W E L L T E S T A N A L Y S I S F O R W E L L S PRO1)UCED AT A

CONSTANT PRESSURE

BY
Christine Anna Ehlig- Economides

A DISSERTATION

S U B M I T T E D T O T H E D E P A R T M E N T O F PETROLElUM E N G I N E E R I N G

AND THE COMMITTEE ON GRADUATE S T U D I E S

OF S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y

I N PARTIAL FULFILLMENT O F T H E

R E Q U I R E M E N T S F O R T H E DEGREE: O F

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

JUNE 1979
To Michael and Alexander
 STANFORD GEOTHERMAL PROGRAM
STANFORD UNIVERSITY
STANFORD, CALlFORNlA 94305

Stanford Geothermal Program

Interdisciplinary Research in
Engineering and Earth Sciences
STANFORD UNIVERSITY
Stanford, California

SGP-TR-36

WELL TEST ANALYSIS FOR WELLS PRODUCED AT A

CONSTANT PRESSURE

BY
Christine Anna Ehlig-Economides

June 1979

Financial support was provided through the Stanford

Geothermal Program under Department of Energy Contract
No. DE-AT03-80SF11459 and by the Department of Petroleum
Engineering, Stanford University.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The a u t h o r w i s h e s t o thank D r . Henry J. Rairoey, Jr., f o r h i s

e s s e n t i a l h e l p as a d v i s o r and D r . Heber Cinco-L f o r h i s numerous

useful suggestions.

The m e t i c u l o u s d r a f t i n g of t h e f i g u r e s and e q u a t i o n s by M s . T e r r y

Ramey and M s . Evelyn M o r r i s a r e g r a t e f u l l y acknowledged. Thanks a l s o

t o M s . Connie Rieben and M s . Susan Boucher f o r . t h e i r h e l p w i t h t h e

f i n a l manuscript.

To Michael, whose encouragement and u n d e r s t a n d i n g i n s u r e d my

s u c c e s s , I owe t h e g r e a t e s t a p p r e c i a t i o n . And through h i s s h e e r

p r e s e n c e , my son, Alexander, provided a new j o y i n my l i f e .

BAPCEIN XPH TAX’AYPION ECCETAI AMEINON

F i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e w a s provided by t h e Department of Energy

Grant 1673500 through t h e S t a n f o r d Geothermal Program.

- iv -
 ABSTRACT

Conventional w e l l test a n a l y s i s has been developed pri-

m a r i l y f o r c o n s t a n t flow rate p r o d u c t i o n . Constant pressure

production r e s u l t s i n a t r a n s i e n t rate response. Pressure

buildup after constant p r e s s u r e f l o w is c o m p l i c a t e d by t h e

t r a n s i e n t rate p r i o r t o shut- in. Thus, t h e m e t h o d s of d r a w -

down a n d b u i l d u p a n a l y s i s d e s i g n e d f o r c o r r s t a n t r a t e p r o d u c -

t i o n a r e n o t v a l i d for c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e p r o d u c t i o n .

Some t r a n s i e n t r a t e a n a l y s i s m e t h o d s are o u t l i n e d i n t h e

l i t e r a t u r e but a thorough study is l a c k i n g . The necessary

analytical solutions for determination of r e s e r v o i r p e r m e a -

b i l i t y and p o r o s i t y and w e l l b o r e s k i n f a c t o r a r e provided i n

t h i s study. Reservoir l i m i t t e s t i n g and i n t e r f e r e n c e analy-

sis are a l s o d i s c u s s e d . In addition, a n a l y s i s of flow a t

c o n s t a n t w e l l h e a d p r e s s u r e is s h o w n t o b e a s i m p l e e x t e n s i o n

of t h e e x i s t i n g theory f o r constant wellhore p r e s s u r e pro-

duction.

Most o f t h e e x i s t i n g methods for pressure buildup analy-

sis f o r wells w i t h a c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e f l o w h i s t o r y a r e em-

pirical. I n t h i s work, t h e method of s u p e r p o s i t i o n i n time

of c o n t i n u o u s l y c h a n g i n g rates is used t o g e n e r a t e an exact

solution for pressure buildup following constant pressure

- v -
flow. The method is g e n e r a l . W e l l b o r e s t o r a g e a n d s k i n ef-

fects are incorporated i n t o t h e theory, and b o t h bounded and

unbounded r e s e r v o i r s a r e c o n s i d e r e d . Buildup s o l u t i o n s are

graphed using c o n v e n t i o n a l t e c h n i q u e s for analysis. Hor-

10
ner's method f o r plotting buildup after variable rate flow

is found t o b e a c c u r a t e i n a m a j o r i t y of cases. C u r v e s for

determination of static reservoir p r e s s u r e similar t o those

developed by Matthews, Brons, a n d H a z e b r o e k1 8a r e p r o v i d e d f o r

c l o s e d bounded r e s e r v o i r s . Additional a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h e

method of s u p e r p o s i t i o n i n time of c o n t i n u o u s l y changing

rates are a l s o included.

- vi -
 TABLE OF C O N T E N T S

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V

SECTION

1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. ANALYTICAL S O L U T I O N S FOR TRANSIENT R A T K D E C L I N E . . . 6

Fundamental F a r t i a l D i f f e r e n t i a l Equations . . . . 7
M e t h o d of S o l u t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
B a s i c T r a n s i e n t R a t e S o l u t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . .1 6
Unbounded R e s e r v o i r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
C l o s e d Eounded P.eservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
C o n s t a n t P r e s s u r e Bounded C i r c u l a r R e s e r v o i r . 27
P r o d u c t i o n a t C o n s t a n t W e l l h e a d P r e s s u r e . . . . . 30
E f f e c t o f W e l l b o r e S t o r a g e . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Interference Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3. PRESSURE B U I L D U P AFTER CONSTANT P R E S S U R E PRODUCTION . 43

Theoretical Expression f o r P r e s s u r e Buildup . . . 44

A n a l y s i s of P r e s s u r e B u i l d u p . . . . . . . . . . . 46
E a r l y Shut- in Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Horner Buildup Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Outer Boundary Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
P r a c t i c a l L i m i t a t i o n s of t h e T h e o r y . . . . . . . 54
S h o r t Flow Time B e f o r e Shut- in . . . . . . . . 54
Wellbore Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Outer Boundary E f f e c t s . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Comparison w i t h Previous S t u d i e s . . . . . . . 57
F u r t h e r A p p l i c a t i o n s of th.e S o l u t i o n T e c h n i q u e . . 60
T h e C r i t i c a l Flow Phenomenon . . . . . . . . . 60
E x p o n e n t i a l D e c l i n e A f t e r C o n s t a n t Rate
Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
I n t e r f e r e n c e a m o n g F l o w i n g Wells . . . . . . . 67

4. CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
NORENCLATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

- vii -
Appendix page

A . UNITS CONVERSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
: 82

B. TABULATED SOLUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

C . COMPUTER P R O G R A M S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

.viii .
 SECTION 1

INTRODUCTION

Although c o n s t a n t - r a t e production is u s u a l l y assumed i n

t h e development of w e l l test a n a l y s i s methods, s e v e r a l com-

mon r e s e r v o i r p r o d u c t i o n c o n d i t i o n s r e s u l t i n f l o w a t a c o n -

stant pressure instead. Reservoir f l u i d s are o f t e n produced

into a constant pressure separator or pipeline; and constant

p r e s s u r e flow is a l s o maintained during t h e rate decline

p e r i o d of reservoir depletion. Wells i n low p e r m e a b i l i t y

r e s e r v o i r s are o f t e n by n e c e s s i t y produced a t c o n s t a n t pres-

sure. In geothermal reservoirs, p r o d u c e d f l u i d s may d r i v e a

back- pressured t u r b i n e . Finally, open wells, including

a r t e s i a n water w e l l s , flow at constant atmospheric pressure.

Fundamental considerations instruct that conventional

p r e s s u r e drawdown a n d b u i l d u p a n a l y s i s m e t h o d s s h o u l d n o t b e

a p p r o p r i a t e for wells p r o d u c e d at constant pressure. HOW-

ever, analogous w e l l test methods have been proposed. The

p u r p o s e of t h i s s t u d y is t o review t h e e x i s t i n g methods for

t r a n s i e n t rate d e c l i n e and p r e s s u r e buildup a n a l y s i s and t o

c o n t r i b u t e new s o l u t i o n s w h e r e n e e d e d i n order t o produce a

comprehensive w e l l test a n a l y s i s p a c k a g e for wells p r o d u c e d

at constant pressure. The remainder of this s e c t i o n is a

d i s c u s s i o n of t h e methods a v a i l a b l e in the l i t e r a t u r e and

t h e o b j e c t i v e s of t h i s work.

- 1 -
 Many o f t h e basic a n a l y t i c a l solutions for t r a n s i e n t rate

d e c l i n e h a v e been a v a i l a b l e f o r some t i m e . The f i r s t s o l u -

t i o n s were p u b l i s h e d by Moore, et el. (1933) and Hurst

(1934). Results were presented i n graphical form for

bounded and unbounded r e s e r v o i r s i n which t h e f l o w was r a -

d i a l and t h e s i n g l e p h a s e f l u i d was s l i g h t l y compressible.

T h e s e s o l u t i o n s were n o t t a b u l a t e d , h o w e v e r . T a b l e s of d i -

mensionless flow rate v s d i m e n s i o n l e s s time were p r o v i d e d

later by F e r r i s , et a l . (1962) f o r t h e unbounded s y s t e m and

by T s a r e v i c h a n d Kuranov ( 1 9 5 6 ) f o r t h e c l o s e d bounded c i r -

cular reservoir. T s a r e v i c h and Kuranov a l s o p r o v i d e d t a b u -

lated solutions f o r t h e cumulative p r o d u c t i o n from a c l o s e d

bounded reservoir. Fetkovich (1973) developed t h e type

c u r v e s f o r t r a n s i e n t rate v s t i m e i n t h e c l o s e d bounded c i r -

cular reservoir. F e t k o v i c h was t h e first t o determine the

exponential form of the final rate decline for constant

pressure production., Type c u r v e s f o r rate d e c l i n e i n c l o s e d

bounded reservoirs with pressure s e n s i t i v e rock and f l u i d

p r o p e r t i e s were d e v e l o p e d b y S a m a n i e g o a n d C i n c o ( 1 9 7 8 ) . A

method f o r determining t h e s k i n effect iwas g i v e n b y Ear-

lougher (1977). Type c u r v e s f o r a n a l y s i s of the transient

r a t e r e s p o n s e when the w e l l penetrates a f r a c t u r e were d e -

v e l o p e d by P r a t s , et al. (1962) a n d by L o c k e a n d Sawyer

(1975): Kucuk ( 1 9 7 8 ) developed type curves f o r t h e tran-

sient rate and c u m u l a t i v e production f o r constant pressure

production with e l l i p t i c a l flow.

- 2 -
 Although the rate decline solution!s present in the

literature provide a fairly comprehensive list, certain

problems have n o t been d i s c u s s e d . One s u c h p r o b l e m i s t h e

e f f e c t of p r o d u c t i o n w i t h c o n s t a n t pressure at t h e wellhead

rather than t h e wellbore. Constant wellhead p r e s s u r e pro-

duction causes a variable wellbore pressure because the

pressure drop due t o friction in the w e l l b o r e is d e p e n d e n t

on t h e t r a n s i e n t rate. A second subjeclt n o t found i n t h e

l i t e r a t u r e is i n t e r f e r e n c e a n a l y s i s . Ffnally, a solution

for the early transient rate response trhich a l l o w s for a

more r e a l i s t i c f i n i t e i n i t i a l r a t e h a s n o t been determined.

These problems a r e d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 2 of t h i s work.

Another s u b j e c t which h a s n o t receivedl a thorough t r e a t -

ment i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e is t h e a n a l y s i s of pressure buildup

after constant pressure production. Hornar (1951) suggested

two m e t h o d s f o r d e a l i n g w i t h variable rate production p r i o r

t o shut- in. T h e f i r s t m e t h o d was e x a c t , but required long

calculations. The s e c o n d method was t o a s s u m e a p p r o x i m a t e

constant rate production by using t h e last established rate

i n conjunction with a corrected flow t i m e determined by d i -

viding the cumulative p r o d u c t i o n by t h e last established

flow rate. The l a t t e r method was n o t t h e o r e t i c a l l y j u s t i -

fied at the 'time a n d h a s b e e n q u e s t i o n e d in other studies.

I n v e s t i g a t o r s who h a v e f o u n d f a u l t with t h e Horner approxi-

mate p r e s s u r e b u i l d u p a n a l y s i s method f o r v a r i a b l e r a t e pro-

d u c t i o n p r i o r t o s h u t - i n i n c l u d e Odeh a n d S e l i g ( 1 9 6 3 1 , San-

- 3 -
d r e a (19711, and Clegg (1967). Their objections w i l l be

d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 3. Jacob a n d Lohman ( 1 9 5 2 ) analyzed

pressure buildup after constant pressure production for a

number of w e l l s for w h i c h t r a n s m i s s i v i t y had a l r e a d y been

determined by t y p e curve analysis of t h e rate response.

T h e i r graph of r e s i d u a l drawdown v e r s u s t h e l o g of t h e t o t a l

time divided by the shut- in time produced a semi- log

straight line. Transmissivities calculated from t h e s l o p e

of t h e l i n e and t h e a v e r a g e f l o w r a t e d u r i n g t h e f l o w p e r i o d

agreed w i t h t h e v a l u e s determined from t y p e c u r v e matching.

In Section 3 of this study a solution for pressure

buildup after constant pressure p r o d u c t i o n is d e r i v e d b a s e d

on s u p e r p o s i t i o n i n time o f c o n t i n u o u s l y v , a r y i n g r a t e s . The

r e s u l t i n g s o l u t i o n is g e n e r a l and c a n b e used t o j u s t i f y t h e

modified Horner method t h e o r e t i c a l l y . T h e J a c o b a n d Lohman

method is shown t o b e of somewhat l i m i t e d :accuracy. I n ad-

dition, methods f o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n of w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e and

skin e f f e c t a n d t h e s t a t i c r e s e r v o i r p r e s s u r e f r o m t h e p r e s -

s u r e b u i l d u p d a t a a r e shown t o be analogous t o t h e constant

rate case. L i m i t a t i o n s of t h e m e t h o d s f o r a n a l y s i s of pres-

s u r e buildup are a l s o considered.

The method of s u p e r p o s i t i o n i n time of c o n t i n u o u s l y v a r y -

i n g r a t e s h a s many a p p l i c a t i o n s . In t h e l a s t p a r t o f Sec-

t i o n 3, t h r e e a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h e t h e o r y iare p r e s e n t e d : a

constant i n i t i a l rate followed by c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e produc-

t i o n 1 ) d u r i n g t h e e a r l y p e r i o d of production, 2) after the

- 4 -
o n s e t of pseudo- steady state, and 3 ) i n t e r f e r e n c e among

f l o w i n g wells p r o d u c e d a t c o n s t a n t r a t e o r c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e .

- 5 -
 SECTION 2

A N A L Y T I C A L SOLUTIONS F O R TRANSIENT R A T E D E C L I N E

A l t h o u g h many of the basic solutions for transient r a t e

decline for wells produced a t constant pressure have been

published, no comprehensive a n a l y s i s h a s been o f f e r e d . In

this section the p r o b l e m of constant pressure production

from t h e c e n t e r of a c i r c u l a r r e s e r v o i r is examined. In

Section 2.1, equations which d e f i n e t h e b a s i c problem and

t h e assumptions required f o r t h e i r d e r i v a t i o n are given. In

S e c t i o n 2.2, t h e m e t h o d u s e d i n t h i s w o r k f o r o b t a i n i n g so-

lutions t o the e q u a t i o n s is o u t l i n e d . In S e c t i o n 2.3 t h e

a n a l y t i c a l s o l u t i o n s i n real space for t h e u n b o u n d e d c i r c u -

lar reservoir are presented. Included i n t h i s section are

d i s c u s s i o n s of t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e s o l u t i o n s t o w e l l test

analysis.

Three important extensions of the basic solutions are

derived i n the final three sections. The s o l u t i o n s g i v e n i n

the first three sections apply €or p r o d u c t i o n a t a c o n s t a n t

wellbore pressure. Because t h e p r e s s u r e is n o r m a l l y c o n t -

rolled at t h e wellhead, the e f f e c t of changing the inner

boundary c o n d i t i o n t o include frictional pressure drop in

t h e w e l l b o r e i s e x a m i n e d i n S e c t i o n 2.1. An a p p a r e n t a d v a n -

t a g e of c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e t e s t i n g is t h e a b s e n c e of w e l l b o r e

- 6 -
storage effects. This is discussed in Section 2.5.

Finally, S e c t i o n 2.6 c o n t a i n s a d i s c u s s i o n of i n t e r f e r e n c e

a n a l y s i s f o r w e l l s produced at c o n s t a n t pressure.

2.1 FUNDAMENTAL PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

T h e f u n d a m e n t a l partial d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n represent-

ing idealized f l o w t h r o u g h p o r o u s m e d i a is the diffusivity

equation. The d i f f u s i v i t y e q u a t i o n i n radial g e o m e t r y is

g i v e n by:

T h e porous medium is contained in t h e region between t h e

f i n i t e w e l l b o r e raduis, rW, and t h e r e s e r v o i r radius, re,

which may b e i n f i n i t e or finite. I m p l i c i t in t h e u s e of

t h i s e q u a t i o n a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g assumptionls:

1. F l o w through the porous m e d i u m is s t r i c t l y radial

with negligible gravity effects.

2. T h e porous m e d i u m is h o m o g e n e o u s and isotropic,

with constant thickness, h, porolsity, and

permeability, k.

3. T h e f l u i d viscosity, 1J, is c o n s t a n t , and t h e total

compress i b i 1i t y , et, of t h e f l u i d and t h e porous

m e d i u m is s m a l l in m a g n i t u d e and c o n s t a n t .

- 7 -
-

4. Pressure gradients a r e small e v e r y w h e r e s u c h that

g r a d i e n t s q u a r e d t e r m s m a y b e n e g l cscted.

T h e last t w o a s s u m p t i o n s a r e e s s e n t i a l l y s a t i s f i e d for a l i -

q u i d s a t u r a t e d , o n e phase, i s o t h e r m a l r e s e r v o i r .

A c o m p l e t e mathematical d e f i n i t i o n of tihe problem of con-

s t a n t p r e s s u r e p r o d u c t i o n from a c i r c u l a r r e s e r v o i r r e q u i r e s

a d d i t i o n a l e q u a t i o n s w h i c h represent t h e a p p r o p r i a t e initial

and b o u n d a r y conditions. For a reservoir initially at a

constant pressure, p i , t h e initial c o n d i t i o n is g i v e n b y :

p(r,O) = P i (2.2)

T h e i n n e r b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n is:

w h e r e s is t h e w e l l b o r e s k i n factor, and pwf is t h e flowing

b o t t o m h o l e pressure. T h r e e d i f f e r e n t o u t e r b o u n d a r y condi-

tions a r e often considered: an i n f i n i t e l y l a r g e r e s e r v o i r r

a c l o s e d o u t e r boundary, and a c o n s t a n t - p r e s s u r e outer boun-

dary. T h e c o n d i t i o n f o r a n i n f i n i t e l y l a r g e r e s e r v o i r is:

Rim p ( r , t ) = pi (2.4)
r+co

F o r t h e c l o s e d outer b o u n d a r y t h e c o n d i t i o n is:

-
aP ( r e , t ) = 0 (2.5)
ar

- 8 -
and f o r t h e c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e o u t e r b o u n d a l r y , the condition

is:

Fig. 2 . 1 i s a s c h e m a t i c diagram of t h e s y s t e m d e s c r i b e d b y

Eqs. 2.1- 2.6. The f l o w i n t o t h e wellbore i s g i v e n by:

In order t o provide g e n e r a l s o l u t i o n s , d i m e n s i o n l e s s var-

i a b l e s may b e d e f i n e d a s follows:

rD = r/rw

(2.l o )

(2.11)

The r e s u l t i n g equations i n dimensionless variables a r e

(2.12)

(2.13)

- 9 -
 k
I
t I
II
h
------I-
4

-.-- - - - -- L-

-r
O ?w re

F i g u r e 2.1: Schematic Diagram of a Well Producing a t a Constant Well-

b o r e P r e s s u r e from a C i r c u l a r R e s e r v o i r

- 10 -
 PD(lYtD) = 1 + s (Z),
r =1
D
+
(2.14)

w i t h o u t e r boundary c o n d i t i o n one of t h e f o l l o w i n g :

Rim pD(rDytD) = 0 (2.15)

r-
D

(2.16)

(2.17)

The f l o w r a t e is d e t e r m i n e d from:

(2.18)

Eqs. 2.12-2.11, and o n e of Eqs. 2.15, 2.16, o r 2 . 1 7 com-

pletely describe the problem of a w e l l p r o d u c i n g a t a con-

s t a n t w e l l b o r e pressure from t h e c e n t e r of a c i r c u l a r reser-

v o i r under t h e assumptions l i s t e d in this section. In the

next section, the m e t h o d of s o l u t i o n u s e d i n t h i s work is

described.

2.2 METHOD SOLUTION

A straight-foreward method f o r s o l v i n g Eqs. 2.12-2.17 in-

v o l v e s u s e of t h e Laplace transformation. Carslaw and J a e -

g e r (1947) u s e d t h e Laplace t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t o s o l v e t h e d i f -

fusivity equation. By this method, the equations are

t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a s y s t e m of ordinary differential equations

- 11 -
w h i c h can be s o l v e d a n a l y t i c a l l y . The resulting solution
-
f o r t h e L a p l a c e t r a n s f o r m of the pressureIpD I is a f u n c t i o n

of t h e L a p l a c e v a r i a b l e t i and t h e s p a c i a . 1 v a r i a b l e , r D . To

determine t h e pressurer pDI as a f u n c t i a l n of r D a n d tD, t h e

Laplace space s o l u t i o n s must b e i n v e r t e d u s i n g the inverse

Laplace transformation.

Application of the Laplace transfolrmation to Eqs.

2.12-2.18 results in:

(2.19)

(2.20)

-
Rim pD(rD,R) = 0 (2.21)
r*
D

(2.22)

(2.23)

(2.24)

The s o l u t i o n s i n L a p l a c e s p a c e f o r a l l t h r e e boundary cases

are given i n T a b l e 2.1.

A r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t s b e t w e e n t h e L a p l a c e t r a n s f o r m e d so-

l u t i o n s f o r t h e c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e and c o n s t a n t rate problems

w h i c h was i n d i c a t e d b y v a n E v e r d i n g e n a n d H u r s t ( 1 9 4 9 ) . De-

- 12 -
Table 2.1: Laplace Space S o l u t i o n s f o r a W e l l Producing a t a Constant
P r e s s u r e from t h e Center of a C i r c u l a r R e s e r v o i r

I N F I N I T E OUTEP BOUNDARY

- 13 -
noting t h e dimensionless wellbore p r e s s r ~ r eu n d e r constant

rate production b y pWD, and t h e dimensionless cumulative

production under constant p r e s s u r e p r o d u c t i o n by Q D , this

r e l a t i o n is g i v e n by:

(2.25)

w h e r e QD i s d e f i n e d b y :

(2.26)

This result can b e derived from t h e p r i n c i p l e of s u p e r p o s i -

tion. The c u m u l a t i v e p r o d u c t i o n is r e l a t e d t o t h e t r a n s i e n t

r a t e by:

T h i s is e a s i l y v e r i f i e d f r o m b a s i c p r o p e r t t i e s of t h e Laplace

transformation. Finally, by combining E q s . 2.25 and 2.27,

(2.28)

Thus, a n y s o l u t i o n f o r PwD(k) f o r constant rate production

-
h a s a n a n a l o g s o l u t i o n , qD('> f o r c o n s t a n t pressure produc-

tion.

Unfortunately, t h e i n v e r s e L a p l a c e t r a l n s f o r m a t i o n of the

solutions i n Table 2.1 can only be obtain,ed t h r o u g h u s e of

the Mellin inversion integral, and t h e r e s u l t i n g i n t e g r a l s

cannot be reduced t o simple functions. The s o l u t i o n s tabu-

- 14 -
lated i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e were o b t a i n e d f r o m numerical inte-

g r a t i o n s of t h e i n v e r s i o n i n t r e g r a l s . I n t h i s work, t h e so-

lutions are determined using an a l g o r i t h m f o r approximate

numerical i n v e r s i o n of t h e L a p l a c e s p a c e s o l u t i o n s . The ta-

bulated solutions i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e serve a s a c h e c k of t h e

''a p p r o x i m a t e*' s o l u t i o n s d e t e r m i n e d h e r e i n . In general al-

most e x a c t a g r e e m e n t was f o u n d with solutions o b t a i n e d by

numerical integration.

The a l g o r i t h m f o r n u m e r i c a l i n v e r s i o n of t h e transformed

s o l u t i o n s w a s p r e s e n t e d by S t e h f e s t ( 1 9 7 0 ) . This algorithm

p r o v i d e s t a b u l a r s o l u t i o n s f o r a w i d e v a r i e t y of problems of

i n t e r e s t i n well test a n a l y s i s . The a l g o r i t h m is b a s e d on

t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m u l a g i v e n by S t e h f e s t :

(2.29)

where f ( s 1 is t h e Laplace t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of F ( t ) , a n d t h e Vi

are:
min{ i ,N / 2 1
[(~/2)+i1 k N j 2 (Z!k)! (2.30)
vi = (-1) [ (N/2)-k] !k! ( k - l ) ~! ( i - k ) ! (2k- i) !
i+l
k= -
2

N, t h e n u m b e r o f terms i n t h e s u m , may b e d e t e r m i n e d b y com-

p a r i s o n w i t h known a n a l y t i c a l s o l u t i o n s . S t e h f e s t observed

that theoretically, t h e g r e a t e r N is, t h e m o r e a c c u r a t e is

t h e v a l u e computed for F(t); but i n practilce roundoff errors

i n c r e a s e w i t h i n c r e a s i n g N. Thus, t h e r e i s a n optimum v a l u e

- 15 -
f o r N which c a n o n l y b e d e t e r m i n e d by cclmparing v a l u e s f o r

F ( t ) w i t h known v a l u e s .

The S t e h f e s t algorithm provides a convenient method f o r

obtaining real s p a c e s o l u t i o n s from t h e Laplace space solu-

tions given i n Table 2.1. Solutions calculated from t h e

Stehfest algorithm are tabulated in A p p e n d i x B. The s o l u -

tions tabulated in t h i s work h a v e been c h e c k e d a g a i n s t ex-

i s t i n g s o l u t i o n s whenever p o s s i b l e . Generally, t h e solu-

tions agree for a t l e a s t t h r e e or, i n most casesI four

significant figures.

An a l t e r n a t i v e method for obtaining solutions f o r con-

s t a n t p r e s s u r e f l o w was u s e d by J u a n (1977). H e developed

an algorithm for deriving the constant pressure solutions

from t h e c o n s t a n t r a t e s o l u t i o n s u s i n g s u p e r p o s i t i o n . This

derivation did not require Laplace transformations.

I n t h e n e x t s e c t i o n g r a p h s of t h e s o l u t i o n s are presented

along w i t h a d i s c u s s i o n of t h e i r u s e i n w e l l test a n a l y s i s .

2.3 BASIC TRANSIENT R A T E SOLUTIONS

P o r t i o n s of the analytical solutions for transient rate

decline discussed i n t h i s s e c t i o n have appeared elsewhere i n

the literature. A c o m p l e t e s t u d y of how t h e y may b e a p p l i e d

i n well t e s t a n a l y s i s h a s b e e n l a c k i n g . T h r e e types of res-

ervoirs are considered: the unbounded reservoir; the

- 16 -
closed, bounded r e s e r v o i r ; a n d t h e c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e bounded

reservoir. F o r e a c h t y p e of reservoir, analogies with t h e

a n a l y s i s of p r e s s u r e drawdown f o r t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g c o n s t a n t

rate case are indicated.

2.3.1 Unbounded R e s e r v o i r

As i n t h e case of c o n s t a n t r a t e p r o d u c t i o n , the transient

rate solutions for an unbounded reservoir represent the

transient behavior before boundary e f f e c t s become e v i d e n t .

T h e t r a n s i e n t r a t e s o l u t i o n b y J a c o b a n d Lohman ( 1 9 5 2 1 , ig-

nores the skin effect and a s s i g n s u n r e a l i s t i c a l l y h i g h va-

lues t o t h e flow rates during t h e early flow period. A

l o g - l o g g r a p h of t h i s s o l u t i o n is shown i n F i g . 2.2. Also

shown i n t h e f i g u r e is a g r a p h of l/pwD w h e r e pwD is t h e

wellbore pressure d r o p determined from t h e f i n i t e wellbore

radius solution f o r constant rate production.

The c l o s e s i m i l a r i t y between t h e two s o l u t i o n s which a r e

r e l a t e d e x a c t l y i n L a p l a c e s p a c e b y Eq. 2 . 2 8 may b e s e e n i n
4
Fig. 2.2. E a r l o u g h e r ( 1 9 7 7 ) d e t e r m i n e d t h a t f o r t D > 8x10 ,

and l/q agree within 1%. Because t h e p e r i o d when l / q D

WD D
a n d pwD c o i n c i d e i s i n t h e s e m i - l o g s t r a i g h t p o r t i o n of the

w
'D
function, a g r a p h of l/qD vs l o g t D p r o d u c e s a s t r a i g h t

line if t h e flow period is l o n g enough. Earlougher des-

cribed t h e method for determining reservoir permeability

from t h e s l o p e , m of t h e s e m i - l o g s t r a i g h t l i n e :
q'

- 17 -
 c c a
o o
.rl.rl c
re

L3
t

(D
-
0

v)
-
0

d-
-0

- 18 -
 p'Rn 10
k = (2.31)
4.rrmqh(Pi-Pwf)

In addition, Earlougher indicated that the wellbore skin

f a c t o r could b e e s t i m a t e d from:
.
I

s = - Rn 10 I):( hr k
2 [ m
- Rog
2
- 0.80907 ] (2.32)
9 4Wctrw

where ( l / q ) hr is t h e e x t r a p o l a t e d v a l u e of t h e semi- log

s t r a i g h t l i n e a t a f l o w t i m e of one hour.

A second method for determining t h e reservoir permeabil-

i t y is by t y p e c u r v e m a t c h i n g w i t h a g r a p h of l o g q D v s l o g
tD. T h i s m e t h o d was d e s c r i b e d b y J a c o b a n d Lohman ( 1 9 5 2 ) .

I f qDM i s t h e v a l u e f o r qD which c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e v a l u e q

on t h e g r a p h of log q v s log t overlaying the type curve,

t h e p e r m e a b i l i t y c a n be determined from:

(2.33)

Likewise, t h e p o r o s i t y c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d from t h e time m a t c h

points:

(2.34)

The t y p e c u r v e for q vs tD does n o t take t h e s k i n effect

D
i n t o account. If a non- zero s k i n f a c t o r is p r e s e n t , t h e es-

timate f o r k by t y p e c u r v e matching w i l l be accurate, but

t h e estimate for @ w i l l b e i n e r r o r . For p o s i t i v e s k i n fac-

tors, t h e following approximation c a n o f t e n be used:

- 19 -
 2
9e-2s ktM/(uc r t ) (2.35)
t w ,DM

The methods d e s c r i b e d t h u s f a r f o r transient rate analy-

sis of a n unbounded r e s e r v o i r a r e e x a c t l y analogous t o t h e

pressure transient analysis techniques. S t i l l other analo-

gous techniques can be derived. For i n s t a n c e , m u l t i p l e r a t e

t e s t i n g is analogous t o a n a l y s i s of t h e rate response t o

multiple changes of the producing pressure. F e tkov ic h

(1973) a p p l i e d t h e i d e a s of Hurst (19431 t o determine the

rate response t o a change i n producing pressure. In a simi-

lar fashion, a s t e p change i n t h e flowing bottomhole pres-

s u r e from p
t o Pwf
a t t i m e tl results in:
wf 1 2

(2.36)

.--
For t - t
1 << tl, q ( t ) = q(.tl) . A r e a r r a n g e m e n t of Eq. 2.36

results in:

Hence, a graph of log [q(t>-q(tl>l vs l o g ( t - t l ) can be

matched w i t h t h e qD v s t Dt y p e c u r v e . Furthermore, a graph

of l/Iq(t)-q(tl)l vs log (t-tl) c a n b e examined f o r a s e m i -

log straight line.

- 20 -
 One d i f f i c u l t y w i t h t h e a n a l y t i c a l s o l u t i o n s f o r c o n s t a n t

pressure (transient rate) production is t h a t computed p r o -

duction rates very early in time may b e unrealistically

large. A realistic assumption might be that the initial

flow rate f o r an instantaneous drop i n t h e wellbore pressure

must be equal t o o r less t h a n some r a t e q, possibly due t o

t h e c r i t i c a l f l o w phenomenon. C r i t i c a l f l o w i s t h e maximum

p o s s i b l e r a t e of flow f o r a p a r t i c u l a r o r i f i c e , and is i n d e -

p e n d e n t of t h e pressure drop across t h e o r i f i c e . T h e maxi-

mum r a t e is e s t a b l i s h e d when t h e f l o w v e l o c i t y reaches t h e

v e l o c i t y of sound i n t h e flowing f l u i d . Downstream c h a n g e s

i n pressure w i l l not propagate upstream, and t h e f l o w r a t e is

a f u n c t i o n of t h e u p s t r e a m p r e s s u r e o n l y . For ideal gases,

i t is o f t e n shown t h a t a pressure drop <approximately half

t h e u p s t r e a m p r e s s u r e w i l l cause c r i t i c a l flow. P o e t tmann

and Beck (1963) h a v e s h o w n t h a t s i m i l a r r e s u l t s may b e o b -

t a i n e d f o r m u l t i p h a s e flow of g a s and o i l . T h e e x i s t e n c e of

a critical o r i f i c e or flow r e s t r i c t i o n anywhere between t h e

sand face and t h e surface could control the i n i t i a l flow

rate, and could prevent instantaneous establishment of an

a r b i t r a r y constant bottomhole flowing pressure. If a parti-

cular bottomhole production pressure is s p e c i f i e d , t h e re-

s u l t could be constant rate flow u n t i l t h e reservoir pres-

sure at t h e sand face dropped t o the desired value, and

p e r h a p s f o r a l o n g e r p e r i o d of t i m e d e p e n d i n g u p o n t h e l o c a -

t i o n of the critical choke. Then t h e r a t e would begin t o

- 21 -
d e c l i n e a s t h e p r e s s u r e is held constant. The mathematics

needed t o p r o v i d e a s o l u t i o n f o r the r a t e decline after the

i n i t i a l constant flow i s a n a l o g o u s t o t h e mathematical solu-

t i o n of pressure buildup after constant pressure production

presented i n S e c t i o n 3. Hencer t h i s s o l u t i o n is d i s c u s s e d

i n Section 3.5.1.

2.3.2 C l o s e d Bounded R e s e r v o i r

F e t k o v i c h (19731 showed t h a t one important effect of a

c l o s e d boundary on c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e p r o d u c t i o n is t h e gen-

e r a t i o n of an exponential decline i n t h e production rate at

long times. T h i s s t a t e was termed " e x p o n e n t i a l d e p l e t i o n " .

I t is important i n that this s t a t e must be the terminal

s t a t e for a n y p r o d u c t i o n c o n d i t i o n .

The e x p o n e n t i a l d e p l e t i o n s t a t e can b e d e r i v e d from t h e

dimensionless wellbore pressure function for constant- rate

p r o d u c t i o n a f t e r t h e o n s e t of p s e u d o - s t e a d y s t a t e b y u s e of

Eq. 2.28. For p s e u d o - s t e a d y s t a t e f o r closed reservoirs

produced a t a constant rate Ramey a n d Cclbb (1971) showed

that:

(2.38)

Thus :

- 22 -
 (2.28)

and
(2.40)

for '
tDA (tpss)D'
w h e r e (tpss)D is t h e time r e q u i r e d f o r development of true

pseudo- steady state at t h e producing w e l l f o r t h e constant

rate case, and is dependent on t h e reservoir shape. See

E a r l o u g h e r a n d Ramey (1968). To a l l o w f o r a skin factor,

the effective wellbore radius rw' = r ' e- S should be substi-
W

t u t e d f o r rw.

For c l o s e d bounded c i r c u l a r r e s e r v o i r s , a f t e r t h e o n s e t of

exponential decline:

PWD
+knr
= R r t ~ ~ eD
- 3/4 (2.41)

F o l l o w i n g t h e same p r o c e d u r e a s t h a t u s e d , t o d e m o n s t r a t e e x -

ponential decline f o r other r e s e r v o i r sha:pes, for circular

reservoirs :

- 23 -
 (2.42)

for tDA2 0.1

Fetkovich ( 1 9 7 3 ) drew type curves for rate d e c l i n e in

closed bounded c i r c u l a r r e s e r v o i r s which contained a slight

error d u e t o s u b s t i t u t i o n of 112 for the correct v a l u e of

3 1 4 in Eq. 2.42. T h e Fetkovich t y p e curves a r e reproduced

in Fig. 2.3. Again, wellbore skin effects may be included

b y t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n of r:q = rwe-s f o r rw.

In t h e final d e p l e t i o n of a n oil f i e l d , f l o w w h i c h has

been at a constant rate e v e n t u a l l y declines exponentially

while the wellbore o r wellhead p r e s s u r e remains constant.

T h i s t y p e of d e c l i n e following c o n s t a n t r a t e p r o d u c t i o n is

s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t , and is treated in S e c t i o n 3.5.2.

An a n a l o g y f o r r e s e r v o i r limit t e s t i n g from c o n s t a n t r a t e

production d a t a e x i s t s for exponential rate decline. From

Eqs. 2.40 and 2 . 1 1 :

-41TtDA
Rtlt q = 4A
Rn
2
"Arw
Thus, a g r a p h of log q vs t will h a v e an intercept,
'int ,
and a s l o p e ,
*
m , given by:

- 24 -
 I
n
Lfv

I
#

-
"
0
'
n
\ Y

U
n ..
m
N

0)
h
3
M
9-i
- F
I , VO

- 25 -
 (2.44)

and :

(2.45)

Solving f o r In (4A/yCAr: 1 i n both e q u a t i o n s and e q u a t i n g

the resulting expressions:

(2.46)

T h e n CA c a n b e e s t i m a t e d f r o m e i t h e r E q . 2.44 or 2 . 4 5 :

(2.47)

* (2.48)
CA = -
4A 2 exp [ - 4 ~ k h / m $pctA]
YW
'

The Laplace s p a c e s o l u t i o n f o r c u m u l a t i v e p r o d u c t i o n d u r -

ing t h e exponential r a t e d e c l i n e p e r i o d is determined from

Eq. 2.25. T h e d e r i v a t i o n is s i m i l a r t o t h e d e r i v a t i o n of

Eq. 2.40, and t h e r e s u l t is t h a t f o r c l o s e d , bounded reser-

voirs:
QD(tD) = - A [
2 1 ~ r2
W
1 - exp [4mDA/tn -
- (2.49)

- 26 -
for t
DA-
> tpSSD' For c i r c u l a r reservoirs:
0
L
r
eD
= -
QD(tD> 2 [I - exp(-2ntDA/(Rn reD - 3 / 4 ) ) ] (2.50)

-
f o r tDA> 0.1. A t y p e c u r v e g r a p h of l o g (PD/reD2 1 vs log

tD / ( l n 'eD - 3/41 f o r c i r c u l a r r e s e r v o i r s is shown i n F i g .

2.4.

2.3.3 C o n s t a n t Pressure Bounded C i r c u l a r - R e s e r v o i r

The s o l u t i o n for c o n s t a n t pressure p r o d u c t i o n f r o m a c i r -

cular r e s e r v o i r w i t h c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e boundary i n v o l v e s t h e

t r a n s i t i o n from the infinite acting rate function to true

steady- state. The f i n a l v a l u e f o r t h e r a t e may b e w r i t t e n

immediately from t h e s t e a d y state rate equation for radial

5
flow:
1

Steady state flow occurs f o r t > Y/Q = 1/2.2458nr. This

DA -
v a l u e was d e t e r m i n e d b y e q u a t i n g t h e r i g h t h a n d s i d e of E q .

2.51 with t h e semi- log approximate s o l u t i o n f o r l/qD. and

solving for t
D
. Fig. 2 . 5 i s a g r a p h of the solution for a

constant p r e s s u r e o u t e r boundary.

This concludes t h e d i s c u s s i o n of the solution f o r con-

stant wellbore pressure procudtion from a c i r c u l a r reser-

- 27 -
 T I
nl*

(I
c
0

I-
b

- 28 -
 a
h h
5-d
m o
m >
a b
b a
p l m
a
ups
e
a b
u a
ml+
c 5
o u
V b
rl
au
u a
aal
a
ae
a 5
u o
5FQ
a
o a
b h

r l m
r l a
g:
a u
e
4 b m
a O U
w m
c c
a 0
u v
a
psa
3 w
0 0
rl
k b
a
m u
ma ca
rlv
c
2m 2
u
$ E
E O
r l h
n w
..
ul
N

a
h

I I rl
&
0 0 Fr

- 29 -
voir. In t h e next section, t h e t h e o r y is e x t e n d e d t o s o l u -

tions for constant pressure at t h e wellhead instead of a t

t h e sand face i n t h e wellbore. T h e c o n s t a n t w e l l h e a d pres-

s u r e problem is a s i m p l e e x t e n s i o n of t h e c o n s t a n t w e l l b o r e

p r e s s u r e problem i f t h e f l o w u p t h e w e l l b o r e is l a m i n a r .

2.4 P R O D U C T I O N AT CONSTANT W E L L H E A D P R E S S U R E

Frequently r e s e r v o i r f l u i d s are produced w i t h a c o n s t a n t

pressure a t t h e wellhead. Examples a r e p r o d u c t i o n of fluids

into a constant pressure s e p a r a t o r and p r o d u c t i o n of gas

into a constant pressure pipeline. When t h e w e l l h e a d p r e s -

s u r e is c o n s t a n t , the pressure drop in t h e w e l l b o r e d u e t o

f l o w i n g f r i c t i o n v a r i e s as a f u n c t i o n of t h e flow rate, and

hence, t h e w e l l b o r e s a n d f a c e p r e s s u r e is n o t c o n s t a n t . The

solutions previously discussed are not directly valid for

wells produced a t c o n s t a n t w e l l h e a d pressure. I n t h i s sec-

tion the solution for constant wellhead pressure production

when t h e f l o w up t h e w e l l b o r e is laminar is d e r i v e d . The

r e s u l t i n g s o l u t i o n is a s i m p l e e x t e n s i o n o f t h e e x i s t i n g so-

lutions.

Assuming n e g l i g i b l e h e a t loss t h e m e c h a n i c a l e n e r g y ba-

lance in differential form for t h e flowing fluid in the

w e l l b o r e is g i v e n by:

vdp + dH + + dWf = - dW
S
(2.52)
qc

- 30 -
w h e r e v is s p e c i f i c volume, H is v e r t i c a l distance, U 15

fluid velocity, W f is f r i c t i o n a l e n e r g y loss, and W, is

s h a f t work. Assuming i n a d d i t i o n t h a t t h e s h a f t work term

a n d t h e k i n e t i c e n e r g y t e r m may b e n e g l e c t e d , Eq. 2.52 be-

comes:

vdp = - dWf - dH (2.53)

T h e f r i c t i o n a l e n e r g y loss i s g i v e n b y :

4fyTJ 2 dL
dWf - (2.54)
2gcD

where L is t h e t u b i n g l e n g t h a n d D is t h e tubing diameter.

For one phase l i q u i d flow i n t h e tubing:

p-3 (2.55)
2
ITD

and t h e d e n s i t y , F ’ is approximatly constant. Hence,

t h e e q u a t i o n f o r t h e p r e s s u r e d r o p i n t h e w e l l b o r e f o r flow-

i n g l i q u i d is g i v e n by:

(2.56)

where p is t h e w e l l b o r e f l o w i n g p r e s s u r e , p’ i s t h e a v e r a g e
wf
density in t h e wellbore, and is t h e wellhead flowing
ptf
pressure. F o r laminar flaw i n t h e w e l l b o r e , t h e Moody f r i c -

t i o n f a c t o r is g i v e n by:

(2.57)

- 31 -
where N = 4q.Ql.rrUD is t h e R e y n o l d s number. Thus, Eq.
RE
2.56 becomes :

(2.58)

T h e inner boundary c o n d i t i o n is:

P ( r w y t > = PWf + s(r E) -r

r
W
+

C o m b i n i n g Eqs. 2.58 and 2.3:

(2.59)

R e d e f i n e t h e following d i m e n s i o n l e s s g r o u p s :

(2.60)

and:

(2.61)

w h e r e b = @ . F i n a l l y let:

(2.62)

S u b s t i t u t i o n of Eqs. 2.60-2.62 in 2 . 5 9 yields:

-b)q (2.63)
P ( r w , t ) = Ptf + a ( P i - P t f D + b + s
W

- 32 -
Rearranging yields:

(2.64)

Eq. 2.64 i s e x a c t l y l i k e Eq. 2 . 1 4 , t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s form of

t h e i n n e r boundary c o n d i t i o n used p r e v i o u s l y . The s o l u t i o n s

discussed i n t h i s c h a p t e r are t h e r e f o r e v a l i d for constant

wellhead p r e s s u r e production w i t h laminar flow i n t h e w e l l -

bore, if t h e dimensionless variables are redefined as i n t h e

preceding. In particular, the t r a n s i e n t r a t e r e s p o n s e is

identical except for an increase i n t h e e f f e c t i v e s k i n fec-

tor. Furthermore, s u b s t i t u t i o n of typical values for the

parameters in a indicates that a is t y p i c a l l y less than

0.01; and hence,

,.,
s + a = s.

I n t h e c a s e of fully turbulent flow i n t h e wellbore, the

f r i c t i o n f a c t o r d e p e n d s o n l y upon t h e r e l a t i v e r o u g h n e s s of

t h e w e l l p i p e and would b e a c o n s t a n t f o r a g i v e n case. In

t h i s case Eq. 2.53 applies with t h e friction f a c t o r con-

stant.

z
P"f - Ptf
= a'qD (pi - ptf - b) .+b (2.65)

where:

(2.66)

The i n n e r boundary c o n d i t i o n , Eq. 2.3, b e c o m e s :

- 33 -
 (2.67)

Redefining dimensionless g r o u p s as b e f o r e and rearranging

yields:

pD(l,tD) = 1 + a’ (2.68)

Although t h e problem could be r e s o l v e d u s i n g t h i s c o n d i t i o n ,

i t was b e y o n d t h e o b j e c t i v e s of this study t o do so. The

c o n d i t i o n was o n e f i n d i n g of t h e s t u d y and poses an i n t e r -

e s t i n g problem f o r f u t u r e i n v e s t i g a t i o n . I n t h e n e x t sec-

tion, t h e effect of wellbore storage is examined as a

further extension of t h e constant wellhead pressure solu-

tion.

2.5 EFFECT WELLBORE STORAGE

A drop i n t h e wellhead pressure, whether due t o constant

rate or c o n s t a n t pressure flow can c a u s e fluid production

from t h e w e l l b o r e i t s e l f i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e formation. When

t h e surface rate is c o n s t a n t , v a r i a b l e f l u i d p r o d u c t i o n from

t h e wellbore causes a variable rate at t h e sand face. For

the constant rate case, t h e e f f e c t of w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e is

i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e i n n e r boundary c o n d i t i o n through a ma-

t e r i a l b a l a n c e on t h e w e l l b o r e . T h e same p r o c e d u r e c a n b e

used t o include wellbore storage f o r t h e case of constant

pressure production. The d e r i v a t i o n f o l l o w s .

- 34 -
 The isothermal c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y of t h e w e l l b o r e f l u i d is

defined b y :

c = --(%)
1 ay (2.69)
W
v T

B y t h e c h a i n r u l e for d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n :

1 av (2.70)
W = -v (x)T/($)T
Thus, t h e r a t e of fluid p r o d u c t i o n f r o m t h e well’bore volume,

V , is:
W

(2.71)

V w includes t h e volume of t h e wellbore, t h e a n n u l u s , and a n y

a d d i t i o n a l v o l u m e of fluid c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e w e l l b o r e w h i c h

may be produced without changing t h e sand face pressure.

T h e t o t a l s u r f a c e fluid p r o d u c t i o n rate, is t h e s u m of
qtp
t h e p r o d u c t i o n r a t e from t h e w e l l b o r e volume, qw9 and t h e

p r o d u c t i o n r a t e from t h e s a n d face, q . Thus:

(2.72)

From E q . 2.3:

and :

(2.73)

- 35 -
D e f i n i n g p D and qD a s in S e c t i o n 2.4, and defining t h e d i -

mensionless storage by:

v c
- w w (2.74)
D' - 2
2T@rt h rW

t h e t o t a l d i m e n s i o n l e s s s u r f a c e r a t e is:

qtD = D' [(ZL D

=1+ +
r =1
D (2.75)

+ (2) rD=1
+

T a k i n g t h e L a p l a c e t r a n f o r m a t i o n of qtD r e s u l t s in:

(2.76)
+ -aPD
arD
r =1
+
D

S u b s t i t u t i n g t h e s o l u t i o n for
i t e s y s t e m g i v e n in T a b l e 2.1
pD and (2lL =1+for t h e infin-
w i t h t h e s k iDn f a c t o r adjusted

to include tlellbore f r i c t i o n p r e s s u r e l o s s and rearranging

r e s u l t s in:

(2.77)

- 36 -
In the preceding section, comparison of :i and s+a i n d i c a t e d

t h a t they are approximately equal. T h u s Eq. 2.77 reduces

to:

(2.78)

This e x p r e s s i o n can be d e r i v e d from t h e v a n E v e r d i n g e n and

Hurst (1949) e q u a t i o n d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 2.2 (Eq. 2.28).

The i n v e r s e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of the c o n l s t a n t term i n Eq.

2.78 is C,, m u l t i p l i e d by t h e Dirac d e l t a , function, 6(tl.

( S e e Abramowitz and Stegun (1972 1 , p a g e 1029.) Thus, the

theory implies an immediate unloading of t h e wellbore, and

subsequent flow rates are unaffected by t h e w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e

effect. T h e l a c k o f p r o l o n g e d w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e e f f e c t s may

b e a n a d v a n t a g e of c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e t e s t i n g . HoweverI if

t h e i n i t i a l f l o w r a t e is l i m i t e d by a c r i t i c a l f l o w r e s t r i c -

tion, t h e w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e e f f e c t may l a s t f o r a l o n g e r p e r -

i o d of time.

The f i n a l a s p e c t of t h e p r o b l e m of c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e p r o -

d u c t i o n t o b e c o n s i d e r e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r is i n t e r f e r e n c e an-

alysis. T h i s t o p i c is e x a m i n e d i n t h e n e x t s e c t i o n .

2.6 INTERFERENCE ANALYSIS

The w e l l test a n a l y s i s methods p r e s e n t e d t h u s f a r i n t h i s

work h a v e c o n c e n t r a t e d on t h e b e h a v i o r of the solutions a t

- 37 -
t h e producing w e l l . This s e c t i o n d e a l s idith t h e pressure

v a r i a t i o n i n t h e r e s e r v o i r away f r o m t h e w l e l l . Interference

a n a l y s i s is a method f o r d e t e r m i n i n g r e s e r v o i r parameters by

observing t h e pressure response or i n t e r f e r e n c e at a nearby

non- producing w e l l . F o r t h e c o n s t a n t r a t e case, Mueller and

Witherspoon (1965) showed t h a t t h e l i n e slource s o l u t i o n c a n

be used t o d e t e r m i n e t h e p r e s s u r e drop i n t h e reservoir for

rD > 25, and t h a t f o r tD/rD2 > 25, t h e log approximation

holds:
I c

p D ( r D , t D ) = 3(en + 0.80907 (2.79)*

r
D

For z e r o s t o r a g e , these approximations a r e v a l i d even i f a

nonzero s k i n f a c t o r is p r e s e n t .

Interference analysis i s m o r e c o m p l i c a t e d when t h e pro-

d u c t i o n is a t a c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e . The mlost o b v i o u s d i f f i -

c u l t i e s a r e shown i n Fig. 2.6, a g r a p h {of

v s t D/rD
2 .
pD
The f i g u r e i n d i c a t e s that a different solution results for

e a c h v a l u e ofr . Unlike t h e constant r'ate s o l u t i o n , the

D
pressure d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r c o n s t a n t pressure production does

not c o r r e l a t e with t h e l i n e source s o l u t i o n . Although t h e

g r a p h of p /q vs t / r shown i n F i g . 2.'7 s h o w s t h a t for

D D
qD
EdrD 210 th,e l o g approximation h o l d s , t h i s is n o t particu-

larly useful. I n o r d e r t o make u s e of this property in w e l l

test a n a l y s i s , t h e p r o d u c t i o n r a t e m u s t b e known d u r i n g t h e

entire i n t e r f e r e n c e test. If the rate v e r s u s t i m e d a t a is

* In Eq, (2.79) p r e f e r s t o t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s p r e s s u r e drop f o r
B
constant rate p r duction.
- 38 -
available, i t can b e a n a l y z e d d i r e c t l y , and t h e i n t e r f e r e n c e

data does not, in general, produce a d d i t i o n a l information

about t h e r e s e r v o i r . Furthermore, f o r every nonzero skin

factor, a n o t h e r f a m i l y of c u r v e s r e s u l t s , as s h o w n i n F i g .

2.8.

Interference betueen f l o w i n g wells i s a l s o more compli-

cated for constant pressure production. The method of imag-

ing used t o g e n e r a t e l i n e a r boundaries near a w e l l requires

s u p e r p o s i t i o n i n time of c o n s t a n t r a t e s o l u t i o n s . When t h e

rates are c o n t i n u o u s l y varying, t h e d e r i v a t i o n r e q u i r e s su-

p e r p o s i t i o n i n t i m e and space. T h e m e t h o d of s u p e r p o s i t i o n

i n time of c o n t i n u o u s l y v a r y i n g r a t e s o l u t i o n s is e x p l a i n e d

i n Section 3. Hence, the t o p i c of i n t e r f e r e n c e between

f l o w i n g w e l l s i s r e v i s i t e d i n S e c t i o n 3.4.3.

This concludes t h e discussion of t r a n s i e n t rate analysis

f o r wells produced a t c o n s t a n t pressure. I n t h e n e x t sec-

t i o n pressure b u i l d u p s o l u t i o n s f o r w e l l s produced a t con-

s t a n t pressure are derived.

- 39 -
- 40 -
 3
0

0
-
0

N
a
L,

-
d

- 41 -
 0
rl
II
Ro
Ma,
a
u c
" 3
0
5 P
a,G

M
"u c
u s

-
0 S "E
d o

CJ
u

..
a
N

a,
M
ik
rl
0 Frr

>

- 42 -
 SECTION 3

PRESSURE B U I L D U P AFTER CONSTANT PRESSURE PRODUCTION

In S e c t i o n 2 the transient rate r e s p o n s e and pressure

distributions for constant pressure production were dis-

cussed. Methods analogous to pressure drawdown analysis for

constant r a t e w e l l t e s t s w e r e provided. In this section,

pressure buildup following constant pressure p r o d u c t i o n is

examined. Pressure buildup after constant rate production

is a s i m p l e r p r o b l e m t o h a n d l e a n a l y t i c a l l y , but t h r o u g h u s e

of s u p e r p o s i t i o n in t i m e of c o n s t a n t r a t e s o l u t i o n s , a n in-

tegral e x p r e s s i o n for the pressure buildup after constant

pressure p r o d u c t i o n can be written. This m e t h o d is ex-

plained in t h e S e c t i o n 3.1. S e c t i o n 3.2 r e v e a l s t h e s o l u -

tion f o r pressure b u i l d u p and how to apply conventional

methods of pressure buildup analysis to wells p r o d u c e d at

c o n s t a n t pressure. Methods are discussed for determination

of w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e and s k i n effect b y t y p e c u r v e m a t c h i n g ,

Horner b u i l d u p a n a l y s i s , and d e t e r m i n a t i o n of a v e r a g e reser-

v o i r pressure. S e c t i o n 3.3 d i s c u s s e s t h e p r a c t i c a l l i m i t a -

tions of t h e t h e o r y . Finally, three additional applications

of t h e method of s u p e r p o s i t i o n in t i m e of c o n s t a n t r a t e so-

lutions a r e d i s c u s s e d in S e c t i o n 3.4.

- (13 -
3.1 THEORETICAL EXPRESSION PRESSURE BUILDUP

For a f i n i t e n u m b e r of c h a n g e s in p r o ~ d u c t i o n r a t e w i t h

each rate constant over a finite period in time, t h e pres-

s u r e at t h e w e l l b o r e is g i v e n b y

+ 0 . .
(qN - ‘N-1 )p WD (t - tN)I (3.1)

where p is t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s p r e s s u r e d r o p at t h e w e l l b o r e
WD

for unic constant rate production. This equation can be

r e w r i t t e n as t h e f o l l o w i n g :

+ ...

F r o m Eq. 3.2 it is e a s i l y s e e n that for a continuously

c h a n g i n g rate, q(t),
t
(3.3)

where the prime indicates the derivative w i t h respect to

time. I f p r o d u c t i o n is at c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e p wf,Eq. 3.3 be-

comes:

- 44 -
 (3.4)

where q is t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s f l o w r a t e d e f i n e d b y Eq. 2.11

D
i n t h e preceding section, and t i s d i m e n s i o n l e s s time. Re-
D
f e r r i n g a g a i n t o Eq. 3.3, if production at constant pressure

is changed t o c o n s t a n t rate p r o d u c t i o n after t i m e t

P
, the

w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e a t t i m e t is g i v e n by:
t

I f t h e w e l l is s h u t i n , p r e s s u r e b u i l d u p is e x a c t l y d e t e r -

mined from:
t

where A t is t h e e l a p s e d t i m e after shut- in. The i n t e g r a l

i n Eq. 3.6 i s d i f f i c u l t t o e v a l u a t e b e c a u s e q D( 0 ) is i n f i n -

ite. However, t h e e q u a t i o n can b e w r i t t e n i n a more e a s i l y

e v a l u a t e d f o r m b y u s i n g Eq. 3.4:

t
or: PD
t +AtD
Pi - Pws(AtD)
=I$ qD(T)PwD'(tpD
pD + AtD - T)dT (3.8)
-
Pi Pwf t
PD
Eq. 3.8 i s g e n e r a l . T h e f u n c t i o n s t o b e u s e d for % a n d pD

c a n b e c h o s e n f o r a n y s e t of i n n e r and o u t e r boundary condi-

- 45 -
tions. E x a m i n a t i o n of the integration l i m i t s reveals that q
D
i s e v a l u a t e d f o r l a t e t i m e s ( t > t 1 a n d pwD' i s e v a l u a t e d
P
beginning with t i m e zero. T h u s , phemonema s u c h a s w e l l b o r e

storage, skin effect, o r a f r a c t u r e p e n e t r a t e d by t h e w e l l -

bore, should be included i n t h e pressure function, while

boundary effects w i l l a f f e c t t h e rate funlction and, later i n

s h u t - i n time, t h e p r e s s u r e f u n c t i o n as w e l l .

A l t h o u g h t h e i n t e g r a l i n Eq. 3 . 8 i s s i m i l a r t o a c o n v o l u -

tion integral, i t c a n n o t b e s o l v e d e a s i l y by L a p l a c e t r a n s -

formation. However, Eq. 3.8 c a n be i n t e g r a t e d n u m e r i c a l l y .

Numerical e v a l u a t i o n of t h e i n t e g r a l i s d i s c u s s e d i n Appen-

d i x C.

3.2 ANALYSIS pT PRESSURE B U I L D U P

The problem of pressure buildup after constant pressure

production has received only limited a t t e n t i o n i n t h e liter-

ature. Methods of a n a l y s i s h a v e b e e n suiggested i n b o t h t h e

petroleum and t h e groundwater l i t e r a t u r e , , but t h e o r e t i c a l

j u s t i f i c a t i o n of t h e methods is a l m o s t n o n e x i s t e n t . Evalua-

t i o n of t h e e x p r e s s i o n f o r p r e s s u r e b u i l d u p g i v e n by Eq. 3 . 8

p r o v i d e s a n exact s o l u t i o n which is u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e meth-

o d s of a n a l y s i s w h i c h a r e t h e o r e t i c a l l y v a l i d .

T h r e e p e r i o d s of s h u t - i n t i m e are discussed: the early

shut- in period, when w e l l b o r e e f f e c t s d o m i n a t e , t h e period

when H o r n e r b u i l d u p a n a l y s i s a p p l i e s , a n d t h e l a t e time when

o u t e r boundary effects are e v i d e n t .

- 46 -
3.2.1 E a r l y Shut- in Time

For small shut- in periods, t h e r a t e f u n c t i o n QD(T) i s es-

sentially constant for t

PD
< < t
'I
PD
+ AtD. Hence, examina-

t i o n of Eq. 3.8 r e v e a l s t h a t p r e s s u r e r e c o v e r y c a n b e ap-

proximated a c c u r a t e l y by:

ranging r e s u l t s in:

(3.10)

Thus, a log- log graph of pws(At) - pwf vs t i m e c a n be

compared t o t y p e c u r v e s of p r e s s u r e drawdown for constant

flow rate production. Effects of e a r l y t r a n s i e n t b e h a v i o r

s u c h as w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e and s k i n effects, partial penetra-

tion, or t h e e v i d e n c e o f a f r a c t u r e , can be analyzed using

conventional type curve matching techniques.

3.2.2 Horner Buildup Analysis

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e method by Horner (19511, buildup pres-

s u r e s may b e g r a p h e d v s l o g t ( t + A t > / A t l i n order t o produce

a semilog s t r a i g h t line. The s l o p e o f t h e l i n e is u s e d t o

d e t e r m i n e p e r m e a b i l i t y from t h e e q u a t i o n :

- 47 -
 qu*kn 10
k = (3.11)
4rmh

Horner suggested t h a t for v a r i a b l e rate production prior t o

shut- in, the permeability should be calculated u s i n g Eq.

3.11 w i t h q equal t o t h e last e s t a b l i s h e d f l o w rate, qf, and

m d e t e r m i n e d from t h e s l o p e of a g r a p h of p ( A t > vs log [(tp

*
WS

+At)/AtI, where t * = Q(tp>/q(tp>. J a c o b a n d Lohman ( 1 9 5 2 1

P
graphed p (At) vs l o g [(t, + A t > / A t I a n d c a l c u l a t e d permea-
ws
b i l i t y f r o m Eq. 3.17 w i t h q e q u a l t o t h e a v e r a g e f l o w r a t e ,

i n s t e a d of t h e last flow rate.

In the p r e s e n t work, s e v e r a l cases involving pressure

buildup after constant pressure production f o r infinite,

c l o s e d bounded, a n d c o n s t a n t - p r e s s u r e b o u n d e d c i r c u l a r res-

e r v o i r s were c o m p u t e d b y n u m e r i c a l i n t e g r a t i o n of Eq. 3.8.

I n e v e r y case, i f t h e r e was a p e r i o d of t i m e when t h e p r e s -

s u r e b u i l d u p was n o t d o m i n a t e d b y b o u n d a r y e f f e c t s , t h e s e m -

i l o g s t r a i g h t l i n e was p r e s e n t , and t h e s l o p e produced t h e

correct value for the permeability when the data were

graphed according t o Horner's method.

The f o l l o w i n g d e r i v a t i o n shows t h a t t h e H o r n e r m e t h o d of

graphing buildup data w i l l always result in the correct

straight line, provided t h a t early transient effects and

late boundary effects are separated in time. Refer r i n g

a g a i n t o Eq. 3.9, w e d i v i d e b y q ( t + A t D > :

D PD

(3.12)

- 48 -
 4
When 10 5 t 5 t I t h i s can b e w r i t t e n a s :
p PSS

For A t 5, t h e log a p p r o x i m a t i o n i s v a l i d f o r p,,, and:

D’

(3.14)

or:
,. q(t + At)
Pws(At) = Pi - Rn[(tp + At)/At] (3.15)
4nkh

Noting t h a t q ( t 1 = q(tp+At) f o r A t << tp, t h i s expres-

P
s i o n is i d e n t i c a l t o t h e r e s u l t f o r c o n s t a n t r a t e f l o w , ex-

cept t h a t i f q ( t p l were c o n s t a n t , t would b e e q u a l t o t h e

H o r n e r c o r r e c t e d f l o w time, tP*. Hence, t.o p r o d u c e t h e c o r -

r e c t s l o p e rt * m u s t b e u s e d .
P

A t i n f i n i t e shut- in t i m e , t h e extrapollated pressure f o r

Eq. 3.15 is pi. Thus, t h e b e h a v i o r of t h e Horner pressure

buildup curve following constant pressure production that

h a s n o t shown a boundary i n f l u e n c e is i d e n t i c a l t o t h e con-

s t a n t r a t e case.

T h e J a c o b a n d Lohman ( 1 9 5 2 ) m e t h o d of using the average

rate p r i o r t o s h u t - i n is j u s t i f i e d by t h e following argu-

ments. If the variation i n q

D
is small for 0 < %< tpD ’
t h e n Eq. 3.6 may b e a p p r o x i m a t e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g :

- 49 -
For A t 2 5 , t h e l o g a p p r o x i m a t i o n is v a l i , d f o r p and:
D wD'

(3.16)

Pws
( A t ) = pi - ht(t
P
+ At)/Atl (3.17)

The l a s t e x p r e s s i o n is i d e n t i c a l t o the result for constant

rate flow except that is computed from Q ( t p l / t p . This

method is e q u i v a l e n t to the Horner method as long a s t f

t,pss Once e x p o n e n t i a l d e c l i n e h a s begun, t h e approximation

i n Eq. 3 . 2 2 i s n o l o n g e r v a l i d .

In the next section, boundary effects are considered.

T h e H o r n e r m e t h o d is s h o w n t o b e a n e f f e c t i v e m e a n s of a n a -

lysis, e v e n when boundary effects are evident prior to

shut- in.

3.2.3 O u t e r Boundary Effects

When tp tpss , the Horner method still produces a

semi- log s t r a i g h t l i n e f o r A t s u f f i c i e n t l y small, because

p (t )may b e a s s u m e d t o b e c o n s t a n t . H o w e v e r r u n l i k e i n Eq.
D PD
3.15, t h e e x t r a p o l a t e d p r e s s u r e is n o t pi, but, t o use the

conventional notation, p
*.

- 50 -
 *
The equation for p is derived as follows. For the
c l o s e d bounded reservoir, e a r l y e n o u g h i n s h u t - i n time t h a t

t >>At b u t l a t e e n o u g h t h a t At, > 100 :

P

(3.18)

- -- *

1 *
+ '3: Rn[(tpD + At,>/At,l (3.19)

Rearranging:

q(t )u *
pw,(At) = p* - Rn[(tp + At)/At] (3.20)
4 vkh

where:
*
(3.21)

Eq. 3.21 can b e used t o determine statilc p r e s s u r e correc-

t i o n curves analogous t o those d e r i v e d by Matthews, Brons,

and Hazebroek (1954) for p r e s s u r e buildlup a f t e r constant

rate production. Referring t o the definition of Q D ( t D ) in

- 51 -
Eq - 2.26, the average reservoir pressurer pressure at

s h u t - i n for a c i r c u l a r r e s e r v o i r is g i v e n by:

= 24 ( t > / r e D2 (3.22)
D PD

Hence, t h e d e p a r t u r e of t h e extrapolated pressure, p* , from

the actual average reservoir pressure, F, is g i v e n by:

2
’D (tpD) r e D qD(tpD)

*
-t -
1 (in t
2 PD
+ 0.80907) (3.23)

S u b s t i t u t i n g t h e e x p o n e n t i a l d e c l i n e f u n c t i o n s f o r QD a n d qD,
* (t
and r e c a l l i n g t h a t t = Q D (ptD ) / q 1, results in:
PD PD

4mh(p
* - -p *
)= [En t + 3.45381 (3.24)
PDA
q t F-l
P

This result is i d e n t i c a l t o t h e equation for t h e Mathews,

Brons, and .Hazebroek curves f o r determining t h e average

p r e s s u r e i n a c l o s e d bounded c i r c u l a r , reservoir produced a t

a c o n s t a n t r a t e f o r t DA > 0.1. Fig. 3.1 i s a g r a p h of

- 52 -
- 53 -
3.3 P R A C T I C A L L I M I T A T I O N S OF THE THEORY

In general, pressure buildup f o r w e l l s produced a t con-

stant pressure can be analyzed as e f f e c t i v e l y as p r e s s u r e

buildup f o r w e l l s produced a t c o n s t a n t ralte. Hence, spe-

c i f i c l i m i t a t i o n s i n t h e t h e o r y t o b e d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s sec-

tion affect pressure buildup analysis after both constant

p r e s s u r e and c o n s t a n t rate flow. Nonetheless, t o alert the

reader t o possible p i t f a l l s i n t h e analysis, t h r e e problems

are discussed: a s h o r t f l o w time b e f o r e s h u t - i n , wellbore

effects, and o u t e r boundary effects. To alvoid e r r o r s i n t h e

a n a l y s i s of pressure buildup, t h e e n g i n e e r n e e d s t o b e aware

of the approximate ranges of time f o r which t h e various

methods a p p l y .

L i m i t a t i o n s i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e Horner method w i t h

a d j u s t e d f l o w t i m e h a v e been d i s c u s s e d by p r e v i o u s i n v e s t i -

g a t o r s i n c l u d i n g Clegg (19671, Odeh and S e l i g (19631, and

Sandrea (197 11. The reasons f o r d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e i r

c o n c l u s i o n s a n d the r e s u l t s h e r e i n a r e c o n s i d e r e d i n S e c t i o n

3.4.4.

3.3.1 Short Flow Time Before Shut- in

If t h e p r o d u c t i o n t i m e before s h u t - i n is v e r y s h o r t , the

w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e m a y r e t u r n e s s e n t i a l l y t o t h e i n i t i a l res-

ervoir pressure before the semi- log s t r a i g h t l i n e develops.

Such cases a r e shown i n F i g . 3.2. For each of the three

- 54 -
k!
5
a
i
f-
2
e
v)
c
1
+
z *a
0 c
V
I N
I
I
-
0

- 55 -
f l o w times indicated, t h e Horner buildup graph failed to

develop a semi- log s t r a i g h t l i n e . However, as t h e dashed

lines indicate, the p r o b l e m also e x i s t s f o r each of these

times f o r wells produced a t constant rate. I f the dimen-

4
sionless flow time exceeds 10 , the correct semi- log

straight line w i l l develop for wells produced a t constant

rate or a t constant pressure, provided t h a t t h e semi- log

s t r a i g h t l i n e p o r t i o n is n o t masked by w e l l b o r e a n d / o r outer

boundary effects.

3.3.2 Wellbore Effects

Earlougher (19771 showed s c h e m a t i c a l l y t h e effects on

pressure buildup data of inner boundary effects such as

wellbore storage, skin effect, and fralcture effects f o r

wells produced a t c o n s t a n t r a t e . T h e same c u r v e s a p p l y f o r

wells produced a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e , a s l o . n g a s A t << tp f o r

t h e d u r a t i o n of t h e effect. Such e f f e c t : s can g r e a t l y pro-

long t h e l e n g t h of shut- in t i m e requireid for the correct

semi- log s t r a i g h t l i n e t o develop. For e x a m p l e , Chen and

Brigham (1974) demonstrated t h a t wellbore :storage effects do

not vanish u n t i l AtD> 50CD e and Earlougher estimated

t h a t t h e s e m i l o g s t r a i g h t l i n e b e g i n s f o r Lit >
D
(60+3.5s)C
D
.
Similarly, Earlougher indicated that e f f e c t s of a f r a c t u r e

exist until the s h u t - i n time e x c e e d s a d i m e n s i o n l e s s frac-

ture time, t of 3 f o r t h e i n f i n i t e c o n d u c t i v i t y case, and

XfD
2 f o r t h e u n i f o r m f l u x case. Inner boundary effects should

- 56 -
be analyzed by t y p e c u r v e matching i n accordance w i t h Eq.

3.16.

3.3.3 O u t e r Boundary E f f e c t s

As m e n t i o n e d i n S e c t i o n 3.3, i f exponential rate d e c l i n e ,

o r constant rate production develops during t h e flow period,

then the buildup curve w i l l show t h e effects of an outer

boundary, i f t h e s h u t - i n time is l o n g e n o u g h . If t h e r e is a

p e r i o d of t i m e between t h e end of t h e i n n e r boundary effects

and t h e s t a r t of t h e o u t e r boundary effects, however, the

c o r r e c t semi- log s t r a i g h t l i n e w i l l develop, n o m a t t e r how

long t h e rate may h a v e b e e n d e c l i n i n g exponentially, if

3
rD > 10- C a r e m u s t b e t a k e n t o choose t h e semi- log s t r a i g h t

l i n e from t h e c o r r e c t p o r t i o n of t h e b u i l d u p graph.

3.3.4 Comparison w i t h P r e v i o u s S t u d i e s

Results of t h i s s t u d y i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e c o r r e c t semi- log

s t r a i g h t l i n e w i l l d e v e l o p d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e of the pressure

buildup after constant pressure production, provided t h a t

inner and o u t e r boundary effects are separated i n time.

This conclusion is n o t i n agreement with certain previous

studies. In t h i s section, we w i l l attempt t o explain t h e

d i f f e r e n t results.

One s u c h s t u d y was p u b l i s h e d b y Clegsg ( 1 9 6 7 ) . In his

analytical solution, an approximation of t h e p r e s s u r e d i s -

- 57 -
tribution at the time of s h u t - i n was u s e d as an initial

c o n d i t i o n i n t h e s o l u t i o n of Eq. 2.1. The i n n e r boundary

condition was specified as a zero flow rate; and t h e o u t e r

b o u n d a r y was a s s u m e d t o b e i n f i n i t e . The e r r o r i n t h e i n i -

t i a l c o n d i t i o n is s h o w n i n Fig. 3.3. This error e x p l a i n s

the qualitati-ve d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e Clegg approximate

s o l u t i o n f o r pressure buildup and t h e s o l u t i o n herein.

Other pertinent studies are those b y Odeh and Selig

(19631, and Sandrea (19711. These investigators concluded

that the c o r r e c t semi- log s t r a i g h t l i n e would not develop

when s h u t - i n follows an exponentially declining production

rate, p a r t i c u l a r l y when t h e r e s e r v o i r h a s u n d e r g o n e c o n s i d -

erable depletion. Sandrea attributed d i f f e r e n c e s between

the results of H o r n e r a n d Odeh a n d S e l i g f o r new wells to

t h e method u s e d by Odeh a n d S e l i g t o d i s c r e t i z e and i n t e r -

pret the data. For o l d wells, Sandrea concluded t h a t t h e

reservoir permeability would be underestimated and the

static pressure o v e r e s t i m a t e d by t h e Horner method. HOW-

ever, Sandrea's model assumes e x p o n e n t i a l d e c l i n e from t h e

beginning of production with a f i n i t e i n i t i a l rate. For a

large reservoir radius, t h e r e is a l o n g p e r i o d of r a t e d e -

c l i n e b e f o r e t h e e x p o n e n t i a l d e c l i n e perioid. Hence, t h e be-

h a v i o r of t h e o l d wells d i s c u s s e d by S a n d r e a is n o t d i r e c t l y

c o m p a r a b l e w i t h t h e r e s u l t s of t h e present study.

- 58 -
 ..
m
-I m
: -
'0 PI
k
3
M
rl
F

- 59 -
3.4 FURTHER APPLICATIONS THE SOLUTION- T E C H N I Q U E

In t h i s s e c t i o n t h e method of s u p e r p o s i t i o n i n time i s

a p p l i e d t o t h r e e problems o t h e r than p r e s s u r e buildup.

3.4.1 The C r i t i c a l Flow Phenomenon

In Section 2.3.1 the possibility of a critical flow l i m -

i t e d i n i t i a l rate in the transient solution f o r wells pro-

d u c e d a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e was d i s c u s s e d . Using t h e super-

position in t i m e of solutions for s t e p changes in the

wellbore pressure, t h e rate as a f u n c t i o n of time is g i v e n

by:

(3.25)

For a c o n t i n u o u s l y c h a n g i n g p r e s s u r e :

(3.26)
0

or:

(3.27)

If the i n i t i a l rate is c o n s t a n t a t until the wellbore

qc
pressure reaches t h e pressure p t h e n t h e r a t e as a f u n c -
wf
t i o n of the t i m e after t h e onset of c o n s t a n t - p r e s s u r e pro-

d u c t i o n is g i v e n by:

- 60 -
 (3.28)

where tc is t h e time e l a p s e d d u r i n g t h e c o n s t a n t rate pro-

duction. S i n c e q, a n d pwf a r e s p e c i f i e d conditions, the

2rkh
quantity - (pi-pwf) = p is s p e c i f i e d , a l t h o u g h t h e va-
QC i-I wfD
l u e o f pwf i s n o t , in general, known. T h e v a l u e of t, i s

t h e time when p = determined from t h e solution for

D 'wfD pD
constant rate production. If n o n z e r o s t o r a g e a n d / o r s k i n

are present, t h i s w i l l a f f e c t t h e v a l u e f o r t,.

The i n i t i a l v a l u e f o r q ( t ) where 0 < t < t, i s g i v e n b y

' 'wf D
. When t is s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e , q ( t - t c )
*
= q(t), and

t h e following approximation holds:

(3.29)

or:

= qD(tD) (3.30)

Thus, the e f f e c t of t h e i n i t i a l c o n s t a n t r a t e on t h e solu-

tion dies out i n t i m e , and hencer t h e analysis t e c h n i q u e s

a l r e a d y d i s c u s s e d become v a l i d . Approxixnate s o l u t i o n s c a n

b e d e t e r m i n e d from Eq. 3.30 for specified p , C a n d s.

wf D
Some s o l u t i o n s a r e g r a p h e d i n F i g . 3.4.

- 61 -
 0
I 0 0
I n u
I 0 0
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

n
W
I
-
0

- 62 -
3.4.2 Exponential Decline After C o n s t a n - t R a t e P r o d u c t i o n

Often a well is produced a t a c o n s t a n t rate until the

r e s e r v o i r h a s been nearly depleted, and t h e constant rate

can n o l o n g e r b e m a i n t a i n e d e c o n o m i c a l l y . Then t h e w e l l is

produced a t t h e f i n a l p r e s s u r e u n t i l i t d e c l i n e s t o some m i -

nimum a l l o w a b l e v a l u e . Assuming t h a t t h e pressure d e c l i n e

has reached pseudo- steady state when c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e P r o -

duction begins, the expression for p is g i v e n b y Eq. 2 - 3 8 .

WD
Hence:

- - 2Trw2 /A
dPwD - (3.31)
dtD

R e f e r i n g t o Eqs. 3.37 a n d 3.38:

t

(3.32)

S u b s t i t u t i o n o f Eq. 3.31 a n d t h e d e f i n i t , i o n of q into the

integral results in:

L
C t-t

- 63 -
or:

1 - 2TQD(t - 2
tc)rw/A (3.34)
qC

F o r (t-t,)DA > 0.1, Eq. 2 . 5 0 may b e s u b s t i t u t e d f o r Q D ( t - t c ) :

q -2IT (t -t I)A/ (Rnr eD-3

qc
e

-
IT (t t c) DA/ ( Rnr eD-3 / 4 1
= e (3.35)

As n o t e d b e f o r e qC = l/pwf where p w f i s t h e f i n a l production

pressure. E x a m i n a t i o n of Eq. 2.42 i n d i c a t e s t h a t u n l i k e t h e

case i n the last section i n which the rate decline for a

c o n s t a n t f i n i t e i n i t i a l f l o w rate e v e n t u a l l y matches t h e de-

c l i n e f o r constant pressure production f o r a l l t i m e , in this

c a s e t h e r a t e s a r e d i f f e r e n t for a l l t i m e .

An e x a m p l e of two rate h i s t o r i e s is shown i n F i g 3.5.

F o r a c l o s e d bounded c i r c u l a r r e s e r v o i r of d i m e n s i o n l e s s ra-
5
dius r = 10 , c u r v e A r e p r e s e n t s t h e p r o d u c t i o n rates a t a
eD
c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e pwf for t h e entire production time. Curve

B represents t h e production rates f o r c o n s t a n t - r a t e produc-

= .025, u n t i l the p r e s s u r e i n t h e w e l l b o r e de-

at(qc)D,
clines t o p and c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e p r o d u c t i o n t h e r e a f t e r .
wf'
Fig. 3.6 s h o w s the cumulative production f o r t h e two rate

histories. For t h i s e x a m p l e , t h e s k i n f < a c t o r was t a k e n t o

be zero. Figures 3.7 a n d 3.8 s h o w r e s u l t s for a positive

- 64 -
 0
II

.-
c
Y
v)
L

In
-
0
II
n
LQ,

I
cu r
'0

- 65 -
 M

u
-0

0
II

.-c
Y
v)
L
-
v)
0 -0 -
c

3
-0 -

- 66 -
skin factor. The rate h i s t o r i e s are compared i n F i g . 3.7,

and F i g . 3.8 shows t h e c u m u l a t i v e p r o d u c t i o n .

3.4.3 I n t e r f e r e n c e a m o n q F l o w i n q Wells

The f o l l o w i n g d e r i v a t i o n shows a g e n e r a l method f o r det-

ermining t h e p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n and t r a n s i e n t rate s o l u -

t i o n s f o r w e l l s p r o d u c i n g at c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e s i n i n t e r f e r -

ence with o t h e r w e l l s producing a t a r b i t r a r y c o n s t a n t rates

or pressures. The p r e s s u r e drop a t any p o i n t (x,y) is g i v e n

by:

(3.36)

w h e r e Ap, is t h e p r e s s u r e d r o p d u e t o t h e w e l l a t t h e p o i n t

(x ,yi) p r o d u c e d a t t h e r a t e qi. If q i is c o n s t a n t , then:

i

(3.37)

(In this section, refers t o t h e dimensionless pressure

pD
drop f o r constant rate production. If the well at txi,yi)

is p r o d u c e d a t a c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e :

- 67 -
 In
11

.-
r
Y
v) D
* c

n
LQ)

0
I
n
I

11____7_1_
-
0
I
n
U

- 68 -
 M
-0-

u,
II

.-
c
Y
v,
u,
0
I1
n
LQ)

-
3
-
0

01)
-
0

- 69 -
The rate f u n c t i o n s , q i n must b e determined f i r s t ; then t h e

p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n i s c o m p u t e d u s i n g Eq. 3.35. TO d e t e r -

mine t h e rate f u n c t i o n s , apply t h e Laplace transformation t o

the equations for t h e producing pressure at each constant

pressure well:

(3.39)'

where r.. = I(xi-x.? + ( y i - y . ) l2 1/2, T h e s y s t e m of equations

1J J J
can be w r i t t e n i n t h e form:

(3.40)

where:

(3.41)

and :

(3.42)

- 70 -
 Once t h e r a t e f u n c t i o n s a r e d e t e r m i n e d , t h e Pressure dis-

t r i b u t i o n f o l l o w s f r o m Eq. 3.35. As an example, consider

t h e case of two wells a t a distance r , each produced a t a

D
constant pressure p
wf
. Then:

(3.44)

In Laplace space:

(3.45)

Solving f o r GD(R):

(3.46)

or
(3.47)

Using t h e S t e h f e s t algorithm, a s o l u t i o n f o r qD(tD) can be

determined numerically.

The L a p l a c e s p a c e s o l u t i o n f o r I p i - p ( x , y , t ) I/(Pi-Pwf) is

g i v e n by:

(3.48)

- 71 -
 T h i s c o n c l u d e s t h e s e c t i o n on t h e u s e o f s u p e r p o s i t i o n i n

time o f c o n t i n u o u s l y v a r y i n g r a t e s a s a method f o r g e n e r a t -

ing s o l u t i o n s i n v o l v i n g wells produced a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e .

The method i s a p o w e r f u l tool, and t h e s o l u t i o n s p r e s e n t e d

h e r e a r e meant t o s u g g e s t important ways i n which t h i s t o o l

can b e used.

- 72 -
 SECTION 4

CONCLUSIONS

The s o l u t i o n s p r o v i d e d i n t h i s work show that w e l l test

analysis methods f o r w e l l s produced at constant pressure

p r o v i d e t h e same i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e r e s e r v o i r a s is d e t -

ermined from t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l methods derived for constant-

rate production. For n e a r l y e v e r y c o n s t a n t - r a t e well t e s t

method t h e r e is a n a n a l o g o u s c o n s t a n t - p r e s s u r e method. A

n o t a b l e exception is i n t e r f e r e n c e a n a l y s i s . Methods f o r an-

alyzing interference between producing w e l l s are m o r e com-

plicated, and r e q u i r e a d d i t i o n a l s t u d y .

The t r a n s i e n t rate a n a l y s i s m e t h o d s may be limited in

t h e i r e f f e c t i v e n e s s by p r a c t i c a l problems. The technology

f o r measuring p r o d u c t i o n rates is n o t n e a r l y as advanced as

t h e measurement of transient pressures. However, for the

same r e a s o n r maintaining a constant wellhead p r e s s u r e is

more r e l i a b l e than maintaining a constant rate. Pressure

buildup following constant- pressure production is n o t t e c h -

nology bound, and appears t o b e a v i a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e method

which a v o i d s t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g a constant rate

f o r some l e n g t h of t i m e prior t o shut- in.

- 73 -
 In s u m m a r y , t h e m e t h o d s p r o v i d e d h e r e i n c l u d e t h e follow-

ing:

1. D e t e r m i n a t i o n of k a n d $ e-2s by t y p e c u r v e m a t c h i n g

w i t h a g r a p h of l o g q D vs log t for t h e i n f i n i t e

system

2. Determination of k and s from t h e semilog straight

l i n e in a g r a p h of l/q vs log t

3. Determination o f reservoir a r e a and approximate

s h a p e from a g r a p h o f log q v s t after t h e onset

of e x p o n e n t i a l d e c l i n e

4. Analysis of transient rates when the wellhead

p r e s s u r e is c o n s t a n t

5. D e t e r m i n a t i o n of k a n d @e-2s from a n interference

test by t y p e c u r v e m a t c h i n g w i t h a g r a p h of log p
2
vs log tD/r,., for t h e infinite system

6. D e t e r m i n a t i o n of CD 8 s, xf f o r f r a c t u r e s pene-

t r a t e d by t h e w e l l b o r e , and other inner boundary

effects, b y t y p e c u r v e m a t c h i n g of e a r l y p r e s s u r e

buildup data with conventional pressure transient

solutions

7. H o r n e r b u i l d u p a n a l y s i s f o r w e l l s produced at c o n -

stant pressure

- 79 -
8. Analogous methods for Mattheus, BronsI Hazebroek

d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e s t a t i c reservoir p r e s s u r e

- 75 -
 REFERENCES

1. Abramowitz, M., and I.A. Stegun: Handbook of Mathematical

Functions, Dover Publications, Inc., 1972.

2. Carslaw, H.S., and Jaeger, J.C.: Conduction of Heat in Solids,

Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1959.

3. Chen, H.K., and Brigham, W.E.: "Pressure Buildup for a Well

with Storage and Skin in a Closed Square", Paper SPE 4890,
presented at the 44th Annual California Regional Meeting of the
SPE of ALME, 1974.

4. Clegg, M.W.: "Some Approximate Solutions of Radial Flow Problems

Associated with Production at Constant Well Pressure", J. Pet.
Tech., Mar. 1967, 31-42.

5. Craft, B.C., and Hawkins, M.F.: Applied Petroleum Reservoir

Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1959, 284.

6. Earlougher, R.C.,Jr.: Advances in Well Test Analysis, Monograph

Series, SPE of AIIlE, Dallas, 1977, -
5.

7. Earlougher, R.C.,Jr., and Ramey, H.J.,Jr.: "The Use of Interpola-

tion to Obtain Shape Factors for Pressure Buildup Calculations",
J. Pet. Tech., May 1968, 449-450.

8. Ferris, J., Knowles, D.B., Brown, R.G., and Stallman, R.W.:

"Theory of Aquifer Tests", U.S.G.S. Water Supply Paper 1563E,
1962, 109.

9. Fetkovich, M.J.: "Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves", Paper

SPE 4629, presented at the 48th Annual Fall Meeting of SPE of AIME,
1973.

10. Horner, D.R.: "Pressure Build-Up in Wells", Proc., Third World

Pet. Gong., the Hague, 1951, Sec. 11,503-523.

11. Hurst, W.: "Unsteady Flow of Fluids in Oil Reservoirs", Physics,

Jan. 1934, 5, 20.

12. Hurst, W.: "Water Influx into a Reservoir and Its Application to
the Equation of Volumetric Balance", Trans., AIME, 1943, 151,57.

- 76 -
13. Hurst, W., Clark, J.D., and Brauer, E.B.: "The Skin Effect in
Producing Wells", J. Pet. Tech., Nov. 1969, 1483-1489.

14. Jacob, C.E., and Lohman, S.W.: "Nonsteady Flow to a Well of

Constant Drawdown in an Extensive Aquifer", Trans., AGU, Aug.
1952, 559-569.

15. Juan-Camas, I.: "Deteminacion de las Propiedades de un Yacimiento

Mediante Pruebas de Gasto en un Pozo a Presion Constante", M.S.
Report, University of Mexico, 1977.

16. Kucuk, R., and Brigham, W.E.: "Transient Flow in Elliptical

Systems", Paper SPE 7488, presented at the 53rd Annual Fall
Technical Conference and Exhibition of the SPE of AIME, Houston,
Texas, Oct. 1-3, 1978.

17. Locke, C.D., and Sawyer, W.K.: "Constant Pressure Injection Test
in a Fractured Reservoir - History Match Using Numerical Simulation
and Type Curve Analysis", Paper SPE 5594, presented at the 50th
Annual Fall Meeting of the SPE of AIME, 1975.

18. Matthews, C.S., Brons, F., and Hazebroek, P.: "A Method for Deter-
mination of Average Pressures in a Bounded Reservoir", Trans., AIME,
1954, -
201, 182-191.

20. Moore, T.V., Schilthuis, R.J., and Hurst, W.: "The Determination of
Permeability from Field Data", Proc., API Bull., 1933, -
211, 4.

21. Mueller, T.D., and Witherspoon, P.A.: "Pressure Interference

Effects within Reservoirs and Aquifers", J. Pet. Tech., April 1965,
471-474.

22. Odeh, A.S., and Jones, L.G.: "Two-Rate Flow Test, Variable-Rate
Case--Application to Gas-Lift and Pumping Wells", J. Pet. Tech.,
March 1974, 93-99; Trans., AIME, 257.

23. Odeh, A.S., and Nabor, G.W.: "The Effect of Production History
on Determination of Formation Characteristics from Flow Tests'',
Paper SPE 1515, presented at the 41st Annual Fall Meeting of SPE
of AIME, 1966.

24. Odeh, A.S., and Selig, F.: "Pressure Build-Up Analysis, Variable-
Rate Case", J. Pet. Tech., July 1963, 790-794; Trans., AIME, 228.
c _

25. Poettmann, F.H., and Beck, R.L.: "New Charts Developed to Predict
Gas-Liquid Flow Through Chokes", World Oil, March 1963, 95-101, 156.

26. Prats, M., Hazebroek, P., and Strickler, W.R.: "Effect of Vertical
Fractures on Reservoir Behavior--Compressible-Fluid Case", SOC. Pet.
Eng. J., June 1962, 87-94.

- 77 -
27. Ramey, H.J.,Jr., and Cobb, W.M.: 11A General Pressure Buildup
Theory for a Well in a Closed Drainage Area", J. Pet. Tech.,
Dec. 1971, 1493-1504.

28. Samaniego, V. and Cinco-L., H.: "Production Rate Decline in

Pressure Sensitive Reservoirs", Paper No. 78-29-25, presented at
the 29th Annual Technical Meeting of the Petroleum Society of CIM,
1978.

29. Sandrea, R.: "An Evaluation of Horner's Approximation in Pressure

Buildup Analysis", unpublished manuscript, 1971.

30. Stehfest, H.: "Numerical Inversion of Laplace Transforms", Communi-

cations of the ACM, Jan. 1970, 13,No. 1, 47-49.

31. Tsarevich, K.A., and Kuranov, I . F . : "Calculation of the Flow

Rates for the Center Well in a Circular Reservoir Under Elastic
Conditions", Problems of Reservoir Hydrodynamics, Part I, Leningrad,
1956, 9-34.

32. van Everdingen, A.F., and Hurst, W.: "The Application of the
Laplace Transformation to Flow Problems in Reservoirs", Trans.,
AIME, Dec. 1949, 305-324.

- 78 -
 NOMENCLATURE

2
A = area, L

CA = shape factor
vWcW
CD = dimensionless wellbore storage coefficient, 2n$c thrw2
.-I

c = total compressibility, LtL/m

t
2
c = wellbore fluid compressibility, Lt /m
W

D = wellbore diameter, L

f = Moody friction factor

M
= units conversion factor
gC

h = reservoir thickness, L

H = wellbore vertical length, L

= Modified Bessel functions

IO'I1
2
k = reservoir absolute permeability, L

%,K1 = Modified Bessel functions

R = Laplace space variable

L = wellbore length, L
2
m = slope of Horner buildup graph, m/Lt
1 3
m = slope of - vs log t graph for a constant-pressure test, t/L
9 q
m
* = slope of the log q vs t graph for a constant pressure test

= Reynold's number
2
p = pressure, m/Lt
pi-'=, t
= dimensionless pressure ratio,
PD P1
.-Pwf
= dimensionless wellbore pressure, 2nkh(pi-pWf) /qlJ
'wD
2
= initial reservoir pressure, m/Lt
pi
2
ptf = flowing wellhead pressure, m/Lt
2
= flowing bottom-hole pressure, m/Lt
Pwf

- 79 -
 2
= bottom-hole pressure after shut-in, m/Lt
pws
* 2
p = extrapolated pressure on Horner buildup graph, m/Lt
- 2
p = volumetric average reservoir pressure, m/Lt
3
q = production rate, L /t
= dimensionless production rate, A
qD (pi-pWf 1
27M-1 n

= constant initial flow rate, L3/t

qC
qCp
(qcID = dimensionless constant initial flow rate,
2Tkh(p -P 1
= flow rate at match point
Yf
for type curve matching, L /t
qM
(qD)M = dimensionless flow rate at match point for type curve matching
1 1
= ordinate value at 1 hour on straight-line graph of (-) vs
$) lhr q
3
log t, t/L

Q = cumulative production, L3
2
QD = dimensionless cumulative production, Q/ [2r$cthrw (pi-pwf) 1
r = dimensionless radius, r/rw
D
r = reservoir radius, L
e
r = dimensionless reservoir radius, r /rw
eD e
rW = wellbore radius, L
-S
r
W
’ = effective wellbore radius, r e
W
,L
t = time
1. e
lLL

tD = dimensionless time, 2
Wtrw kt
= dimensionless time based on drainage area, 2
t~~ 9 wtrw
t = time at match point for type curve matching, t
M
(tDIM = dimensionless time at match point for type curve matching

t = production time, t
P
t
* = Horner corrected production time, t
P

- 80 -
 t = time a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of pseudo- steady s t a t e flow, t
PSS
= d i m e n s i o n l e s s t i m e a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of pseudo- steady s t a t e flow
( t p s s )D
At = shut- in time, t

AtD = dimensionless shut- in t i m e

s = skin factor

U = wellbore f l u i d velocity, L / t
3
v = w e l l b o r e f l u i d s p e c i f i c volume, L /m

V = w e l l b o r e volume, L3
W
Wf = w e l l b o r e f r i c t i o n energy loss, niL2 / t 2

W = s h a f t work, mL / t
2 2
S

y = e x p o n e n t i a l of E u l e r ' s c o n s t a n t , y =" 1 . 7 8 1

@ = porosity

1.1 = f l u i d v i s c o s i t y , m / L t
- 3
p = a v e r a g e w e l l b o r e f l u i d d e n s i t y , m/L

T = v a r i a b l e of i n t e g r a t i o n

- 81 -
 APPENDIX A

UNITS CONVERSIONS

Variable Darcy, S I Metric U n i t s English Units

kt .000264 k t
tD 2 2
@wtrw @wtrw
141.2 qBp
2'irkh(Pi-Pwf1

QD Q/

m .1832 qBp 162.6 qBp

kh kh

a=- 1
a = 27I
141.2
L
P

-1 -1
atm , Pa-1 psi

cm, m ft
2
darcy, m md

a t m , Pa psi
3 3
c m /sec, m /sec b a r r e l s /day

cm, m ft

sec, sec hr

cp, Pa- sec CP

- 82 -
 APPENDIX B

TABULATED SOLUTIONS

CONTENTS
Page

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
I N F I N I T E OUTER BOUNDARY

CLOSED OUTER BOUNDARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

CONSTANT PRESSURE OUTER BOUNDARY . . . . . . . . . . . 100

.83 .
 Table B . l
INFINITE OUTER BOUNDARY
Skin = 0

QD tD QD

- 84 -
 INFINITE OUTER BOUNDARY
Skin = 5

t
D QE QD tD QD

- 85 -
 INFINITE OUTER BOUNDARY
Skin = 10

QD qD QD

- 86 -
 INFINITE OUTER BOUNDARY
Skin = 20

.. Q, 't
tD qD D QD

- 87 -
 Table B . 2
CLOSED OUTER BOUNDMY
Skin = 0
x =20 r = 200
eD eD
n

QD

t = 500
QD qD eD

QD

r = 100
eD
QD qD
1: = 1000
eD
QD qD

exponential rate decline

- 88 -
 CLOSED OUTER BOUNDARY
Skin = 0

r
eD
= 2000 r = 1x104
eD
QD QD tD QD

4
r = 5x10
eD
QD

re D = 5000

QD

- 89 -
 CLOSED OUTER BOUNDARY
Skin = 0

re D = 1x105 r = 1x10
6
eD
tD QD QD

r = 5x10'
eD

- 90 -
 CLOSED OUTER BOUNDARY
Skin -- 5

r
eD
= 20 re D = 200
n
'D qD QD

r = 50
eD r = 500
eD
QD
Q,

r = 100
€?D
Q,
r = 1000
eD
QD qD

- 91 -
 CLOSED OUTER BOUNDARY
Skin = 5

4
r = 2000 r = 1x10
eD eD
1:
QD D QD qD
1.C'OlI 07
2.0011 07
3.00Il O /
4.OOLI o i
5.Obll o /
6.CCI.I 07
7.0011 07
0.G011 07
9 . 0 0 ~ 07
1.COIl 0 f i
2.001l OH
3.0011 OB
4.0011 061
5.OOLl GS
6.C0U 03
7,oorl o!i
8.WD 08
9.0011 08
i.oor1 09
P.DOLI 05'
3.oor1 09
4.0QU OY

r = 5x10
4
eD
QD
r = 5000
eD
QD qD

- 92 -
 CLOSED OUTER BOUNDARY
Skin = 5

6
r€!D = 1x10~ rei) = 1.~10

tD QD QD

5
reD = 5x10

tD QD

- 93 -
 CLOSED OUTER BOUNDARY
Skin = 10

r = 20 r = 200
eD eD
QD 0,
b
r.:
1
4,

y!
x
x
*
r
*
Y
*
**
Y
*
h
h
x
reD= 50
r = 500
eD
QD
Qn
t
Y
x
*
L
3.

X
*Y
*
**
*x
**
%
r,
x
-' e D =
I 100
r = 1000
eD
QD
QD

- 94 -
 CLOSED OUTER BOUNDARY
Skin = 10

4
r = 2000 r eD = lxl0
eD
t
QD qD D QD
i . m i ~7
3.0011 (;7
3,001107
4.00LI 0 1
5.0011 07
6.00D 07
7.0011 07
0.0011 07
9.0011 07
1. o m 03
2.0011 0 8
J . O @ I I 08
4 I 0 ' ) I I OD
:i.oun oa
.
I ocrl 0 3
~ . O G I I oa
U.0c.LI 08
9 * O c \ i I 00
f .O01! 09
2.00Ll 09
3 . G 0 l l 09
4.0011 09
5 . 0 0 2 07
6,OOll 09

4
r = 5x10
4-
eD
CD Q3
reD = 5000 1.03D OS
2.00n 0:;
5.2300D 06
1+0?74LI 07
j.oort OR 1,5251 11 07
QD 4.001! OH ? . o i r m 07
5.oorl 08 2.509211 07
6 , GO11 00 2.997011 07
7,0011 OE! 3,487711 07
6 , O O i l 00 3.96611.1 07
Y.00U 08 4*447r'iD cl7
1.0011 c 9 4.9271D 07
2.3011 09 Y.6170D 07
3.001: 09 1.41.131I GH
4.0iJi! 0 Y 1 I Fl :tim OB
5.0011 07 2.261411 03
6.00II 0 9 2.651511 00
7.0011 09 3.045913 03
e.om 09 3.4lS7r.l OD
Y.0CLl 09 :<.770911 08
1.00LI 10 4.1113D OB
L'.OGII 10 b.i)764n os
3.00I.l 1 0 8.736:?D OH
4.oorl i o 9.Y5971'1 08
5.00l-i 10 1.@?8.?11 09
6.0011 10 1,13::4:1 07
7.0011 10 3.. 1 7 G Y l : i 09
C : . O > l l 10 1 t YL@!.l i)Y
Y.00LI 10 1.:?1:;1I.I ( t ?
1.0311 11 1 >';?:JSI! 0?

- 95 -
 CLOSED OUTER E.OUNDARY
Skin = 10

5 6
reD =-1 x10 r = 1x10
eD
t
D QD qD qD

5
r = 5x10
t
eD
QD

- 96 -
 CLOSED OUTER EOUNDARY
Skin = 20

r = 20 r = 200
eD eD
QD

r = 50 r = 500
eD eD
0, tD QD

2
1
1
R
5
4
3
2
1
3
r = 100
eD

Q
, %
3 F!- 0 11 :- 3?

- 97 -
 CLOSED OUTER BOUNDARY
Skin = 20

r = 1x10
4
eD
Q
, qD

r = 5000
eD
QD
4
r = 5x10
eD
QD

- 98 -
 CLOSED OUTER BOUNDARY
Skin = 20

5 6
1: = 1x10 r = 1x10
eD eD
QD
1.OOri io
2.0011 10
3 , O O L I 10
4.0011 10
S . O O D 10
6.00~ i o
7.GOD 10
s.oor1 IG
9+@01l 10
l.L)01I 11
2.GOII 11
3.00!t 11
J.0011 1 1
5.0dil 11
L.OOrl l i
7.0011 11
8,009 11
9.0011 11
1.00u 12
2.00II ':1
3.0OLl 12
4.0011 12
s.ow I:!
I.00Il l:!
7.oor1 12
0.00il l ?
9+0C.LI l?
1 ~ O O l l1 3
2.00Ll 1 3
r = 5x10' 3.00I.I 1 3
eD 4,0011 15
5.00KI 1 3
6.0011 1 3
QD 7.oor1 1 3
8.OOI.l 13
Y.00lI 1 3
1.001I 14

l . i l : * : : l '11
1. 1 4 . ' 1 I' 1 1

- 99 -
 CONSTANT PRESSURE OUTER BCUNDARY
r =20
eD

Skin = 0
tD 1
', qD
1
:'
3
4
4
t,
&
7
H

Skin = 20

= 50
leD
Skin = 0
QD

- 100 -
 CONSTANT PRESSURE OUTER BOUNDARY

r = 50
eD
Skin = 10 Skin = 20
t
D QD '%

Skin = 0 r Skin = 10
eD
Q
, qD CL,

Skin = 20
t.
D QD QD

- 101 -
 CONSTANT PRESSURE OUTER BOLYDARY

r = 200
eD
Skin = 0
QD

Skin = 5 Skin = 20
QD QD

- 102 -
 QD

r '= 1000
eD

qD tD

- 103 -
 CONSTANT PRESSURE OUTER BOUNDARY

r =j20OO
eD
Skin = 0 Skin = 10
QD qD tD QD

Skin = 5 Skin = 20
t
D QD qD tD Q9

- 104 -
 ' CONSTANT PRESSURE OUTER BOUNDARY

r = 5000
eD Skin = 10
Skin = 0
0
'D QD qD

Skin = 5 Skin = 20
QD QD QD

- 105 -
 CONSTANT PRESSURE OUTER BOUNDARY

4
r = 1x10
eD Skin = 10
Skin = 0
QD Q
,

Skin = 20
QD

- 106 -
 CONSTANT PRESSURE OUTER BOUNDARY

4
r = 5x10
eD Skin = 10
Skin = 0
QD QD

Skin = 0 Skin = 20
QD

- 107 -
 CONSTANT PRESSURE OUTER BOUNDARY

5
reD = 1x10
Skin = 0 Skin = 10
n
QD

Skin = 5
QD
 CONSTANT PRESSURE OUTER BOUNDARY

r =I 5x1U5
eD
Skin = 0 Skin = 10
t

Q
, QD

Skin = 5
QD QD

- 109 -
 CONSTANT PRESSURE OUTER BOUNDAK'S!

6
r =' 1x10
Skin = 0 eD
S k i n = 10
QD QD qD
39
OY
09
05'
09
09
09
0Y
09
10
10
io
10
10
10
io
io
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

Skin = 5
QD qD QD qD

- 110 -
 .

APPENDIX C

COMPUTER PROGRAMS

C ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR CONSTANT WELLBORE PRESSIJRE

C
I M F ' L I C I T REAL18 (A-HrO-Z)
COMMON/PARA/SKTNIRDIM?R~FFITFLOW
COMMON/TSOLN/ICtiART I NSOLN I I T Y P E i I X A r I X R
COhMON/HB/Gi 1 R 7 r G 3 r G 4 r G 5
Cl~flHllN/UAR/RL~!1000) r T K l ( l 0 0 0 ) r T U X ( 1 0 0 ) rAMODES(100)
CtiAKACTER14 S I G N
DOIJBLE F'FZECISI['IN TFORMITFORMAI TFORMhrBESKOI BESKI
EXTERNAL TFORM I TFORMA P TFDRMB
c 01.L T rIwS s o I 10 I 100 I 10 I s 0 )
C N = NUMPIX OF 'rERMs I N i-APL.AcE I N u E r w x
Nr.8
M::0
SXON=' '
C
C SOL. lhI ON Li E SCR IF'T ION :
C I C H A R l = 1 FOlX Q D US TIS
C 2 FOF; Q D US TUA
C 3 FOR I N I T I A L L Y CONSTAN'f RATE
C 4 FIIH PD US R D
C 6 F O R BUILDUP FROM SUPERPDSITION
ICCiC\RT=S
C L I M l T S F-OR TI3 ARE 1 O r k ; k I X A TO l O 1 O I X B
IXR--l
IXH-9
C NSOLN = 1 FOR I N F I N I T E OIJ'IER BOIJNDRRY
C 2 FOR NO-FL05.1 OUTER BOUNDARY
C 3 F O R CONS'TAN'I' PRESSURE OUTER BOUNIIAFCY
NSOl.N= 1
C NTPMES =: NUMEER OF L O G CYCLE5 TO EVALUA'IE
NTIMES=(IXR-IXA)
C
C PARAMETER VALUFS:
C S K I N = WELLBCIRE SKIN FACTOR
SKIN=O.
C R D I M = UIMENSIONLESS RADIUS ( 1 . L E * RlClIM + L E I REFF)
RDIIY=l r O
C REFF = DIMENSIONLESS RESERVOIR RADIUS (FOR F I N I T E RESERVOIR)
REFF=!50.
C TFLOW = FLUW TIME (FOR PRESSURE HIJILDUF' a3 PD us RII)
TFLOW=10
C NFZli = NLlMEiER OF R M l I A l . LOG CYCLES
NR[t=5
I F ( I C H A R T ,ER. 6) GO TO 70
IF (1C:HART e1.T. 3) GO TO 5
IF (ICHAFZT , m . r ) ) GO 'rn 30
C
.
- 111 -
C CALCULATE TIMES FOR EUALLIA'TION+
C
5 TO=3,14159 *REFF*REFFtOtl
'I'MULT=l+
DLOl:<T=l */rIFI..OAT(NTIMES)
I F ( ICHART Et". 2 ) TfllJLT=REFF*llEFF
DO 10 J = l r N T I M E S
D O 10 1 ~ 1 1 9
K=It(J-1)*9
TU( K)=DFILORT( I) * l o + * * ( 1 X A t . J - 1 )
10 T L I X ( K ) = T ~ i ( K ) t T M I J l . T
11 CALL. OlJTFORM
C
C CALCULATE QD.
C
N T e- 9 1N T IMES
r111 20 r - i r ~ ' r
TI.tI=TIl(I)
C t I N D I C A T E S EXPONENTIAL RATE DECLINE
I F ( ( T I 1 1 .GT, TO) .AND, (NSOLN + E O + 2 ) ) SIGN='*'
C A L L LI ,
NU ( TFO RM I TD 1I 011IIN M )
CALL. L I NU ( TFOK'MR I TD IIRrIJ IN IM )
Wlt I T E ( 6 I300 ) TDX ( I ) IQD J I [?I1II S I G N
20 RI.I(T.)=L?III
I F ( S K I N ,EL?. 0.) GO TO 21
I F ( S K I N .EU+ 5,) GO TO 22
IF ( SKIN .EO, i o . ) GO To 23
I F ( S K I N .EO+ 2 0 , ) .GO TO 50
21 SKIN=5*
GO TO 11
22 SKIN=10*
GO TO 11
23 SKIN=20t
GO TO 11
30 C A L L OUTFORM
C
C CALCULATE F'U US RIS FOR TU = TFLOW
C
DO 40 J=l,NRD
K10 4 0 1 ~ 1 1 9
K=It(J-l)MY
RII I M=DFLOAT ( I) t10 t Xd ( J- 1)
C A L L LINU(TFORMITFLCIW IF'DINPM)
40 WRITE (61300)R D I M I P D
300 FORMAT ( ' ',lPE10,2,2X,2(1PE52,41~X)~~l)
SO STOP
70 C A L L OlJTFORM
CALL SPBU(N,M)
- STOP
ENU
C
C
C
SUBROUTINE L I N U ( P ITIF A ,N r M
I *
MF'L I C IT REAL. 8 ( A- ti 9 0-Z )
COMMON/LPL/G(;O)IV(5O),W(2S)rGZ(1)
LlOUBLE PRECISION P
L I N U (LAPLACE INVERTER) IS A FORTRAN TRANSLATION OF THE
ALC;ClL. FKOCEUURE GIVEN BY STEHFEST (1Y70), P I S THE LAPLACE
SPACE E.XPRESSIc3N TO HE NUMERICALLY INVERTED* T IS THE TIME
AT WHICH THE SOLUTION I S TO HE EVALUA'IED, FA I S THE WALIJE
OF ThE SOLUTION AT T I M E T DETERMINEII BY THE NUMERICAL INUER-
SION OF THE LAPLACE SPACE SOLUTIONI N I S THE NUMBER O F TERMS
I N THE SUMMATION. [SEE STEHFEST (1970)l

- 112 -
 .
DLOGTW=+6731471805599453
IF (M +EO. N ) GO TO 100
C CALCULATE U A R R A Y e
M=N
G( 1 )=1
NH=N/2
DO 5 I=2rN
5 G(I)=G(I-l)XI
H(l)-Z+/G(NH-l)
DO 10 I=2rNH
FI=I
IF (I +En. NH) GO TO 8
H(I)=FIY*NHXG(2tI)/(G(NH-I)tG(I-I)tGI-l)~
GO TO ~.
10
8 H(I)=FIftNtitG(2XI)/(G(I)YG(I-1))
10 CONTINUE
SN=2*(NH-NH/2#2)-1
DO 50 I=lrN
U(I)=O.
Kl=(It1)/2
K2=I
IF ( K 2 + G T + NH) K2=NH
r10 4 0 K=KlrK2
IF (2*K-I .EO, 0 ) GO TO 37
IF (I .EO+ K ) GO TO 38
V ( I ) =V ( I ) +H (K 1/ (G ( I-K 1 XG (2tK-I ) )
GO TO 40
37 U(I)=V(I)tH(K)/G(I-K)
' GO TO 4 0
38 V(I)~U(I)tH(K)/G(ZtK-I)
40 CONTINUE
V(I)=SNJU(I)
SN=-SN
50 CONTINUE
100 F A = O ,
A = 111- OG TW / T
DO 110 X=l,N
ARU-DFLOAT ( I ) * A
110 FA=FAtV(I)*P(ARG)
FA=AXFA
RETURN
ENCl
DC)UBLF PRECISION FUNCTION TFORM(S)
IMPLICIT REAl.*8 (A-HrO-Z)
COMMON/PARA/SKINIADIMIREFFITFLOW
COMMOM/TSULN/ICHAHT I N S O L N r ITYF'EI IXA P IXD
COMMl'~~'HH/G1 9 G 2 I G3 I G4 r G5
DIMENSION ARO(3)rXK(2r3),XI(2r3)
REAL A r X
IlOUBLE PRECISION BESKOvBESKl
C
C TFORM CONTOINS THE LAPLACE TRANSFORMED SOLUTIONS FOR THE
C TRANSIENT RATE DECLINE F O R A WELL FRuriucEri A T A CONSTANT
C F'RESSLJkE FROM A CIRCULAR RESERVOIR. ALSO INCLUDED ARE THE
C SOLUTIONS FOR THE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS.
C

- 113 -
 CALL B E S I ( A r 1 v X r I E R )
10 X I ( 2 1J ) = X
I F (ICHART *EO, 3) GO TO 60
G O TO ( 2 0 1 3 0 1 4 0 ) f N S O L N
C
C SOLUTION FOR I N F I N I T E OUTER HOUNUARY
C
20 D E N O M = S f ( X K ( l ~ l ) S S ~ I N I S l t X K ( 2 r l ) )
IF (DENOM .ER. o I ) GO 'ro 7 0
F'D::XK ( 1I 2 )/DENOM
n~I=Sl*XK(2rl)/DENOM
GO T O 50
C
C SOLUTION FOR NO-FLOW OUTER BOUNlJARY
C
30 D E N O M ~ S X ~ ~ X K ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ X I ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ X I ( ~ , ~ ~ ~

Values for the required Bessel functions were obtained.-through use

of BESKO and BESKl from the FUNPACK PACKET and the internal routine,

BESI, available on the IBM 360 168 at the Stanford Computer Facility,

Stanford University.

SIJHROUTINE SPHU ( NI M )
I M P L I C I T REAL88 ( A-H I 0-Z)
COMMON/PARA/SKINIK~IM,REFF,TFLOW
COMMON/'TSOLN/ICI.;AKTINSOLNrITYPEI 1 x 6 1I X H
C O I I M O N A J R R / R D ( 1 000)). ' T u ( 1000)I DTIS ( 100 ) I AMODES ( 100)
DOURLE F'FZECISION T F O R M ~ 7 F O ~ M ~ r T F O ~ M E ~ a E S K O I B E S K l
EXTERNAL TFORMITFOHM~ITFORMB
C
C SPBU COMPUTES PRESSURE BUILDLJP SOLUTIONS FOR A WELL PHODUCEn
C A T A CONSTANT PRESSURE PRIOR TO SHUT- IN USING SUPERPOSITION
C OF CONTINUOUSLY WARY I N G CONSTANT RATE SOLUTIONS. THE TECHNIQUE
C F O R APF'KOXIMATING THE RESULTING INTEGRAL I S TO DETERMINE TIME
L

- 114 -
 c I N l E R U A L S LIURING WHICH THE R A T E ONLY CHANGES BY A SET AMOUNT,
C A N D THEN APPROXIMATE THE RATE I N EACH SUCH INTERVAL BY A
C CONSTANT KATE OVER THE: INTERUAL+ 1 H I S RESULTS I N A SUM OF TERMS
C CONSISTING O F A R A T E TIMES A PRESSURE DIFFERENCE. THE SUM IS
C THEN COMPUTETI 13s 'THE APPROXIMATION O F THE' PRESSURE BUILDUP.
C
TO=* l f 3 , 1 4 1 6 * R E F F * R E F F
Tl=.OS*REFFYREFF~(DLOO0-.75+SKIN)
C K K 1 ANLf K 1 SPECIFY WHAT SHUT- IN TIMES ARE TO BE EVALUATED*
KKl=4
KK-3
I F iNSDLN + E n . 1) GO TO 2
I F ( T F L O W .GT+ T 1 ) GO TO 60
2 DO 1 K l = l r K K l
DO 1 K=1 rKK
, J=Kt(Kl-l)*KK
1 KiTLt(J)=TFLOWtlO.*t(Kl-KKl)*2.Y*~K-l)
NLtT=KKI$KK
DTF=DTD (NDT ) tTFLOW
C rtELC4 IS THE MAXIFUM V A R I A T I O N I N THE RATE FOR EACH SUB- INTERVAL
C I N TIME REF'RESENTED BY A TERM I N THE SUMMATION,
C AN A R R A Y OF TD A N D R D VALUES A R E CREA'TELI WITH THE S F E C I F I E D
C DEL.iJ VALUE.
rlELiJ=. 00%
I l E L ~ ~ X ~ 1 e0YIIELU
00
CALL. RFORM(TF'LOWr01?(1) r N r M r ' T 1 )
CALL L I N V (TFOKMA~TFLOW~CUMINVM)
TD(l)=TFLOW
C A L L GFORM ( D T F I RD (2)rN r M r T 1 )
IF ( ( R D ( l ) - R D ( 2 ) ) ~ G T I LIELRX) GO TO 25
TD ( 2 ) =DTF
JK- 1
D O 20 J - 2 r l O O O
LIII 10 I = l r 8
' I F (.J . G T . ( J K t 1 ) ) G O TO 30
IF((RD(J-l)-RD(J)) .LT, DELR) GO TO 20
JK= J K t 1
DO 5 K = J r J K
L=JK-KtJt1
TII ( I_) -TD ( L- 11
5 C71:t(L)=UD(L-l)
TD ( .J ) z: ( TD ( J-1)t T D ( J ) )I 5
10 CALL. R F O R M ( T r l ( J ) I O D ( J ) r N r M I T 1 )
20 CONTINUE
25 WRI'TE(6?103)
RETURN
30 JK-JKt1
. D O 50 r = i,NrtT
TT=D'I'D ( I) tTFLOW
'T=TT-lOOe
I F ( T . L T * l i I 3 5 ) T=TT
SUM=1 t
C A L L PFORM ( DTD ( I) I P DM I N r M I TO )
DO 40 J = l r J K
I F ( T * L T . T D ( J ) ) GO TO 4 3
TPtTT-TD ( J )
CALL PFORM(TPIPDP~NIM~TO)
I F ( (PDM-PDF) e GT 0 ) SUM=SUM-RD ( J )k (PUM-F'DP 1
4 0 PDM=PDF
43 I F ( T T .GE, 1 . ~ 5 ) G D TO 42
SUM= (SLIM-PDPYRIS ( J-1 ) ) /nD( 1)
GO TO 4 4
42 CALL WORM ( T r R D F r N 9 M I T 1 )
JM= J
I F (J # N E + 1) J M z J - 1
I F ( ( P U M - 2 + 7 1 ) . G T . 0 , ) SUM=SUM-aD(JM)Y(PnM-2172)

- 115 -
 a

SUM=(SUM-2.7l*C~UF)/l?D( 1)
4 4 fl TH= ( CUM/RD ( 1) .1.LIT D ( I ) ) /DTD ( I)
50 WR ITE ( 6 P 100 1 SUM ID T D ( I) v DTH
WRITE (6,101) T F L O W ~ R E F F ~ N S O L N
WRITEL' ( 6 I1 0 4 ) ( TU ( I1 9 Q D ( I) v I=lI JK )
RETurw
60 WRITE (6,102)
RETURN
100 FORMAT(' 'r3(E12+4~2X))
102 FORMAT(' EXPONENTIAL DECLINE IN PROGRESS')
103 FORHAT(' TOO MANY Q EVALUATIONS REQUIRED')
101 F O R M A T ( ' TFLOW =z ' I E ~ ~ + ~ ~ ~ X I ' R E = F ' rFE 1 2 + 4 9 2 X 9 ' N S O L N = ' ~ 1 1 )
1 0 4 FORMAT ( ' ' 1 2 ( E 1 2 * 4 r 2 X ) )
END
IlOUBLE PRECISION FUNCTION TFORMA(8)
I M P L I C I T REALaH (A-HPO-2)
DOUBLE PRECISION TFORM
EX7 ERNAL TFORM
C
C TFORMA I S THE LAPLACE SPACE SOLUTIONS FOR CUMUL.ATIVE PRODUCTION
C
TFORMA=TFORM(S)/S
RET URN
END
DOUBLE PRECISION FUNCTION TFORMH(S1
I m . . I C I ' r REALW ( A - H ~ o - z )
riuuBt.E PRECISION TFORM
EX 'IF.: R N At.. T FORM

TFORMI( IS THE LAPLACE SPACE SOLUTIONS FOR TRANSIENT WELLBORE

PRESSURE WITH CONSTANT KATE PROD(JCTI0N.

TFORMB=l./(StSdTFORM(S))
wrui-w
'END
S ( J H R O I J T 1 N E PFORM(T,P,NrMrTO)
I M P L I C I T REALtEL (A-HIO-Z)
COMMLJN/PARA/SKIN9 RDIM,REFFr TFLOW
CDHhON/TSOLN/ICMART~~~DLNrITY~E~IX~~IXB
DOUbl..E PRECISION TFnRM,TFORMRr'TFORMH, BESliOr NESK1
E x w K N A t . TFORM TFORMA TF-ORMEI

F F O R M USES L I M I T I N G FORMS OF THE WELLBORE PRESSURE SOLUTION

F O R CONSTANT RATE PRODUCTION WHENEVER POSSIBLE.
L
. NCASE=J
I F ( T + L T + 0.01) GO TO 30
. I F (T ,LT. 100.) NCASE=l
IF ('r .m+ T O ) N C A S E = ~
GO TO ( 1 0 v 2 0 r 2 2 ) , N C A S E
20 GO TO ( 2 2 1 2 4 r 2 6 ) v N S O L N
27, P = . 5 f ( D L O G ( T ) t , 8 0 9 0 7 ) + S K I N
RETtJRN
24 P = D L O G ( R E F F ) - r 7 5 $ 2 ~ f T / ( R E F f t R E F F ) t S ~ I N
RETURN
26 P=DLOG(REFF)SSKIN
HETIJRN
10 CALL L I N U ( T F O R M F P T ~ P I N ~ M )
RE 'I Uii'N
30 P = D S O R T ( 4 . * T / 3 r 1 4 1 6 )
RETURN
END
SUBROUTINE RFORM ( T v R f N I M r T l )
I M P L I C I T REALX8 (A-HrO-Z)
COMMON/PARA/SKIN~H~~IM,KEFFITFLOW
COMMON/TSOLN/ICHART~NSOLN~ITYf'E~IXA~IXB

- 116 -
 DOUBLE PRECISION T F O R M , ' I F ~ K M A , . ~ F O R M B ~ ~ E S K O ~ H E S K ~
EXTERNAL TFORMITFORMAPTFORMB
C
*
C OF'ORM USES LIMITING FORMS FOR THE RATE IlEdLINE FOR CONSTANT
C PRESSURE F'ROOUCTION WHENEVER F'OSSIHLE.
C
NCASE=l
IF('I' +LTe 5.l.104) NCASEZ1
IF (T .ET. n)N C A S E = ~
20 GO TO (Pi3126t28)rNE~6H
22 u=2 * / ( (TILOG ( ' T ) t 80Y07) tSKIN)
RETIJKN
2 4 O=DEXP(-.l*T/Tl)/(rlLOG(REFF)-.75+SKIN)
F'ETUKN
26 ~ 2 . ~ 2 .
IF ( T *LT. T 2 ) GO TO 10
n=l,/(DLOG(REFF)tSKIN)
RETURN
10 CALL LINU(TFORMpTrL2,NvM)
RETURN
ENIl
SLJHROUTINE OU'TFORM
IMPLICIT REALt8 ( A - H v O - Z )
CDMMf~lN/PARA/SKIN9R~~IMIKETF,TFLOW
I ' ~ Y IXE
C O M M O N / T S O L ~ N / I C H A ~ I I N ~ ~ L N ~ IXAi ~E~
C O M R O N / H B / G ~ P GI G
~ 3 I G 4 I G5
COMMUN/VAR/QD( 1000)rTD( 1000)rTDX(100) vRMODES( 100)
IF (NS0L.N ,Ea. 1 ) WHITE (69100)
IF (NSCJI-N * E n * 2 ) WRITE (6,101)
IF ( N S O L N + E O + 3) WRITE (6,102)
G O TO ( 1 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 ~ ~ 3 0 ~ 4 0 ) r I C H A R T
10 WRITE (61103) SKINrKDIM
IF' ( N S O L N .NE* 1 ) WRITE (6,110) REFF
IF ( R D I M .EO* 1 ) WRITE (6,104)
I F (RDIM + N E * 1) WRITE (6,105)
RETURN
20 WRI'IE ( 6 1 103) SKINvRDIM
I F (NSOLN .NE. 1 ) WRITE (61110) REFF
IF (ri-i:lIH 1 ) WRITE ( ~ ~ 1 0 6 )
IF (RDIM +NE. 1) WRITE (61107)
RETUF: N
30 WAI'I'E (6r108) S.KXNITFLOW
RETURN
4 0 WRITE (69103) SKINIRIIIM
RE 'r URN
100 FORMAT ( '1UNBOUNDED RESERVOIR' )
101. FORMAT ( ' 1 C L O S E D BOUNDED RESERVOIR' )
102 FC1SMA.T ( '1CONSTANT PRESSURE BOUNI!EII RESERVOIR' )
103 FORMAT ( ' SKIN = ' I F ~ . ~ I ~ X I ' R=D '~E12.4)
104 FORMAT (/I~XI'TD'~~IXI'OD')
105 FClRMAT (/I~XI'TD',S~XI'PD')
106 FORMA'T (/~SX~'TDA'rllX9'QD8)
107 FORMAT ( / I 5X I 'TDA' I 1 1 X I 'PD' )
108 FORMAT ( ' SKIN 'rF6.313Xr'TD ' ~ E ~ ~ . ~ I / ~ ~ X I ' R ~ ~ ' I ~ ~ X , ' P D "
110 F O R M A 1 ( ' OUTER RADIUSI R D = '1E12.4)
END

- 117 -