2018/June/14 M185478

Report: Advanced Environmental Protection Engineering

Question 1: Calculate minimum amount of energy required to compress the helium gas
Given:
 No. of moles of helium gas, 𝑛 = 3
 Initial pressure of gas, 𝑃1 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
 Final pressure after compression, 𝑃2 = 10 𝑎𝑡𝑚
 Ideal gas constant, R = 8.314 (J𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1 )
 Temperature, 𝑇 = 25°𝐶 = 25 + 273.15 = 298.15 𝐾

𝑣2 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑉
Minimum energy = work done, 𝑊 = − ∫𝑣
𝑉
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛 𝑉1
1 2

𝑃2 10
∴ 𝑊 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛 = 3 𝑥 8.314 𝑥 298.15 𝑥 𝑙𝑛
𝑃1 1
𝑾 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟏𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝑱

Question 2: Calculate heat energy generated after the ball falls from 10 m
Given:
 Mass of steel ball, m = 1.5kg
 Height of fall, h = 10m
 Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81m/s2
From law of conservation of energy, the potential energy of the ball is converted to heat energy.
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝑄 = 1.5 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 10
𝑸 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝑱

Question 3: Calculate the increase temperature ∆𝑇

Given:
 Height, h = 100m;
 Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81m/s2
 c = specific heat capacity of water = 4178 J𝑘𝑔−1 𝐾 −1

Potential energy of the falling water is converted to heat and increase in temperature ∆𝑇.
𝑔ℎ
𝑚𝑔ℎ = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 ; ∆𝑇 =
𝐶
;

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9.81 𝑥 100
∆𝑇 =
4178
∆𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟒𝑲
Question 4: Calculate consumption energy of rice cooker
Given:
 Power rating of rice-cooker, P = 600W
 Cooking time, t = 30min = 0.5hr
 Consumption energy, 𝑊 = 𝑃𝑡 = 600 𝑥 0.5
𝑊 = 300𝑊ℎ = 0.3𝑘𝑊ℎ; 1 kW = 3600kJ/h
𝑊 = 0.3ℎ 𝑥 3600𝑘𝐽/ℎ
𝑾 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝒌𝑾𝒉 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟎𝒌𝑱

Question 5: Calculate the efficiency of power plant operated in different temperature

1. When the electric power is operating at 500°C:
Absolute temperature (hot), 𝑇ℎ = 500°𝐶 = 773.15𝐾
Absolute temperature seawater (cold), 𝑇𝑐 = 25°𝐶 = 298.15𝐾
Carnot efficiency,  can be defined as:
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 (𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘)
 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 (ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑡𝑒𝑚)

𝑊 𝑇𝑐
 = =1−
𝑄𝐻 𝑇ℎ
298.15
1 = 1 − = 0.6144
773.15
Carnot efficiency 𝟏 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟒𝟒
2. When the electric power is operating at 300°C:
Absolute temperature (hot), 𝑇ℎ = 300°𝐶 = 573.15𝐾
Absolute temperature seawater (cold), 𝑇𝑐 = 25°𝐶 = 298.15𝐾
298.15
2 = 1 − = 0.4798
573.15
Carnot efficiency 𝟐 = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟗𝟖

Thus, the efficiency ratio of electric power plant operating at a temperature of 500°C and of 300°C is :

0.6144
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = = 1.28
0.4798

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Question 6: Calculate maximum electric efficiency

Absolute temperature of surface-sea water, 𝑇ℎ = 4°𝐶 = 298.15𝐾

Absolute temperature of deep sea water, 𝑇𝑐 = 25°𝐶 = 277.15𝐾
𝑇𝑐 277.15
Maximum electric efficiency,  =1− =1− = 0.07
𝑇ℎ 298.15

 = 𝟕

Question 7: Calculate minimum energy required

Mass of water = 300L = 300kg = 300,000g
Temperature difference of water, T = 313.15 – 293.15 = 20K
Specific heat capacity of water, c = 4178 J𝑘𝑔−1 𝐾 −1

Heat energy required, 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑇 = 300 𝑥 4178 𝑥 20 = 25,068,000𝐽

1 𝐽 = 0.2389𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑄 = 25,068,000 𝑥 0.2389 = 5,988,819.34𝑐𝑎𝑙
Temperature, 𝑇𝐶 = 298.15𝐾; Temperature, 𝑇ℎ = 313.15𝐾
From Carnot cycle:
𝑊 𝑇𝑐 𝑇𝑐
=1−  𝑊 = 𝑄(1 − )
𝑄𝐻 𝑇ℎ 𝑇ℎ
298.15
𝑊 = 5,988,819.34 (1 − ) = 286,866.64𝑐𝑎𝑙
313.15
𝑊𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 286,866.64 𝑐𝑎𝑙; 1 Wh = 860 cal
= 𝟐𝟖𝟔, 𝟖𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟒
𝑾𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝑾𝒉
𝟖𝟔𝟎

𝑾𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐𝟖𝟔, 𝟖𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟒 𝒄𝒂𝒍 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝑾𝒉

Question 9: Calculate cardinal value of 𝐻 ° and𝑆 ° , energy H and entrophy S in case of mixed gas

1. 𝑯° and 𝑺° values of Hydrogen at 800K;

Energy:
𝑜
ℎ(𝑇𝑜)
= 0; 𝑎 = 29.066; 𝑏 = −0.835 𝑥 10−3 ; 𝑐 = 2.012 𝑥 10−6 ; 𝑛 = 2
Temperature, T = 800K; Standard temperature, To = 298.15K
𝑜 𝑇
𝐻 𝑜 = 𝑛 [ℎ(𝑇𝑜)
+ ∫𝑇𝑜(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑇 + 𝑐 𝑇 2 )𝑑𝑇]

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𝑜 1 1
𝐻 𝑜 = 𝑛 [ ℎ(𝑇𝑜)
+ a(T − 𝑇0 ) + 𝑏(𝑇 − 𝑇0 )2 + 𝐶(𝑇 − 𝑇0 )3 ]
2 3
1
𝐻𝑜 = 2 [ 0 + 29.066(800 − 298.15) + 𝑥 (−0.835 𝑥 10−3 ) 𝑥 (800 − 298.15)2
2
1
+ 𝑥 2.012 𝑥 10−6 (800 − 298.15)3 ]
3
𝐻𝑜 = 2[ 0 + 14,586.772 − 105.149 + 84.767]
𝑯𝒐 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟏𝟑𝒌𝑱
Entrophy:
𝑜
𝑆(𝑇𝑜)
= 130.58 𝐽𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1; 𝑎 = 29.066; 𝑏 = −0.835 𝑥 10−3 ; 𝑐 = 2.012 𝑥 10−6 ; 𝑛 = 2

𝑇 𝑇 𝐶𝑝0 𝑜 𝑇 1
𝑆 𝑜 = n[ 𝑆(𝑇0) + ∫(𝑇0) 𝑑𝑇] = 𝑛 [ 𝑠(𝑇𝑜)
+ 𝑎𝑙𝑛 + 𝑏(𝑇 − 𝑇0 ) + 𝐶(𝑇 − 𝑇0 )2 ]
𝑇 𝑇0 2

800 2.012 𝑥 10−6

𝑆 𝑜 = 2 [ 130.58 + 29.066𝑙𝑛 + (−0.835 𝑥 10−3 ) 𝑥 (800 − 298.15) + (800 − 298.15)2 ]
298.15 2
𝑆 𝑜 = 2[ 130.58 + 28.689 − 0.149 + 0.507]
𝑺𝒐 = 𝟑𝟏𝟖. 𝟕𝑱/𝑲
2. 𝑯° and 𝑺° values of Methane at 800K;
Energy:
𝑜
ℎ(𝑇𝑜)
= −74,850𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1; 𝑎 = 14.146; 𝑏 = 75.496 𝑥 10−3 ; 𝑐 = −17.991 𝑥 10−6 ; 𝑛 = 2

0 𝑜 1 2 1 3𝑇 𝑜 1 1
𝐻𝑚𝑒𝑡 = 𝑛 [ ℎ(𝑇𝑜)
+ | aT + 𝑏𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 | 𝑇0 ] = 𝑛 [ ℎ(𝑇 ) + a(T − 𝑇0 ) + 𝑏(𝑇 − 𝑇0 )2 + 𝐶(𝑇 − 𝑇0 )3 ]
2 3 𝑜 2 3
1 1
𝐻𝑜 = 2 [−74,850 + 14.146(800 − 298.15) + 𝑥 (75.496 𝑥 10−3 ) 𝑥 (800 − 298.15)2 + 𝑥
2 3

− 17.991 𝑥 10−6 (800 − 298.15)3 ]

𝐻𝑜 = 2[−74,850 + 7,099 + 9,506.96 − 757.98]

𝑯𝒐 = −𝟏𝟏𝟖𝒌𝑱
Entrophy:
𝑜
𝑆(𝑇𝑜)
= 186.19 𝐽𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1; ; 𝑎 = 14.146; 𝑏 = 75.496 𝑥 10−3 ; 𝑐 = −17.991 𝑥 10−6 ; 𝑛 = 2

𝑇 𝑇 𝐶𝑝0 𝑜 𝑇 1
𝑆 𝑜 = n[ 𝑆(𝑇0) + ∫(𝑇0) 𝑇
𝑑𝑇] = 𝑛 [ 𝑠(𝑇𝑜)
+ 𝑎𝑙𝑛 𝑇 + 𝑏(𝑇 − 𝑇0 ) + 2 𝐶(𝑇 − 𝑇0 )2 ]
0

800 17.991 𝑥 10−6

𝑆 𝑜 = 2 [ 186.19 + 14.146 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 + 75.496 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 (800 − 298.15) − (800 − 298.15)2 ]
298.15 2
𝑆 𝑜 = 2[ 186.19 + 13.96 + 37.89 − 2.27]
𝑺𝒐 = 𝟒𝟕𝟏. 𝟓𝟒𝑱/𝑲
In the case of a mixed gas,
0
H = ∑𝑗 𝑛𝑗 ℎ(𝑇) = 29.13 − 118 = −88.87𝑘𝐽
𝑯 = −𝟖𝟖. 𝟖𝟕𝒌𝑱
0 𝑃
S = ∑𝑗 𝑛𝑗 𝑠(𝑇) ] - R∑𝑗 𝑛𝑗 ln ( 𝑖 ) ; Where 𝑃1 = 0.1 𝑎𝑡𝑚; 𝑃0 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚; 𝑅 = 8.314𝐽𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
𝑃0
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2 2
( ) 𝑥 0.1 ( ) 𝑥 0.1
4 4
𝑆 = 318.7 + 471.54 − 8.314 [2 (𝑙𝑛 1
) + 2 (𝑙𝑛 1
)]

𝑆 = 318.7 + 471.54 − 8.314 (−5.991 − 5.991)

𝑺 = 𝟖𝟖𝟗. 𝟖𝟕𝑱𝑲−𝟏

Question 10 :

R = 8.314 (J𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1 ); T = 800K; n(C4H10) = 0.8; n(trans-2-C4H8) =0.1 mol; n(H2) = 0.1 mol
∆ 𝑯𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟖. 𝟗𝟖𝒌𝑱; ∆ 𝑺𝟎 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝑱𝑲−𝟏
∆ 𝐺 0 = ∆ 𝐻 0 − 𝑇∆ 𝑆 0 = 118.98 − 800 𝑥 126.74 𝑥 10−3
∆ 𝑮𝟎 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓𝟗𝒌𝑱
0.1 𝑥 0.1
∆ 𝐺 = ∆ 𝐺 0 + 𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛𝐾 = 17,590 + 8.314 𝑥 800𝑥 𝑙𝑛
0.8
∆ 𝑮 = 𝟏𝟕, 𝟓𝟗𝟎 − 𝟐𝟗, 𝟏𝟒𝟔 = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟔𝒌𝑱
Since ∆ 𝑮 is negative, the reaction must proceed.
Question 11: Calculate mole fraction of n-butane and iso-butane

Gibbs free energy for n-butane, 𝐺 0 = −15,710𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1

Gibbs free energy for iso-butane, 𝐺 0 = −17,970𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
R = 8.314 (J𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1 ); T = 298.15K
 Equilibrium constant for n-butane:
𝐺 0 = −𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛𝐾𝑝
−15,710
𝑙𝑛𝐾𝑝 =
−8.314 𝑥 298.15
𝑙𝑛𝐾𝑝 = 6.3377
𝐾𝑝 = 2.718286.3377 = 565.49
𝑲𝒑 = 𝟓𝟔𝟓. 𝟒𝟗

 Equilibrium constant for iso-butane:

−17,970
𝑙𝑛𝐾𝑝 =
−8.314 𝑥 298.15
𝑙𝑛𝐾𝑝 = 7.2494
𝐾𝑝 = 2.718287.2494 = 1407.25
𝑲𝒑 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟕. 𝟐𝟓
Mole fraction for n-butane:
𝟓𝟔𝟓. 𝟒𝟗
𝒚𝒏−𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒆 = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟕
𝟓𝟔𝟓. 𝟒𝟗 + 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟕. 𝟐𝟓
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Mole fraction for iso-butane:

𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟕. 𝟐𝟓
𝒚𝒏−𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒆 = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟑
𝟓𝟔𝟓. 𝟒𝟗 + 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟕. 𝟐𝟓

Question 12: Calculate ∆ 𝑮𝟎

Molar concentration of CH3COOH = 0.01M

Molar concentration of CH3COO- = 4.2 𝑥 10−4 M
Molar concentration of H+ = 4.2 𝑥 10−4 M
[CH3 COO− ] 𝑥 [H+ ] [4.2 𝑥 10−4 ] 𝑥 [4.2 𝑥 10−4 ]
Equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑝 = [CH3 COOH]
= [0.01]

𝑲𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟔𝟒 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝑴
∆ 𝐺 0 = −𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛𝐾𝑝
∆ 𝐺 0 = −8.314 𝑥 298.15 𝑥 ln 1.764 𝑥 10−5
∆ 𝑮𝟎 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝒌𝑱𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏

Question 13: Calculate concentration of CH3COOH

Concentration of CH3 COO− = 𝑥

Concentration of CH3COOH = 0.02 − 𝑥
Concentration of H + = 10−3 (𝑝𝐻 𝑜𝑓 3)
[CH3 COO− ] 𝑥 [H+ ] [𝑥] 𝑥 [10−3 ]
Equilibrium constant, 𝐾𝑝 = [CH3 COOH]
= [0.02−𝑥]

But 𝐾𝑝 = 1.764 𝑥 10−5 𝑀

[𝑥] 𝑥 [10−3 ]
= 1.764 𝑥 10−5
[0.02 − 𝑥]
𝑥 = 3.459 𝑥 10−4 𝑀
Therefore, concentration of CH3COOH = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 − 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 − 𝟑. 𝟒𝟓𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟓𝑴

Question 14: Calculate concentration of CH3COOH

When pH = 7, H + = 10−7
[𝑥] 𝑥 [10−7 ]
𝐾𝑝 = = 1.764 𝑥 10−5
[0.02 − 𝑥]
𝑥 = 0.0199𝑀
Therefore, concentration of CH3COOH = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 − 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟗
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝑴
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Question 15

In adsorption equilibrium, for molecule A (Nitrogen N2)

1 1 1 1 1
𝑞𝐴
= ∞
𝑞𝐴
+ 𝑞∞ 𝐾 ∗ 𝑝 ; ∞
𝑞𝐴
= 0.0075
𝐴 𝑝 𝐴

The amount of saturate adsorption and equilibrium constant: 𝑞𝐴∞ = 133.3 mmol/g; 𝐾𝑝 = 25
Amount of 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 required adsorbing N2 1 mol (1000 mmol) at 0.1 atm.
𝐾𝑝 ∗ p N2
𝑞𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 = 𝑞𝑁2 = 𝑞𝐴∞ ∗
1 + 𝐾𝑝 ∗ p N2
25∗ 0.1
= 133.3 * 1+ 25∗ 0.1 = 95.214 mmol/g
1000
𝑚𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 = 95.214 = 10.5 (g)

Question 16: Calculate mole fraction of carbon tetrachloride and cyclohexane

Mole fraction of carbon tetrachloride, 𝑥𝐴 = 0.4753

Mole fraction of cyclohexane, 𝑥𝐵 = 1 − 0.4753 = 0.5247
Vapor pressure of pure carbon tetrachloride, 𝑃𝐴0 = 0.2844𝑎𝑡𝑚
Vapor pressure of pure cyclohexane, 𝑃𝐵0 = 0.2461𝑎𝑡𝑚

From Raoult’s Law:

Partial pressure of carbon tetrachloride, 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑥𝐴 𝑥 𝑃𝐴0 = 0.4753 𝑥 0.2844
𝑷𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟐𝒂𝒕𝒎
Partial pressure of cyclohexane, 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑥𝐵 𝑥 𝑃𝐵0 = 0.5247 𝑥 0.2461
𝑷𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟏𝒂𝒕𝒎
𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑃 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 = 0.1352 + 0.1291

𝑽𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆, 𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟒𝟑𝒂𝒕𝒎

Mole fraction:
For carbon tetrachloride;
𝑃𝐴 0.1352
𝑦𝐴 = = = 0.5115𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 0.1352 + 0.1291
𝒚𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟓𝒂𝒕𝒎
For cyclohexane;

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𝑃𝐵 0.1291
𝑦𝐵 = = = 0.4885𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 0.1352 + 0.1291
𝒚𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟖𝟓𝒂𝒕𝒎

Question 17

Partial pressure of methane, 𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 = 0.6𝑎𝑡𝑚

Water concentration = 55.6𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑙

Methane concentration = 𝑥𝑚
Henry’s constant, 𝐾 = 44,900𝑎𝑡𝑚

From Henry’s Law:

𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝐾
𝑥𝑚 𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 0.6
= =
𝑥𝑚 + 55.6 𝐾 44,900
𝒙𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟑𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒍

Question 18: Calculate dissolved oxygen concentration

Partial pressure of oxygen, 𝑃𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0.2𝑎𝑡𝑚; Water concentration = 55.6𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑙

Methane concentration = 𝑥𝑜 ; Henry’s constant, 𝐾 = 40,100𝑎𝑡𝑚
Molar mass of oxygen, 𝑀 = 32𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

From Henry’s Law:

𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝐾
𝑥𝑜 𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 0.2
= =
𝑥𝑜 + 55.6 𝐾 40,100
𝒙𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒍

Dissolved oxygen concentration in, = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟕 𝒙 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟔𝟒𝒎𝒈/𝒍

Question 19: Calculate ∆𝐺 0

𝐶2 𝐻4 (𝑔) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑔)  𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻(g)

Cardinal value of, ℎ𝐶02 𝐻4 = 52.29𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1; Cardinal value of, 𝑔𝐶02 𝐻4 = 68.14𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
0
Cardinal value of, ℎ𝐻 2𝑂
= −241.83𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ; Cardinal value of, 𝑔𝐻02 𝑂 = −228.60𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
Cardinal value of, ℎ𝐶02 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 = −235.31𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ; Cardinal value of, 𝑔𝐶02 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 = −168.61𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1

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0
0
∆𝐻 0 = 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝐻𝑖𝑛 = ℎ𝐶02 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 − (ℎ𝐶02 𝐻4 + ℎ𝐻
0
2𝑂
)

∆𝐻 0 = −235.31 − (−241.83 + 52.29) = −45.77 𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1

∆𝑯𝟎 = −𝟒𝟓. 𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝑱𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏 = −𝟒𝟓, 𝟕𝟕𝟎𝑱𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏

0
0
∆𝐺 0 = 𝐺𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝐺𝑖𝑛 = 𝑔𝐶02 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑔𝐶02 𝐻4 + 𝑔𝐻02 𝑂 )

∆𝐺 0 = −168.61 − (−228.60 + 68.14) = −45.77 𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1

∆𝑮𝟎 = −𝟖. 𝟏𝟓𝒌𝑱𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏 = −𝟖, 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝑱𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏

Gibbs free energy at temperature, T1 = 25°C;
∆𝐺 0 𝑎𝑡 25°𝐶 = −𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛𝐾𝑝/𝑇1
−8150
𝑙𝑛𝐾𝑝/𝑇1 =
−8.314 𝑥 298.15
𝒍𝒏𝑲𝒑/𝑻𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝟐𝟓°𝑪 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟖𝟖
According to Vant Hoff equation temperature dependency on 𝐾𝑝 :
∆𝐻 0 1 1
𝑙𝑛𝐾𝑝/𝑇2 − 𝑙𝑛𝐾𝑝/𝑇1 =− ( − )
𝑅 𝑇2 𝑇1
∆𝐻 0 1 1
𝑙𝑛𝐾𝑝/𝑇2 = 𝑙𝑛𝐾𝑝/𝑇1 − ( − )
𝑅 𝑇2 𝑇1
−45,770 1 1
𝑙𝑛𝐾𝑝/𝑇2 = 3.288 − ( − )
8.314 573.15 298.15
𝑙𝑛𝐾𝑝/𝑇2 = 3.288 − 8.859
𝒍𝒏𝑲𝒑/𝑻𝟐 𝒂𝒕 𝟑𝟎𝟎°𝑪 = −𝟓. 𝟓𝟕𝟏
𝑲𝒑/𝑻𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟏
∆𝐺 0 𝑎𝑡 300°𝐶 = −𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛𝐾𝑝/𝑇2 = −8.314 𝑥 573.15 𝑥 (−5.571)

∆𝑮𝟎 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟓𝟏𝒌𝑱𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏

Question 20: Calculate boiling temperature on the top of mountain T2

𝑃/𝑇1 = 1.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚; ; 𝑃/𝑇2 = 0.8𝑎𝑡𝑚; ∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 40.7𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ; 𝑇1 = 373.15𝐾; 𝑇2 = ?

From Clapeyron Clausius liquid – gas phase equilibrium equation:
∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 1 1
𝑙𝑛𝑃/𝑇2 − 𝑙𝑛𝑃/𝑇1 = − ( − )
𝑅 𝑇2 𝑇1
40,700 1 1
𝑙𝑛0.8 − 𝑙𝑛1.0 = − ( − )
8.314 𝑇2 100

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𝑻𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔𝟔. 𝟗𝟎𝟗𝑲 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟖°𝑪

Question 21: Calculate heat of evaporation of acetate

𝑃/𝑇1 = 0.767 𝑎𝑡𝑚; ; 𝑃/𝑇2 = 1.368𝑎𝑡𝑚; ∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 = ?; 𝑇1 = 383.15𝐾; 𝑇2 = 403.15𝐾

From Clapeyron liquid – gas phase equation:
∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 1 1
𝑙𝑛𝑃/𝑇2 − 𝑙𝑛𝑃/𝑇1 = − ( − )
𝑅 𝑇2 𝑇1
∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 1 1
𝑙𝑛1.368 − 𝑙𝑛0.767 = − ( − )
8.314 403.15 383.15

Heat of evaporation of acetate, ∆𝑯𝒗𝒂𝒑 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟏𝟓𝟒𝒌𝑱𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏

Question 22: Calculate boiling temperature of saline solution T

∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 40.7 kJ/mol; concentration of water = 55.6mol/l

concentration of saline solution NaCl = 0.4 mol/l
0.4
mole fraction of saline solution, 𝑥𝐵 = 0.4+55.6
= 0.007143

Boiling temperature of saline solution:

2
𝑅 ∗ 𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ∗ 𝑥𝐵
∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝
8.314 𝑥 373.152
𝑇 − 100 = 𝑥 0.007143
40,700
𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟐℃

Question 23: Calculate freezing temperature of saline solution T

∆𝐻𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡 = -6.01 kJ/mol; concentration of water = 55.6mol/l

concentration of saline solution NaCl = 5 mol/l
5
mole fraction of saline solution, 𝑥𝐵 = 5 + 55.6
= 0.0825

Freezing temperature of saline solution:

2
𝑅 ∗ 𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ∗ 𝑥𝐵
∆𝐻𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡
8.314 𝑥 273.15
𝑇−0= −6,010
𝑥 0.0825𝑻 = −𝟖. 𝟓℃

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