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Masonry Model: Nonlinear Analysis
Masonry Model: Nonlinear Analysis
Masonry Model
Introduction
Masonry, though a traditional material which has been used for construction for
ages, is a complex material. It is a complex composite material, and its mechanical
behavior, which is influenced by a large number of factors, is not generally well
understood. In engineering practice, many engineers have adopted an elastic
analysis for the structural behavior of masonry using rather arbitrary elastic
parameters and strengths of masonry. Such analyses can give wrong and
misleading results. The proper way to obtain elastic parameters of masonry is
through a procedure of homogenization described in the next section.
The effect of nonlinearity (i.e., tensile crack, compressive failure, and so on.) to the
behavior of masonry model is very significant and must be accurately taken into
account in analyzing the ultimate behavior of masonry structures. Having their own
advantages and restrictions, many researches have been conducted, for instance,
“Equivalent nonlinear stress-strain concept” of J. S. Lee & G. N. Pande1,
Tomaževic’s “Story-Mechanism”2, the finite element analysis approach of
Calderini & Lagomarsino3, and “Equivalent frame idealization” by Magenes et al.4.
Thus, in practical application of crack effect to the masonry structure, one must be
well aware of unique characteristics of each of the nonlinear models for masonry
structure. The main concept of the nonlinear masonry model adopted in the
masonry model of MIDAS is based on the line of theory of J.S. Lee & G. N. Pande
and described later.
1
ANALYSIS MANUAL
σ = ⎡⎣ D ⎤⎦ ε
(1)
or
ε = ⎡⎣C ⎤⎦ σ
(2)
where,
ε = {ε xx , ε yy , ε zz , γ xy , γ yz , γ xz }
T
(3)
are the vectors of stresses and strains in the Cartesian coordinate system.
2
Nonlinear Analysis
⎡ 1 ν xy ν xz ⎤
⎢ − − 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ Ex Ex Ex ⎥
⎢ ν yx 1 ν yz ⎥
⎢− − 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ Ey Ey Ey ⎥
⎢ ν zy ⎥
⎢ − ν zx −
1
0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ Ez Ez Ez ⎥
⎡⎣C ⎤⎦ = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 1
0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ Gxy ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 1
⎢ 0 0 0 0 ⎥⎥
G yz
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎣ Gxz ⎦
(4)
3
ANALYSIS MANUAL
σ b = [ Sb ] σ
σ bj = ⎡⎣ Sbj ⎤⎦ σ
σ hj = ⎡⎣ Shj ⎤⎦ σ
(5)
where subscripts b, bj and hj represent brick, bed joint ad head joint respectively.
The structural relationships for strains can similarly be established. The structural
matrices S are listed in ‘Structural Relationship of Masonry’. From the results
listed in Pande et al., it can be shown that the orthotropic material properties are
functions of
It must be noted that the geometry of masonry has to be modeled with reference to
the above figure in which the presented axes are the same as the element local axes
of the MIDAS program. Accordingly, it is recommended that the gravity direction
4
Nonlinear Analysis
be parallel with the element local y direction of the MIDAS program. This is
because the homogenization is performed on the local x-y plane. So the generated
orthotropic material properties are also based on the axis system. Since the
homogenization is performed only in the local x-y plane, the stiffness in each
direction differs from each other. It should be also noted that the global axis system
of the MIDAS program has no effect on the masonry model. For clarity, the local
axes of a three-dimensional masonry structure is shown in Fig. 1(b).
In this way, the local failure mode can be evaluated. For better understanding of
this kind of equivalent nonlinear stress-strain relationship theory, see Lee et
al.(1996). Once cracking occurs in any constituent material, the effect is smeared
onto the neighboring equivalent orthotropic material through another
5
ANALYSIS MANUAL
homogenization.
Although there are a number of criteria for the masonry model such as Mohr-
Coulomb and so on, the masonry model in MIDAS currently determines the tensile
failure referring only to the user-input tensile strength. More advanced failure
criteria are developed in the near future based on the abundant research. After the
tensile cracks occur, the crack positions can be traced by post processor of solid
stresses.
Firstly, referring to the figure 53, the out-of-plane damage which is also called as
“first-mode collapse” or “local damage” involves any kinds of local failure such as
tensile failure and partial overturn of masonry wall.
For the precise analysis of out-of-plane damage of masonry structure, part of the
structure is modeled with detailed finite elements such as material nonlinear
models and interface elements to simulate discrete mortar cracking, interface
interaction, shear failure, and etc. This type analysis is numerically expensive and
difficult to simulate real structural response and is not the case in the masonry
model of the current MIDAS program.
Secondly, in the reference of figure 54, the in-plane damage which is also called as
“second-mode collapse” means the structural response to the external loading as a
whole. MIDAS is providing homogenized nonlinear masonry model for this kind
of analysis. Tensile cracks in mortar and brick can be traced with a simply defined
nonlinear masonry material model. It should be noted that the nonlinear behavior
of masonry structure is very sensitive to the material properties such as tensile
strength and reduced stiffness after cracking. So proper material properties should
be carefully defined by thorough investigation and experimental consideration.
6
Nonlinear Analysis
7
ANALYSIS MANUAL
8
Nonlinear Analysis
4
Loading Steps
Nonline
3
ar
2
0 Dx[m]
0.0E+00 1.0E-03 2.0E-03 3.0E-03 4.0E-03 5.0E-03 6.0E-03 7.0E-03
9
ANALYSIS MANUAL
60
55
50
45
40
V/Vtotal [%]
35
Nonlinear
30
Linear
25
20
15
10
5
0
Left Pier Mid Pier Right Pier
10
Nonlinear Analysis
Referring to Fig. 51, volume fraction of brick and bed joint can be described as
h tbj
μb = ; μbj =
h + tbj h + tbj
(1)
where subscript b and bj represent the brick and bed joint respectively. If the
brick and bed joint are homogenized in the beginning, the following stress/strain
components in the sense of volume averaging can be established:
σ = {σ xx , σ yy , σ zz ,τ xy ,τ yz ,τ zx }
T
ε = {ε xx , ε yy , ε zz , γ xy , γ yz , γ zx }
T
(2)
where,
2
1
σ xx =
V
∑∫
i =1
Vi
σ xxi dVi
(3)
2
1
ε xx = ∑ ε xxi dVi
V i =1 ∫Vi (4)
and i=1 for brick, i=2 for bed joint. For each strain component,
11
ANALYSIS MANUAL
1
ε xxi =
Ei
(σ xxi −ν iσ yyi −ν iσ zzi )
1
ε yyi =
Ei
(σ yyi −ν iσ xxi −ν iσ zzi )
1
ε zzi =
Ei
(σ zzi −ν iσ xxi −ν iσ yyi )
τ xyi
γ xyi =
Gxyi
τ yzi
γ yzi =
G yzi
τ xzi
γ xzi =
Gxzi (5)
Now the strain energy for each component and 1 layer prism can be denoted as
2
1
U re = ∑
2 ∫Vi
(σ xxiε xxi + σ yyiε yyi + σ zziε zzi + τ xyiγ xyi + τ yziγ yzi + τ xziγ xzi ) dVi
i =1
1
Ue =
2 ∫V
(σ xxε xx + σ yyε yy + σ zzε zz + τ xyγ xy + τ yzγ yz + τ xzγ xz ) dV
(6)
where ‘re’ and ‘e’ represent the component and layer prism respectively, and it is
obvious that
U re = U e (7)
12
Nonlinear Analysis
σ xxi = σ xx + Axxi
σ yyi = σ yy
σ zzi = σ zz + Azzi
τ xyi = τ xy
τ yzi = τ yz
τ xzi = τ xz + Axzi (8)
and
ε xxi = ε xx
ε yyi = ε yy + Byyi
ε zzi = ε zz
γ xyi = γ xy + Bxyi
γ yzi = γ yz + Byzi
γ xzi = γ xz (9)
∑μ A
i =1
i xxi =0
2
∑μ A
i =1
i zzi =0
2
∑μ A
i =1
i xzi =0
(10)
and
13
ANALYSIS MANUAL
∑μ B
i =1
i yyi =0
2
∑μ B
i =1
i xyi =0
2
∑μ B
i =1
i yzi =0
(11)
μ
where, 1 and
μ2 represent the volume fraction of brick and bed joint
respectively.
ζ2
Ex = α −
α
1 μb μbj ⎛ ν zy ν b ⎞ ⎛ ν zy ν bj ⎞
= + + 2 χb ⎜ − ⎟ + 2 χ bj ⎜ − ⎟⎟
⎜
E y Eb Ebj ⎝ z
E E b ⎠ ⎝ z Ebj ⎠
E
ζ2
Ez = α −
α
1 μi
=∑
Gxy i Gxyi
1 μ
=∑ i
G yz i G yzi
Gxz = ∑ ( μ Gxzi )
i
χζ
ν xy = χ −
α
ζ
ν xz =
α
χζ
ν zy = χ −
α (12)
14
Nonlinear Analysis
where,
μ ν E (1 −ν ) + μ ν E (1 −ν )
2 2
ζ =
b b b bj bj bj bj b
(1 −ν )(1 −ν ) 2
b
2
bj
μbν b
χb =
1 −ν b
μν
χ bj = bj bj
1 −ν bj
χ = χ b + χ bj
(13)
Ey
ν yx = ν xy
Ex (14)
For the system of masonry panel, the homogenization is applied to the layered
material and head joint based on the assumption of continuous head joint. Now,
volume fractions of the constituent materials are
l thj
μeq = ; μhj =
l + thj l + thj
(15)
where, subscript eq and hj represent layered material and head joint respectively.
As in the previous case, the following stress/strain components in the sense of
volume averaging can be established:
σ = {σ xx , σ yy , σ zz ,τ xy ,τ yz ,τ zx }
T
ε = {ε xx , ε yy , ε zz , γ xy , γ yz , γ zx }
T
(16)
15
ANALYSIS MANUAL
σ xxi = σ xx
σ yyi = σ yy + C yyi
σ zzi = σ zz + C zzi
τ xyi = τ xy
τ yzi = τ yz + C yzi
τ xzi = τ xz (17)
And
ε xxi = ε xx + Dxxi
ε yyi = ε yy
ε zzi = ε zz
γ xyi = γ xy + Dxyi
γ yzi = γ yz
γ xzi = γ xz + Dxzi (18)
where, i=1 & i=2 represent the layered material and head joint respectively.
Following the same procedure and defining the following coefficients,
16
Nonlinear Analysis
μeq (ν zx +ν yxν zy )
χ eq =
1 −ν yzν zy
μhjν hj
χ hj =
1 −ν hj
χ = χ eq + χ hj
μeq (ν yx +ν yzν zx )
λeq =
1 −ν yzν zy
μhjν hj
λhj =
1 −ν hj
λ = λeq + λhj
(19)
the orthotropic material properties of the masonry panel are finally derived.
17
ANALYSIS MANUAL
1 μeq μ hj ⎛ ν yx ν xy ⎞ ⎛ ν yx ν hj ⎞
= + + λeq ⎜ − ⎟ + λhj ⎜ − +
Ex Ex Ehj ⎜ E y Ex ⎟ ⎜ E y Ehj ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ ν zx ν xz ⎞ ⎛ ν zx ν hj ⎞
χ eq ⎜ − ⎟ + χ hj ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
⎝ Ez Ex ⎠ ⎝ Ez Ehj ⎠
αβ − ζ 2
Ey =
β
αβ − ζ 2
Ez =
α
1 μeq μhj
= +
Gxy Gxy Ghj
G yz = μeq G yz + μhj Ghj
1 μeq μhj
= +
Gxz Gxz Ghj
ζχ
ν yx = λ −
β
ζ
ν yz =
β
ζλ
ν zx = χ −
α
ζ
ν zy =
α (20)
18
Nonlinear Analysis
σ yy ,hj = σ yy + C yy ,hj
=
1
1 −ν hjν hj
{E ε
hj yy ( ) }
+ ν hj Ehjε zz + ν hj + ν hj2 σ xx
⎧⎪ ν ⎛ν ν ν ⎞ ⎫⎪ ⎧⎪ ⎛ 1 ν hjν zy ⎞ ⎫⎪ ⎧⎪ ⎛ ν hj ν yz ⎞ ⎫⎪
= σ xx ⎨ hj − η ⎜ yx + hj zx ⎟⎟ ⎬ + σ yy ⎨η ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ ⎬ + σ zz ⎨η ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ ⎬
⎜ Ey
⎩⎪1 −ν hj ⎝ Ez ⎠ ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ ⎝ E y Ez ⎠ ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ ⎝ Ez E y ⎠ ⎭⎪ (22)
where,
Ehj
η=
1 −ν hj2
(23)
Therefore,
19
ANALYSIS MANUAL
ν hj ⎛ ν xy ν hjν zx ⎞
S hj ,21 = −η ⎜ + ⎟
1 −ν hj2 ⎜ Ey Ez ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ 1 ν hjν zy ⎞
S hj ,22 = η ⎜ − ⎟⎟
⎜ Ey Ez
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ν hj ν yz ⎞
S hj ,23 = η ⎜ −
⎜ Ez E y ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ (24)
ν hj ⎛ν ν ν ⎞
S hj ,21 = − η hj ⎜ yx + hj zx ⎟
1 −ν hj ⎜ Ey Ez ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ 1 ν hjν zy ⎞
S hj ,22 = ηhj ⎜ − ⎟⎟
⎜ Ey Ez
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ν hj ν yz ⎞
S hj ,23 = η hj ⎜ −
⎜ Ez E y ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ (25)
where,
Ehj
ηhj =
1 −ν hj2
(26)
Using the same procedure, the remaining non-zero coefficients can also be derived.
20
Nonlinear Analysis
S hj ,11 = 1.0
ν hj ⎧⎪ν hjν yx ν zx ⎫⎪
S hj ,31 = − ηhj ⎨ + ⎬
1 −ν hj ⎪⎩ E y Ez ⎭⎪
⎧⎪ν hj ν ⎫⎪
S hj ,32 = η hj ⎨ − zx ⎬
⎩⎪ E y Ez ⎪⎭
⎧⎪ 1 ν hjν yz ⎫⎪
S hj ,33 = η hj ⎨ − ⎬
⎪⎩ Ez E y ⎪⎭
S hj ,44 = 1.0
Ghj
S hj ,55 =
G yz
S hj ,66 = 1.0
(27)
Solving for the unknowns A, B, C and D in eqs. (8), (9), (17) and (18), the
structural matrix for each component can be derived, and the full details will be
omitted.1
1 J. S. Lee, G. N. Pande, et al., Numerical Modeling of Brick Masonry Panels subject to Lateral Loadings, Computer & Structures,
Vol. 61, No. 4, 1996.
2 Tomaževič M., Earthquake-resistant design of masonry buildings, Series on Innovation in Structures and Construction, Vol. 1,
Imperial College Press, London, 1999.
3 Calderini, C., Lagomarsino, S., A micromechanical inelastic model for historical masonry, Journal of Earthquake Engineering (in
print), 2006.
4 Magenes G., A method for pushover analysis in seismic assessment of masonry buildings, 12th World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand, 2000.
5 G. N. Pande, B. Kralj, and J. Middleton. Analysis of the compressive strength of masonry given by the equation
f k = K ( f b′) ( fm )
α β
. The Structural Engineer, 71:7-12, 1994.
6 G. N. Pande, J. X. Liang, and J. Middleton. Equivalent elastic moduli for brick masonry. Comp. & Geotech., 8:243-265, 1989.
7 R. Luciano and E. Sacco. A damage model for masonry structures. Eur. J. Mech., A/Solids, 17:285-303,1998.
8 Guido Magenes, Masonry Building Design in Seismic Areas: Recent Experiences and Prospects from a European Standpoint,
First European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Paper Number: Keynote Address K9, Geneva,
Switzerland, 3-8 September, 2006.
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