Raniel Paran

996781950
EESA01H3
Tutorial #0002
EES A01F H3 F
"INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE"
Tutorial #2: Water issues.
To be completed: ; to be completed by October 30th

1. Given: Volume = 1.30 Litres

Collector area = 30.00 in
Time = 26 minutes, 45 seconds

a) The depth (amount) of rain that fell (in mm).

V = A x D Therefore Depth = V / A
We have 1.3L = 1300 cm³ and 30.00 in2 = 152.1224cm²
Depth = 1300 cm³ / 152.1224cm²
= 8.546 cm
The depth of rainfall in the rain gauge is 8.546 cm which is equals to 85.46 mm.

b) The intensity (mm h-1) at which the rain fell.

Intensity = depth / time. Depth= 85.46 mm and time is 26

minutes and 45 seconds or 0.4408 hours.
Intensity = 85.46 mm / 0.4408 hours
= 193.875 mm/ h
The intensity of the rain fall is equals to 193.875 mm / h.

c) The volume (m³) of water that would have fallen on an area of 7.00 acres.

V=Axd
1 m² = 0.000247 acres
1m² / (0.000247) acres x 7.00 acres = 28 340.080 m² and 8.546 cm = 0.08546 m.
Volume = 28 340.080 m² x 0.08546 m
= 2421.943 m³
2421.943 m³ is the volume of water that would have fallen on an area of 7.00 acres

d) The discharge in m³ / s which would occur if all the water ran off the area in part c) in
3.00 hours

From the previous questions: Volume=2421.943 m³ and 3.00h = 10,800 seconds.

Discharge= Volume/ S.
Discharge = 2421.943 m³ / 10,800 seconds
= 0.224 m³/s
e) If American gasoline is US$4.00 gallon-1, how much is that in CAN$ L-1?

1 American gallon=3.785 L and 1USD = 1.100000 as of 27/10/09

Therefore:
4.00US$ x 1.100000 = 4.4 CAN$ so that
4.4 CAN$ / 3.785L = 1.16 CAN$ / L
1 Liter would cost 1.16 CAN$, if American gasoline is US$4.00 per US gallon.

2.Given: Surface area of lake = 10 km² which equals 10,000,000 m²

River 1 ( Chwefru) catchment area = 1250 km² which is 1,250,000,000 m²
River 2 (Nant Aeron) catchment area = 2.400x10⁶ ha
River 3 (Outflow stream) average annual flow rate = 1367.6 ft3 / s
Rainfall = 40.0 in / year
Annual evaporation from lake surface = 8.10x10⁶ m³
Equilibrium amount of water stored = 0.550 km³
32% of rainfall in catchment area of river 1 leaves as stream flow
Annual streamflow of river 2 equals 33.87 mm over catchment area

Inputs: River 1 ( Chwefru) Outputs: River 3 (Afon Rhondda/Outflow

stream)
River 2 (Nant Aeron) Annual evaporation
Rainfall/ Precipitation

Inputs-Outputs=Change in Storage

Show that change in storage ( S) equals zero.

Inputs: River 1: Find the volume of River 1. We know that V= A x h

1 inch = 0.0254 m Therefore 40 inches= 1.016 m = Our height/depth
River 1 ( Chwefru) catchment area = 1250 km² which is 1,250,000,000 m² which is our area
V= A x h
= 1,250,000,000m² x 1.016 m
= 1,270,000,000 m³
Input of River 1 is 32% of 1,270,000,000 m³ = 406,400,000 m³/y

River 2:Find volume of River 2

Catchment area = 2.400x10⁶ ha
1 ha = 10⁴ m² therefore 2.400x10⁶ ha x 10⁴ m² =2.400x101⁰ m²
We know that depth/h=33.87 mm or 0.03387 m
V=Axh
=2.400x 10¹⁰ m² x 0.03387 m
=812,880,000 m³
Input of River 2 is 812,880,000 m³/y.
Precipitation over lake in volume:
V =Axh
= 10,000,000 m² x 1.016 m
= 10,160,000 m³

Total input = 406,400,000 m³/y + 812,880,000 m³/y + 10,160,000 m³/y = 1,229,440,000 m³/y

Outputs: River 3: Find the volume of River 3

convert the annual flow rate into cubic meter; 1 m³ = 35.315 ft3.
Therefore 1367.6 ft3/s divided by 35.315 ft3 = 38.727 m³/s
Find annual streamflow:
38.7275 m³ x 60 x 60 x 24 x 365 = 1,221,311,454 m³/y

Annual evaporation is equals to 8.10x10⁶ m³

Total output =1,221,311,454 m³/y + 8.10x10⁶ m³/y = 1,229,411,454 m³/y

Inputs-Outputs=Change in Storage

1,229,440,000 m³/y - 1,229,411,454 m³/y = 28,546 m³/y

The change in storage (􀋚S) from the calculation stated above is 28,546 m³/y.
From the calculations, the change in storage does not equal to zero but compared to total
amount of storage, this figure is relatively small. The change in the storage could certainly be
zero because there could have been mistakes in the calculations.
___________________________________________________________________

10% of the flow from the Chwelfru is delivered for municipal water supply. Find the fall in the
lake level in one year.

The total annual flow of the Chwelfru river = 406,400,000 m³ which represented 32% of the
annual precipitation over the catchment area.

Therefore 32%- 10%= 22%

River 1 input = 22% x 1,270,000,000 m³ = 279,400,000 m³/y
Total input changes from 1,229,440,000 m³/y to 1,102,440,000 m³/y

Inputs-Outputs=Change in Storage

1,102,440,000 m³/y - 1,229,411,454 m³/y = - 126,971,454 m³/y

The lake level would fall by:
Total storage after 1 year = 550,000,000 m³ - 126,971,454 m³
= 423,028,546 m³
V= A x h therefore h= V/A
Original figures at 32% A = 10,000,000 m2
Height₁ = 550,000,000 m³ / 10,000,000 m2 = 55 m

Figure at 22%
Height₂ = 423,028,546 m³ / 10,000,000 m2
= 42.303 m

Height₁ - height₂ = 55 m - 42.303 m

= 12.697 m
The water level would fall by 12.697 meter in one year.