ o.4>o3)
1ce3 2 x 4o
Te,g •.
2Moft.a,.
M - 43.SIo'
5ox29O -
153
3x 4o2 272N/rn
fi*4or
,1Aow*bLe. s&r/cff.dLp rto = 22 x
ooo
1

2O 17.2 .'. k.
CAc OFO rs
7o 27/ (sedeco)
2g \9>1s
,1
l2cI.2A
Tcbe ) A(oJb
T0p
d&rcpczc
2 ar5o chkC ok
CC
I
3.12 (.2.4 QvJLQ CtE'oe 5.Cj'% =41000 220
2L rdtsre O0 -
-eLF4.
,coc
oiIc27
4t= . x74 45 3oc. To
3..U
TIE. PR.oVl,O4
U'L'Tt2, A5j 'ZTVZ.
 '23R40—5-200 A1
2 T '2O 4
n

je-co
-75
A
EL EV Ar iot
ScaL1e1tO 44 3
COVE o ks =40
U
i
U

t •21

A-A
Sc4, t:"ZO
Commentary on bar arrangement
ItS 8110ref Bar marks Notes
3.12.8.11 Horizontal bars in this member provide the peripheral tie. Minimum lap = 300 mm.
I The two tension bars are stopped 50 mm from the column lace to avoid clashing with the column
bars shown in section A-A.
3.12.10.2 Separate splice hars are fixed inside vertical column bars.
Figure 3.24 Minimum area = 30% A = 03 x 364 = 109 rnm. Use2'T 12 = 226 mrn.
Table3.27 I ap = 35 >< 12 >< 109/226 = 203 mm > 15 x 12 = 180 mm < 300 nim. Use 300 mm lap.
3.12.10.2 3 Link hanger bars also provide support for slabtop reinorcenienI.
Figure 3.24 A x
Minimum area = 20% sI1pT1 = 02 436 = 87 mm. Use 2T 12 = 226 mm.
3.12.10.2 4 Tensionreinforcement over support is fixed inside vertical column bars.
Figure 3.24 Bars are curtailed at 025 span from lace of support = 025 x 5000 1250mm > 45 x 21) = 900 mm
5 Closed linksare shape code 61

17
 = 40 = 460 Columns
lst

14000 15000 1j
•
300
300
slender and short columns

8000 6000

BS 8110 CALCULATIONS
ref ouTPur

. xr
2I2.1 5ue,-FAM A4ALi'$lS - rEje.r to bpMe.iO.
Tk' UR(L4Tt c4
3 RsTca
cover- or U4 4or4 o expo're 2o 4
cover
' Co -..k',
4 ooootIkreroj 40
2o w...
tvoi 2o(a.3o
4Ovst*w,

It4TRAL CoL-u (u..ctaii -- oof) E2

LOA o4 M*1P'T$ ifrow. ANALX
AXtAL

EAML$
k.N
COLUM
IMP0cED
IcAD LoADS
kor
CGLMaMJTS
TcP Otv\
aa t 2 1. 2. d 2 1 2 1 2

oa 49 244
210 %33
S4
4
53 5i4 J 34 4
sa
I 8000 I ooo
J 9
133 32.
CA1
2 100 53 3 3 9 LOAD

3aFL

. 249
29o
117
140
U7
t3 SB
32
S
1B4
ivj
32 s&
3' ,
24.F-(. 298 2o 140
37
i3
I9
i5
6G,7
i54 5
1oo1='
249 117 17 32 117 S S LoA CASE 2
9 9
14 32 b93
1 FL 3oo 292 14
252 120 liB
37 ts ics
120
g 34
-
134 —

5. i4 14
42,
—— 873 12Th U82

3 &
(PoLr -,
atfecti.ve = j3 1

TabI€ 319 N-IS E4co 4.o-

(3 c2.SxA.5D.9
=
4 ,0,

EW / = O.S (E4o: boov)

8•l '3 4.5 = I52> iS
 (oo-
BS 8110 CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
ref.

1N1RNAL COLL4Mt.J
Lôd Ca ± t)ot.4
o.d z. tOO * Q' 773 7
Po_,t t beo4
-
i27
M1, 0, M2 S, O.4M.
04 M - O.(DW\2 = O+0x
( e'y
i2
7.k
fI4 > 7.
"T
£1

a kb')
tDSIx0.xl3S=
2ooo
.4'

324 DOS3oO
qreLe..s o Mt.

(b M+M —

=
t4 + 544
x si =
658 k.
2''9 k. ;5• k.
5'8xi0_
= 2'2 L -
oo '2-44

33.. t I.
- 2.47
a
-
3O-4o-i3
__
O•2S 4Qx.OOx47xlci3
=

=
247.
Q32O
74ik..
CcLrt 9t.2B')

=
N> t- 4T'S (%oi) 3

Ei 3 K -— _______ =
23-741
O2
= .4 U23x S44 2.3S < L.
(-' b")
ioox%O -
-
22

cb cLa.-,
fr\
M = 42> 29k, k.
Ce.ck
_____ ,
oc4
oe
_______
a2 od, 1. bove t oor,
oJ:
cvv.t

S 3'3 =
Prt I = C' •t'255
_____
L76 cN.
1v1 0,
0 - 0. x .34M =
4 1c,
2o.4kNr.,
— _______ - ____
23.9-7é
______
_ c247

D Mow.€.t 204 + O- " 51.

M 2.o
5'8 > fr2
4T'25
(tOGOIvw)
4 > 358
.
M = ok,
3. 2.7 Ti RO','SiO L0.4 i.os(2i 28i N
2 2 0/460 (1 0 9Ow ok.

19
 BS 8110 CALCULATIONS
ref. OUTPUT

EXTRJAL COLUMt4
AtAL LoA1 cd
(Foo
MME,.iT AL
R..ooF) Ft (t)LCLA1)

CoLuMtt b$1QN L0A CLM0MT$

u-AM LOADS
k IMPO$E.D loP
k.
LDAO C4E
TOTAL
t '1 i 2 2. ' 1
oTToA4
2 1 2
t. C

i92 i.7 4? 4 i0 S4
5 9 98 oS
SW. S S
4 2a
rt .

247 25S
26
U
42
k2.o i1
25
25B
15
t25
95
eti3e 1!5 95 joS
SW.

24. r.o-v 247

c4e 1J2!
25
il5
it & 120
13
lS

125
5Th
L5
L2$
G1
S 105
ti7

'
SW

t. 245 2S3 ii V74

U9
2&.
10
7&&
4 E'oO

: SW.
24e t'25 2S

-- oor)
4.02
25
ii
1D54
1
16O

EO ectLie c
k-S
LK=
0'S Cerc CoAcLo;
O9x =
I3\)
=

= 0.9
0.9 x
(evct CD4Ov
=
top., boo3)
2ZI•
Y= 'L15 SOT CoLM
b
usiv.43 oac
S399 - oO+44-cY924O O5S k,
Por

- fr\ z
1.

N Osx U8 N11hi7xJO
4.3
Asu c 300-
-k--
237
oo
- 0•79 e
(.rt
0osc. =
'2.3, A5=.2o7o2 (4T' i%D2) PSQc S
PrI I
B€.o' 1st.c,+fa4 'i iS
7 k1L
kN.

154, ;
b 4T2B
C i90 P%
20
 I(4TEiNAL COLL..U1M F'2 ExTR.AL COLUMN Fl
LLv,k, VertcaS
J it.rs Ltrvk_J
Vt.ai Se4o,

?
c(1

-—;-----—- —----f-- .
. — —
:
-
.
4

;4•
©-4
i I
Y9J 4 4.

coR t, F c-I L-, COV.R t0k'= 40

;1
—

-
SCALES i: 5O j 'ZO

Commentary on bar arrangement

BS 8110 ref Bar marks Notes

The presentation shownabove is schematic. This tabular method adapts readily to element repetition.
The sections are shown in their relativepositions adjacent to the vertical reinforcement.
3.12.5.3 1 Main bars,area> minimum 04%bh.
=
Slope of crank at lower end = 1:10 maximum.Crank offset 50 + 10% =55 mm.
Minimumcrank length = 350 mm (140).
Length of short projection beyond crank = compressionlap +. say, 75 mm for tolerance.
3.12.6.2 Reinforcementarea at laps < 10% bh.
3.12.8.15 Bars project above first-floorslab level to provide a compressionlap above the kicker.
Table3.27 Bar projection= 35 x 087/095 x 25 mm + 75 mm for kicker= 875 mm, i.e. compressionlap = 800 mm.
3.12.7.2 2 A single link is provided, since each verticalbar is restrained by a corner.
3.12.7.1 Minimum size = 25/4, use 8 mm. Maximum spacing = 12 x 25 = 300 mm. (R8 @ 300.)
3.12.8.12 Cover to vertical bar = 40 mm> 15 x 25 = 375 mm. Linksextendto undersideof floor slab.
— 3 Normally, starter bars are detailed with the footing, as column F2. It can be economic to detail starters
withthe columnabove as shown.In this caseit is advisableto schedulethe starter bars so that they can be
processedtogetherwiththe footing.Note with this detail that the sectionat mid-height also applies to the
starterbar arrangement. The starter bars would be shown dotted on the footing detail together with a
suitable cross-reference. Bars project abovethe top of the baseto providea compression lap above the kicker
Table 3.27 = 35 x 087/095 x 25 + 75 = 875 mm, i.e. lap = 800 mm.
— 4 As barmark 1, but bars provide a tension lap above 1st floor kicker. Cover = 50 mm.
3.12.8.13b Cleardistancebetween adjacent laps = 100mm<6 x 25 mm; i.e. use factor 1.4
Table3.27 Projection = 14 x 35 x 087/095 x 25 + 75 = 1195 mm, say 1200mm, i.e. tension lap = 1125 mm.
3.12.8.14 Sum ofbar sizes at tension lap = 4 x 25 = 100mm. 100/300x 100 = 33% <40% — OK.
This detail provides the maximum lever arm and is the preferred detail for column/beam intersections.
— 5 Similar to mark 2 links, but extendingto undersideof main beam. Cover to verticalbars = 50 mm.
- — 6 TheseU-bars are provided to restrain the vertical bars in the external face of the column.
21
 Foundation
reinforcedpad footing
1
ground
600 pressure
A A A A A A A A
= 200
2750

BS 8110
ref.

Tob{e33
4
URAbLITY )Assoi.i
U se. ow.sat cover 4o
CALCULATIONS

roder4e*pesire '0 . No..sd

ourPuT

40M,l.€r4$
cover

LOADI.JC - '1 (iet paqe19) De.4 I&.e'1 r0t.kN.

ICxr CIu-ec 12.7 718 1's1

127/i,4=D =443 I58
/,(toi 0kN/v etr ov
•. P,.4 r9uw4
roFk concete4or4.foa4
s
5YC2OO -10) = 7.
.. Acioç,t

.
2'7S rove4 = 7.57fw
U.L.S. Dtcv. ressu . 2Jo3kP4w

o6t.v aoçco1uw' 63x 'i.7S 2 =

- c,o-4o-z5

:
Avers c
.4.4.4 fr\ = 3x 0'
4o,27S0xS52
=
0.017
543x 10' 244Sw
o.954xO.9SS35 (Q5122)

•4••4 ULTIP.4ATh SAR

4
3.i.3.4(') Co4.or I
Sk -
çrç
V4f í.ç
t91
2 fI3751so%s)
SO'IO'
1375
:ookM
,
.
V .
i5o 's.3S
force V 4n coLa.= 2
x
f37s-a'so-2xS3S}
1375
i k4
12.
•• V 't " 27SOcS3S
3 113 4(2) Co4.or 2 p L4.v S\Qr) *.e ore. cka)
3L7.2 V - 4xoox5S1O SI <soHJ
Crtt ,Q.rqk.r 4(3oo +3 xS5) 7.,20 1

ArwL (0.1x0.') 0
LI J
u

B€aror. ii
2(75.G)
cL
034. .'( O 54
V =
7G'20 x 535
Jr— .,L

3'12U27 AC.W4 3O< 7SOr

2750< 535
317 O.3 C.riK wiftk ok,,
.II. .2 e• OS '276O = 17<O.2.C3cd')_ O.2S(x3O0+9x53) 1429
pa bctrs Q.cKoSs scctov., soc SOcrs,eo.cA

22
 T
—

.4

_J2O-t- &5OI
PLAN

4T25 -2

;
Cover =40
Mn,.

2aB--3oo
I
COVER.
BI 4O
2\4 -is A —
A Scak, i:SO

Commentary on bar arrangement

It 81 1() ret Bir rnark 1\oles

3.12.8.1 1 Straight bars extend full width of base, less end covers.
Table 3.27 Bars should project a minimum tension bond length beyond the column face = 35 >< 20 = 700 mm
< 1150 nim OK.
3.3.1.4 The underside of base is concrete blinded, cover= 40 mm.
— Column starter bars are wired to bottom mat. Minimumprojection ahose the top of base is a
Table 3.27 compression lap + kicker = 35 x 087/095 x 25 + 75 = 875 mm. i.e. lap = 800 mm (see p. 21).
— 3 Links are provided to stahiImie and locatethe starter bars during construction. These are the same site
as the column links above.

23
 460 Shear waD
ist external plain concrete wall
- 175

4000
250
14300 900

BS 8110 CALCULATIONS
ref. OUTPUT

.94.3
14. ¶2> 2 WALL

Ft $TAC 4o
ccvr ( svexe.
)PALtT'(
T&bk 33 NS x?ocLsre. 40w, () LL4 . '20 2Ow.wt.

F-y- 17
rest&-e kAI = i.2> t4oLsr •, lc.rt stc ck..
ye

C.

O.S(3Z3+8.S) 49.5k/
5Q V3t O.7(24x1E GS.1
C&ct.c c4 1t4.kJM
a,.r+x4xO.8') 27.8kN/. ;. c4_
(99 CLf Dt4
WIND VSbS22/ec. V: V5S
oG,3' 7.7lD3
77/ BS
0<1
k
2

- Oç C (CpQr
O85'< +
(k÷c
3)'>Q. J
j
tA O.5x4234'O u:,s4 kWrt P +4x6 - ktO
+49.7k4/
l42j V.RTCA.L LOA1G IEN11'( (U.L,S. sg Lcc1;')
T\.21 Locu. coaj. 1.4 114.G # x B 204SkN/M.
2 4< 2O
c 4
3, x(44+27S447) oskJ4J
.4 C e3 eoo. = (1.3/)
44
e43
2o.ik\ ,1 0,tL ( \< 144L/
/tA4 L)L. tt3-cx4S <r botLcs a

4 \5
S REAR

24
otcJ ck5vr.. sk&r rce. V
N
' -
43.4
x4.G14-3 13
—

V - —
7( 14300 0./Av — ok

ThE PRovtso attjoor (78.SA)

y3 Prpke.J ti.: 7&2
,i2.3.4.2
3, 2 .4. r
;x3f(4.7+4.o)x 14.3
DQ.rt.t vU 0
As =
40
4A ;o
ev
T1O2oo4R,
C
3.1'Z.3..1 tLte. u4jc4: rca4
cue.dcat# + w4 4 '(a-27 S#497 . oo4 1,2.4

i
Mox.
:
FOOTIUC €)S

oDwt.ck) resr =
I
2I kf3 '1 ZS°JQ
;.i_io
I ottd".
72E,
pA
2So tLc.k) cL = 2oo
OKO'
Tv e co
ccec 01 lox'2Q. (3-772/1...C)
24
Commentary on bar arrangement
B 8110 ref Bar marks Notes

Wall starters match vertical reinforcement. Minimum projection of horizontal legs beyond the
fable 3.27 wall face is a design tension bond length = 35 x 182/377 < 12 = 203 mm < 287 mm. This provides
the footing reinforcement. Minimum projection above top of base is a compressionlap + kicker
= 35 x 2 + 75 = 495 mm, say 525 mm, i.e. lap = 450 mm.
3.3.1.4 Undersideof footing is concreteblinded, cover = 4(1 mm.
Table 3.25 2 Minimum longitudal reinforcementprovided.
3.9.4.19 3 Minimum vertical reinforcement. Area= 254 x 1000>< 175 = 438 mrn'Im. (T 2 @ 300 EF
= 754 mm2/m.j
T 12 bars provide reasonable rigidity for handling and help stabilize the cage during erection.
Minimum projection above top of first—floor level is a compression lap + kicker = say 25 mm.
Lap = 450 mm.
4,5,6 Minimum horiiontal reinforcement. Area = 438 mni7m. (T10 @ 200 EF = 786 mm'/m.)
Table 3.27 Provide at least a tension lap = 35 x 0 = 350 mm. say 450 mm to satisfy shrinkageand thermal
requirements.
Bars are placed outside vertical reinfircenient to provide maximum control against
shrinkageand
thermal cracking. Those bars in the wall 05 in below first—floor slab act also as interna] ties.
Tension lap 6)r tie = 35 >< 10 = 350 mm, say 450 mm.
3.12.3.4 7,8 Peripheraltie at first floor. 1,—bars at either end provide continuity with edge beams.
Laps. say 450 mm.
— 9 Wall spacers maintain location of each face of reinforcement.

25
 Staircase
end-span continuous slab
3500
175

5060

BS 8110 CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

ref.

4
3?
T.$Ie
•3 4
RLVrt
.toor ri ) RE.1STAI4C. c'-
LoA4
o. z ctb L c.e.cc o.k... = 2so
Ave.rMe
.0
= 05
cZt.c ce4 SoaA ..
=
k/
.5
4.OkJ3/
k
k
Q,S
4.Okt/
kN/
(14GS 1.4.o)5.o = 17.5kN/1k F

.4'I TI1AT .Ms L2Q

T3S 1tivtor SLLr= o.itFL= Q'11x77.5x'O
eo r4et
43.
3$. 3Id/M.
E
O• =
w*st
44 4FOR.CMeNT
jsL. .i-.ter.or sc.pport. , 2 1\
0.049 = 04
d=
ToP
e t2
A5
- 43.1<o
Co/
eox 44-e.4 0.040 0TTOM
Tt2. i'.O
A5 OSx46OxO.Sx'49 C7s4z/p.)

To.bte.38 C&.€Jc r SLto.r: V

0• 77-Sx 10 = O.31/n<v . ok

344 Dc.-rto cte.t r4o ox.

= .3>cO 2 4O 57t =
3
T.b\3'tO Mod s,cvce. strec.c. 232 a = I.
AI.twte. a.ry'e. ctejt. ra.o xi 35. '2
P ck 5060
14S
-- 340 0k.

3VZIt 27 CACKK 1r41 M. oc,

<2oa. bcr5<ex 149
ok,
32.34 TE PRov5oP.J t-We.ct Ie.r'a T.e. o1TOM
co.tttL
M.
Pre 2T%2 e b-s&L r
re4
srase. -
(s ooc3
=

cL4e dcvt c.
91 - 73
4-T2
(4t)
26
 34 Tio-E

Cove.r

FUCHT '5'
CCVE

Commentary on bar arrangement

BS 8110 ref Bar marks Notes

Table 3.27 1,5,6 Main tension reinlorcemcnt. Lap lengths and anchorage bond lengths = 35 x 12 = 420 mm, say 450 mm.
Laps arc located to facilitate likely construction Similarfor bar marks 12, 13 and 15.
sequences.
Table 3.25 2,,9 Secondary reinforcement. Minimum area 00013 x 1000x 75 = 228 inniim.
=
Use 110 (a) 300 = 262 mm/rn.
Fig 3.25 3,4 Main tension reinlorcement over support.50% curtailed at 03 span, remainder at 0 IS span.
both measured from lace of support. Similar for bar mark 14.
3.12.10.3.2 7 li—bars provide 50% mid—spanreinforcement in both top and bottom at end support = 05 >< 571
= 286 mmlrn.
Use 110 @ 15(1 = 524 mill/ni to match spacing of span bars. 1.ap, say450 mm.
Table3.25 10,11 Optional ruinfoicLnlent Minimum ULd = 228 mm Simil u for h ii maik 16

27
Column design chart

50

45

40

35
CJ
E
E 30
z
25

0
20
z
15

10

0 1 23
-
2 44 4 :3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

M/bh 2 —N/mm2

Rectangular columns
fcu 40
460

d/h 080

28
nformation from the Reinforced Concrete Council

Spreadsheets
Many of the design principles used in this publication will be covered by spreadsheets for reinforced concrete
design now being developedby the Reinforced Concrete Council. Versions for both BS 8110and EC2 are in
preparation. For detailswrite to the RCC at Century House, Telford Avenue, Crowthorne, Berks RG45 6YS.

Buildability and whole building economics

It should be stressedthat the structural solution presented in this publication has been chosenfor the purpose:of
illustrating analysis, designand reinforcement detailingprinciples. A typicalbuildingframe accounts for only
10% of the wholeconstruction cost, but affects foundations, cladding and service provision. The choice and details
of a building's structure shouldreflect both buildability and overall building economics. Analysis of these factors
using a structural optimisation program* or chartsfrom a publication** suggests that a flat slab alternative may save
around 2% ofoverall building costs and ten days' construction time.
Similarly, rationalisation and simplification ofreinforcement will normally speedconstruction and hence reduce
overall construction costs and programmetime. Excessive curtailment and tailoring of reinforcement to save material
at theexpenseofrationalisation will provecounter-productive. These aspects are currentlybeing investigated at the
EuropeanConcreteBuildingProject at Cardington, and will result in the publication of best practiceguidance.
With increasing emphasis on the cost in use ofbuildings, there is a trend towards the use of exposed soffits for
passive cooling. This move to whole life costs will modify the optimum solution, and deep ribbedor coffereci slabs
area favoured option to meet daylighting, thermal mass, ventilation and acoustic requirements.
*Concept - a computerprogramthatallows the
rapid semi-automated choice of concrete frame while considering
wholebuildingcosts. Produced by the Reinforced Concrete Council. Available from the RCC on 01344 725733.
** Economic concrete frame elements - a
pre-scheme design handbook, basedon BS 8110, that helps designers
choose the most viableconcreteoptions. Produced by the Reinforced Concrete Council. Available from the ECA on
01344 7257U4.

IBC
Designed and detailed (BS 8110: 1997) Cl/SfB
J. B. Higgins and B. R. Rogers (28) q4 (K)
UDC 624.073.33.012.45:
BRITISH CEMENT ASSOCIATION PUBLICATION 43.501 624.04.001.3

(Ofl@rete

OBC