Contents

Introduction
Lined Drains
Composite Drains
Grassed Swale
Pipe Drains
Engineered Waterways
Introduction
Existing Drain
Rigid Boundary Channel
Rigid Boundary Channel
(Dry Period)
Rigid Boundary Channel
Trunk Drain During Dry Period
Rigid Boundary Channel
Wet Period
Rigid Boundary Channel
Trunk Drain - Wet Period
Feasibility Study On Drainage Improvement in Prai
Industrial Complex, Seberang Perai Tengah, Penang
Study Area
 Existing Primary Drains

Pump
House A

Legend:
Primary Drain
Pump
Existing Pump Station House B
Railway
 Existing Primary Drains

Pump
House A

Legend:
Primary Drain
Pump
Existing Pump Station House B
Railway
 Existing Trunk Drains

Pump
House A

Legend:
Primary Drain
Pump
Existing Pump Station House B
Railway
 Existing Trunk Drains

B-2E
L-6B Rubber Pitching :
Top Width = 30’ - 46’
Depth = 5’ – 13’

T-6E Rectangular :
Width = 5’ – 8’
Pump
House A
Depth = 16’

Legend:
Pump
Primary Drain
House B
J-2A
Existing Pump Station
Railway
Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Flood Mitigation
and Drainage Improvement in Taman Sentul, Taman
Sentul Jaya, Taman Pinang & Taman Mangga, Juru,
S.P.T, Penang

Uta
ra

Tol
Juru

Lebuhra
ya Utara- Taman
Selatan Sentul
Study
Jaya
Tama
Area
Kawasan n
Perusaha Sentul
an Parit
Ringan
No. 5 Tam
an Perkampu
TamaPina ngan Juru
n ng
Mang
ga
Precast Concrete Drain
900mm
Precast Concrete Drain
1200mm
Precast Concrete
Covered Drain
1200mm
Precast
Concrete
Drain
3000mm
 Feasibility Study of Flood Mitigation and Drainage
Improvement in Kampung Tersusun, Juru, Seberang
Perai Tengah, Penang
Study Area
 Secondary Drain

Primary Drain Trunk Drain

Sungai Juru Natural Waterway

Parit No. 5
 Feasibility Study of Flood Mitigation and Drainage
Improvement in Kampung Tersusun, Juru, Seberang
Perai Tengah, Penang

Existing
Problems
Flooding occurs along the roads of the
study areas due to improper drainage
design, where roadside drains are not
provided.
Flood condition on
Normal condition
6th
th October 2003
Flooding occurs along the roads of the
study areas due to improper drainage
design, where roadside drains are not
provided.

Flood condition on
Normal condition
6th
th October 2003
Flooding caused by lack of maintenance
and undersized secondary drain.

Flood condition on
Normal condition
6th
th October 2003
Flooding caused by overflow of trunk
drain.
Normal condition Flood condition on
6th
th October 2003
 Open Drains
Volume 10 (Chapter 26)
Design Criteria
Reserve Width for Open Drain
Drainage Reserve

0.5 m Design flow width + freeboard 0.5 m

min min

(a) Grassed Swale

Drainage Reserve

1.5 m minimum 1.0 m

(b) Lined Open Drain

Manning’s Equation

Q = A . 1n R S
2 1
3 2

Q .n Y
1 8 v.s
S
2
B
3 B
 Manning’s Roughness Coefficient, n
(Design Chart 26.1)
Surface Cover or Finish Suggested n values
Minimum Maximum
Concrete

Trowelled finish 0.011 0.015

Off form finish 0.013 0.018
Stone Pitching

Dressed stone in mortar 0.015 0.017

Random stones in mortar or rubble masonry 0.020 0.035
Rock Riprap 0.025 0.030
Brickwork 0.012 0.018
Precast Masonry Blockwork 0.012 0.015
Solution to Manning Equation for Lined Open Drains
 10

9 Swale reserve width, R (m)

( including required freeboard )

0. 9
8 1 y 1
4 1 1 4
50 50

7 Base width, B (m)

0.8
6

0.7
5 3

Swale reserve width, R (m)

Flow depth, y (m) ( including required freeboard )
2

0.6
4 y
1 1
z z
Base width, B (m)
Design Flow, QD (m3/s)

'Vee' shaped Section

1

0.5
3

5
0.5

4
3
2
Use 'vee' shaped section

1
Z=6

S01/2
Qn
Z = 5.5

0.4
2 Z=5

Value of
Z = 4.5

Z=4

1.5 0.1

0.05

0.3
1
1 1.5 2 3 4 5

Longitudinal Grade, S0 (%)

0.01

0.005

0.1 0.15 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Flow Depth, y (m)

 Lined Drains
Volume 10 (Chapter 26.3)
Design Criteria
Uncovered Open Lined Drain
(Minor System – Chap. 26)

Drainage Reserve Width

1.0 m B = 0.5 – 1.0 m 1.5 m minimum

50 mm
H max = 0.5 m
Covered Open Lined Drain
(Minor System – Chap. 26)

Drainage Reserve Width

1.0 m B = 0.5 – 1.0 m 1.5 m minimum

Cover

50 mm
H = 0.5 m – 1.0 m
 Velocity Limitation
(Minor System – Chap. 26.3.6)

To prevent sedimentation and vegetative growth

Min Average Flow Velocity = 0.6 m/s

To prevent Channel Surface Erosion

Max Average Flow Velocity = 4.0 m/s

Note: Average Flow Velocity > 2.0 m/s, drain provided with
a handrail fence, or covered with solid or grated cover
 Composite Drains
Volume 10 (Chapter 26.4)
 Recommended Composite Drain
Grassed Section C
50 mm freeboard
Qminor
1 1
4 min 4 min

Lined drain

Design flow width + freeboard

• Provided in locations subject to dry-weather base flows which would
otherwise damage the invert of a grassed swale, or in areas with highly
erodible soils.

•The lined drain section is provided at the drain invert to carry dry-weather
base flows and minor flows up to a recommended limit of 50% of the 1 month
ARI.
 Grassed Swale
Volume 10 (Chapter 26.2)
Constructed
Swale
Bio-Ecological Drainage System
USM, Engineering Campus
Type A
Perimeter
Swale

Type B

Type C
Design Criteria
 C
300mm freeboard
Qminor
1 1
4 min 4 min

Design flow width + freeboard

(a) ' Vee' Shaped

C 300mm freeboard
Qminor

1 1
4 min 1 1 4 min
50 50

Batter Base Batter

Design flow width + freeboard

(b) Trapezoidal Shaped

 Freeboard
(Minor System – Chap. 26.2.4)
Min freeboard of 50 mm above the design stormwater level

Velocity Limitation
(Minor System – Chap. 26.2.5)
Max Average Flow Velocity < 2.0 m/s

Manning’s Roughness Coefficient, n

Design Chart 26.1
Surface Cover or Finish Suggested n values
Minimum Maximum
Grassed Swales

Short grass cover 0.030 0.035

Tall grass cover 0.035 0.050
 Worked Example
(Application of Bio-Ecological
Drainage System (BIOECODS) in
Malaysia)
Study Area – BIOECODS, USM Engineering Campus

Perimeter Swale
 3.60m

2.40m

3.60m

Reference Design Criteria

26.2.2 In new development areas, the edge of a grassed swale
should generally be located 0.5 m from the road reserve
or property boundary.
26.2.4 The depth of a grassed swale shall include a minimum
freeboard of 50 mm above the design storm water level in
the swale.
26.2.5 The average flow velocity in a grassed swale shall not
exceed 2 m/s.
Figure 26.2 Recommended Grassed Swale Cross-Sections: Side slope
= 1:4 min (batter); 1:50 (base)
a) Overland flow time:
Overland sheet flow path length = 35m
Slope of overland surface = (3.60-2.40)/35 = 3.5%
Design Chart 14.1, overland flow time, to = 12 minute
b) Flow time in channel:

- Reach length of perimeter swale = 130m

- The estimated average velocity = 0.25m/s

- Flow time in ecological swale ,

td = (130/0.25)/60 = 8.7 minutes

c) Time of concentration

Time of concentration, tc = to + td = 12 + 8.7 = 20.7 minutes

Assume : tc = 20 minit
d) Design Storm

Minor Storm : 10 year ARI

Major Storm : 50 year ARI
Table 13.A1 Lacation : Pulau Pinang and equation 13.2 for tc = 20 minute,
Table 13.A1 Coefficients for the IDF Equations for the Different Major Cities and Towns in
Malaysia (30 ≤ t ≤ 1000 min)

State Location Data ARI Coefficients of the IDF Polynomial Equations

Period (year)
a b c d
Pulau Penang 1951- 2 4.5140 0.6729 -0.2311 0.0118
Pinang 1990
5 3.9599 1.1284 -0.3240 0.0180
10 3.7277 1.4393 -0.4023 0.0241
20 3.3255 1.7689 -0.4703 0.0286
50 2.8429 2.1456 -0.5469 0.0335
100 2.7512 2.2417 -0.5610 0.0341
 Table 13.3 Values of FD for Equation 13.3
2P
Duration 24h (mm)
West Coast East Coast
(minutes) ≤ 100 120 150 ≥ 180 All

5 2.08 1.85 1.62 1.40 1.39

10 1.28 1.13 0.99 0.86 1.03

15 0.80 0.72 0.62 0.54 0.74

20 0.47 0.42 0.36 0.32 0.48

30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Minor Storm: 10 year ARI:

ln( RI t ) = a + b ln( t ) + c (ln( t )) 2 + d (ln( t )) 3 (13.2)

Where, 10I30 = 3.7277 + (1.4393) [In(30)] + (-0.4023) [In(30)]2 + (0.0241) [In(30)]3

10I = 136.65 mm/hr
30
P30 = 136.65/2 = 68.32 mm

And, 10I = 3.7277 + (1.4393) [In(60)] + (-0.4023) [In(60)]2 + (0.0241) [In(60)]3

60
10I = 92.83 mm/hr
60
P60 = 92.83/1 = 92.83 mm

Pd
Pd = P30 − FD ( P60 − P30 ) (13.3) I=
d (13.4)

Thus, P20 = 68.32 – (0.42) (92.83 - 68.32) = 56.80 mm

10I = 56.80 (60) / 20 = 170.41 mm/hr

20
Major Storm: 100 year ARI:

ln( RI t ) = a + b ln( t ) + c (ln( t )) 2 + d (ln( t )) 3 (13.2)

Where, 100I30 = 2.7512 + (2.2417) [In(30)] + (-0.5610) [In(30)]2 + (0.0341) [In(30)]3

100I = 186.35 mm/hr
30
P30 = 186.35/2 = 93.17

And, 100I = 2.7512 + (2.2417) [In(60)] + (-0.5610) [In(60)]2 + (0.0341) [In(60)]3

60
100I = 129.75 mm/hr
60
P60 = 129.75 /1 = 129.75

Pd
Pd = P30 − FD ( P60 − P30 ) (13.3) I=
d (13.4)

Thus, P20 = 93.17 – 0.47 (129.75 - 93.17) = 75.99

100I = 75.99 (60) / 20 = 220.96 mm/hr

20
 1.0

e) Runoff Coefficient
0.9 1

Design Chart 14.3

2

0.8

(Landscape: Category 7), 3

0.7

C for minor storm = 0.58 0.6

I= 170.41 mm/hr

Runoff Coefficient, C
5

C for major storm = 0.67

0.5

I= 220.96 mm/hr
6

0.4

*I = 200mm/hr, C = 0.63 7

I = 400mm/hr, C = 0.90 0.3

Impervious Roofs, Concrete

8 1
City Areas Full and Solidly Built Up
Surface Clay, Poor Paving, Sandstone Rock
2
Commercial & City Areas Closely Built Up
0.2 3 Semi Detached Houses on Bare Earth

(Pavement: Category 1), 4

5
Bare Earth, Earth with Sandstone Outcrops
Urban Residential Fully Built Up with Limited Gardens
Bare Loam, Suburban Residential with Gardens

C for minor & major 0.1 6

7
Widely Detached Houses on Ordinary Loam
Suburban Fully Built Upon Sand Strata
Park Lawns and Meadows

storm = 0.91 0
8
Cultivated Fields with Good Growth
Sand Strata

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200

Rainfall Intensity, I (mm/hr)

 m

f) Average Runoff Coefficient

C avg =
∑
i =1
C i Ai

Minor storm, ∑ Ai

Cavg = [(0.58x4600) + (0.91x1900)] / 6500 = 0.68 i =1

Major storm,
Cavg = [(0.67x4600) + (0.91x1900)] / 6500 = 0.74

g) Peak flow

By using Rational formula (equation 14.7)

C× R I t × A
Q = 3600,000
Qminor /2* = C.I.A/ (3600,000) (2) = 0.68 (170.41) (6500) / (3600,000) (2)
= 0.10m3/s
Qmajor /2* = C.I.A/( 3600,000) (2) = 0.74 (220.96) (6500) / (3600,000) (2)
= 0.15m3/s
* There are two perimeter swale in the catchment area to cater the peak flow.
g) Perimeter Swale Sizing
Longitudinal slope = 1:1000; Side slope 1:6 (batter), 1:50 (base);
Bottom width, B = 1.8m; Depth, D = 175mm; Manning’s, n = 0.035;
Area, A = 0.50 m2,; Wetted Perimeter, P = 3.93m;
Hydraulic radius, R = A/P = 0.13m;
Average velocity, V = 0.23m/s (<2.0 m/s) …OK
Q = 0.11m3/s (> Q10) ... OK

SLOPE BW Side Slope, Z Depth, D TW A P R V Q

(m) (m) (m) (m) (sq.m) (m) (m) (m/s) (cumec)
0.001 1.8 6 0.000 1.80 0.00 1.80 0.00 0.00 0.000
0.001 1.8 6 0.025 2.10 0.05 2.10 0.02 0.07 0.004
0.001 1.8 6 0.050 2.40 0.11 2.41 0.04 0.11 0.012
0.001 1.8 6 0.075 2.70 0.17 2.71 0.06 0.14 0.024
0.001 1.8 6 0.100 3.00 0.24 3.02 0.08 0.17 0.040
0.001 1.8 6 0.125 3.30 0.32 3.32 0.10 0.19 0.060
0.001 1.8 6 0.150 3.60 0.41 3.62 0.11 0.21 0.084
0.001 1.8 6 0.175 3.90 0.50 3.93 0.13 0.23 0.113

0.001 1.8 6 0.200 4.20 0.60 4.23 0.14 0.24 0.146

 Freeboard = 300mm; Depth, D = 1200mm; Area, A = 11.64 m2;
Wetted Perimeter, P = 17.10m; Hydraulic radius, R = A/P = 0.68m;
Average velocity, V = 0.27m/s (<2.0 m/s) …OK
Q = 0.19m3/s (> Q100) ... OK

SLOPE BW Side Slope, Z Depth, D TW A P R V Q

(m) (m) (m) (m) (sq.m) (m) (m) (m/s) (cumec)

0.001 1.8 6 0.150 3.60 0.41 3.62 0.11 0.21 0.084

0.001 1.8 6 0.175 3.90 0.50 3.93 0.13 0.23 0.113

0.001 1.8 6 0.200 4.20 0.60 4.23 0.14 0.24 0.146

0.001 1.8 6 0.225 4.50 0.71 4.54 0.16 0.27 0.191

0.001 1.8 6 0.275 5.10 0.95 5.15 0.18 0.29 0.276

 Pipe Drains
Volume 10 (Chapter 25)
Design Criteria
 Minimum Design Service Life
Stormwater pipelines shall be designed for a
minimum effective service life of 50 years.

Diameter
Table 25.5 Minimum Pipe Diameters
Application Diameter (mm)
Pipe draining a stormwater inlet and 300
crossing a footpath alignment *
Any other pipe 375
For a non-self draining underpass, the 450
pipe shall be sized for 10 year ARI and
shall not be less than

Note: * 300 mm diameter pipes are permitted in this situation only, in order to provide
more space in the footpath alignment for other utility services.
 Pipe Grades
(a) Maximum Grade
Pipeline grades shall be chosen to limit the pipe full flow
velocity to a value less than or equal to 6.0 m/s.

(b) Minimum Grades

Stormwater pipelines shall be designed and constructed to
be self cleansing. The desirable minimum grade for
pipelines shall be 1.0%.
An absolute minimum grade of 0.5% may be acceptable
where steeper grades are not practical.
Pipe Roughness Values
Table 25.7 Pipe Roughness Values (average condition)

Pipe Material n k (mm)

Spun Precast Concrete 0.013 0.3
Fibre Reinforced Cement 0.013 0.15
UPVC 0.011 0.06

n = Manning roughness coefficient

k = Pipe roughness height for Colebrook-White equation
 Worked Example
(Proposed Tuanku Heights Mixed
Development of Daerah Seremban,
Negeri Sembilan)
System
Layout
Engineered
Waterway

Lot

Pipe Drain
Engineered Waterway
Ecological Drain Forebay
SCHEMATIC LAYOUT OF NEW
DRAINAGE SYSTEM, TUANKU
HEIGHT
Mini Wetland Community
Detention Pond

Rock
Baffle
Natural
Waterway
 Calculation for Underground Drain
Pipes Sizing
Subcatchment : 1

Area = 6770m2

Qp1 = 144.39 l/s

Reference Design Criteria

Table 25.5 φmin = 375mm
Sec. 25.3.3 (a) Maximum Grade : Velocity < 6 m/s.
Sec. 25.3.3 (b) Minimum grade = 1.0%
Table 25.7 k = 0.3 mm
Table 25.7 n = 0.013
From Design
Chart 25.B3
(k = 0.3 mm),

With D = 375 mm

Hydraulic gradient 1 %

Q = 230 l/s (> Qp1 …OK)

V = 2 m/s (< 6m/s…OK)

Engineered Waterways
Volume 11 (Chapter 28)

(Major System)
Engineered Waterways

Drainage Reserve Width

Varies W Varies

300 mm

H
Recommended Waterway Reserve
for Maintenance Access
 Minimum Longitudinal Slope

0.2 % - Lined Channel

0.5 % - Grassed floodways and natural waterway

To prevent sedimentation and vegetative growth

Min Velocity = 0.8 m/s

To prevent Channel Surface Lining Erosion

Max Velocity = 4.0 m/s (Lined Channel / Low flow invert)

= 2.0 m/s (Floodways and Natural Waterway)
 Suggested Values of Manning’s
Roughness Coefficient, n
Suggested n values
Surface Cover
Minimum Maximum
Grassed Floodways
Grass cover only
Short grass 0.030 0.035
Tall grass 0.035 0.050
Shrub cover
Scattered 0.050 0.070
Medium to dense 0.100 0.160
Tree cover
Scattered 0.040 0.050
Medium to dense 0.100 0.120
 Suggested Values of Manning’s
Roughness Coefficient, n
Surface Cover Suggested n values

Minimum Maximum

Natural Channels
Small streams
Straight, uniform and clean 0.025 0.033
Clean, winding with some pools and shoals 0.035 0.045
Sluggish weedy reaches with deep pools 0.050 0.080
Steep mountain streams with gravel, cobbles, and boulders 0.030 0.070
Large streams
Regular cross-section with no boulders or brush 0.025 0.060
Irregular and rough cross-section 0.035 0.100
Overbank flow areas
Short pasture grass, no brush 0.025 0.035
Long pasture grass, no brush 0.030 0.050
Light brush and trees 0.040 0.080
Medium to dense brush 0.070 0.160
Dense growth of trees 0.110 0.200
 Suggested Values of Manning’s
Roughness Coefficient, n
Suggested n values
Surface Cover
Minimum Maximum
Lined Channels and Low Flow Inverts
Concrete
Trowelled finish 0.011 0.015
Off form finish 0.013 0.018
Shotcrete
Trowelled, not wavy 0.016 0.023
Trowelled, wavy 0.018 0.025
Unfinished 0.020 0.025
Stone Pitching
Dressed stone in mortar 0.015 0.017
Random stones in mortar or rubble masonry 0.020 0.035
Rock Riprap 0.025 0.030
Suggested Values of Manning’s
Roughness Coefficient, n

Suggested n values
Surface Cover
Minimum Maximum
Roadways
Kerb & Gutter 0.011 0.015
Hotmix Pavement
Smooth 0.012 0.014
Rough 0.015 0.017
Flush Seal Pavement
7 mm stone 0.017 0.019
14 mm stone 0.020 0.024
 I. Composite Waterways
(With Increased Capacity - Chap 28)
 Estimate the Overall Roughness
Coefficient
m
ni A i5 / 3
*
∑P
i =1 i
2/3
n = m (28.1)
A i5 / 3
∑P
i =1 i
2/3

where,
n* = equivalent Manning’s roughness coefficient for the whole
cross-section
ni = Manning's roughness coefficient for segment i
Ai = flow area of segment i (m2)
P = wetted perimeter of segment i (m)
m = total number of segments
II. Natural Waterways

Minimum Longitudinal Slope

0.5 %

To prevent Channel Erosion

Max Velocity = 2.0 m/s

or

Critical Velocity
Velocity Limitation
(Major System - Chap 28)
Minimum Longitudinal Slope
0.5 %

To prevent Channel Erosion

Max Velocity = 2.0 m/s

or

Critical Velocity
Critical Velocities, (m/s) for
various conduit materials
 III. Grassed Floodways
C Low Flow
Provision
1 1
6 6
1 1
50 50

Batter Base Batter

Figure 28.3 Typical Grassed Floodway Cross-Section

C Terracing
Qmajor

Qminor 1
1 6
50

Terrace Base Batter

Figure 28.4 Typical Grassed Floodway Terracing

Low Flow Provision:

Minimum capacity of 50% of the 1 month ARI flow.
 1.
3

2
1.

1
1.

0
1.
Design Chart

9
0.
28.2

8
0.

7
0.
Floodway Base Width –

(m3/s)

60
1.6

55
Preliminary Estimate

1.5

50
(Manning's n = 0.035,

45
Design Flow,

1.4

40
Average Velocity = 2 m/s)

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
 Worked Example
(Application of Bio-Ecological
Drainage System (BIOECODS) in
Malaysia)
Study Area – BIOECODS, USM Engineering Campus

Ecological
Swale
Reference Design Criteria
Table 28.1 Minimum requirements for maintenance access = 3.7m
(One side) and 1.0m (Other Side) for top width of
waterway ≤ 6m or Both sides = 3.7m for top width of
waterway > 6m
28.6 The freeboard above the design storm water level shall be
a minimum of 300 mm.
28.7.1 The minimum longitudinal grade for engineered waterways
= 0.5% for grassed floodways and natural channels;
Longitudinal grades shall not produce velocities less than
0.8 m/s if low flow inverts flowing full
28.7.2 Longitudinal grades shall be chosen such that the design
storm average flow velocity will not exceed 2 m/s in
grassed floodways and natural waterways
28.10.2 Side slopes = 1:6 min (batter); 1:50 (base)
Side slopes = 1:4 may be provided in special circumstance
28.10.4 Low flow inverts and pipes shall be sized for a minimum
capacity of 50% of the 1 month ARI flow
a) Overland flow time:
Overland sheet flow path length = 35m
Slope of overland surface = (3.60-2.40)/35 = 3.5%
Design Chart 14.1, overland flow time, to = 12 minute
b) Flow time in channel:

-Reach length of ecological swale = 920m

- Average velocity for ecological swale is given by Manning

equation. The estimated average velocity = 0.35m/s

-Flow time in ecological swale , td = (920/0.35)/60

= 43.8 minutes

c) Time of concentration

Time of concentration, tc = to + td = 12 + 43.8 = 55.8 minutes

Assume : tc = 56 minit
d) Design Storm
Minor Storm : 10 year ARI
Major Storm : 100 year ARI
Table 13.A1 Lacation : Pulau Pinang and equation 13.2 for tc = 56 minute,

Table 13.A1 Coefficients for the IDF Equations for the Different Major Cities and Towns in
Malaysia (30 ≤ t ≤ 1000 min)

State Location Data ARI Coefficients of the IDF Polynomial Equations

Period (year)
a b c d
Pulau Penang 1951- 2 4.5140 0.6729 -0.2311 0.0118
Pinang 1990
5 3.9599 1.1284 -0.3240 0.0180
10 3.7277 1.4393 -0.4023 0.0241
20 3.3255 1.7689 -0.4703 0.0286
50 2.8429 2.1456 -0.5469 0.0335
100 2.7512 2.2417 -0.5610 0.0341
 ln( RI t ) = a + b ln( t ) + c (ln( t )) 2 + d (ln( t )) 3 (13.2)

Minor Storm: 10 year ARI:

10I = 3.7277 + (1.4393) [In(56)] + (-0.4023) [In(56)]2 + (0.0241) [In(56)]3

56
10I = 96.99 mm/hr
56

Major Storm: 100 year ARI:

100I = 2.7512 + (2.2417) [In(56)] + (-0.4023) [In(56)]2 + (0.0241) [In(56)]3
56
100I = 135.48 mm/hr
56
 1.0

e) Runoff Coefficient 0.9 1

Design Chart 14.3 0.8

2

(category 5), 3

0.7

Minor storm: 0.6

(I=96.99mm/hr,)

Runoff Coefficient, C
5

C for = 0.61 0.5

Minor storm:
0.4

(I=135.48mm/hr,) 0.3

C for = 0.70 8 1

2
Impervious Roofs, Concrete
City Areas Full and Solidly Built Up
Surface Clay, Poor Paving, Sandstone Rock
Commercial & City Areas Closely Built Up
0.2 3 Semi Detached Houses on Bare Earth

Bare Earth, Earth with Sandstone Outcrops

4
Urban Residential Fully Built Up with Limited Gardens

5 Bare Loam, Suburban Residential with Gardens

Widely Detached Houses on Ordinary Loam

0.1 6
Suburban Fully Built Upon Sand Strata

7 Park Lawns and Meadows

Cultivated Fields with Good Growth

8
Sand Strata

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200

Rainfall Intensity, I (mm/hr)

f) Peak flow

By using Rational formula (equation 14.7),

peak flow for minor storm = 4.21 m3/s and
peak flow for major storm = 6.75 m3/s

C× I t × A R

Q = 3600,000
Qminor = C.I.A/3600,000 = 0.61 (96.99) (256,000) / (3600,000) = 4.21m3/s
Qmajor = C.I.A/3600,000 = 0.70 (135.48) (256,000) / (3600,000) = 6.75m3/s
g) Ecological Swale Sizing
Longitudinal slope = 1:1000; Side slope 1:6 (batter), 1:50 (base);
Bottom width, B = 2.5m; Depth, D = 900mm; Manning’s, n = 0.035;
Area, A = 7.12 m2,; Wetted Perimeter, P = 13.46m;
Hydraulic radius, R = A/P = 0.53m;
Average velocity, V = 0.59m/s (<2.0 m/s) …OK
Q = 4.21m3/s (= Q10) ... OK
Side
SLOPE BW Slope, Z Depth, D TW A P R V Q
(m) (m) (m) (m) (sq.m) (m) (m) (m/s) (cumec)
0.001 2.5 6 0.00 2.50 0.00 2.50 0.00 0.00 0.000
0.001 2.5 6 0.10 3.70 0.31 3.72 0.08 0.17 0.053
0.001 2.5 6 0.20 4.90 0.74 4.93 0.15 0.25 0.188
0.001 2.5 6 0.30 6.10 1.29 6.15 0.21 0.32 0.409
0.001 2.5 6 0.40 7.30 1.96 7.37 0.27 0.37 0.729
0.001 2.5 6 0.50 8.50 2.75 8.58 0.32 0.42 1.159
0.001 2.5 6 0.60 9.70 3.66 9.80 0.37 0.47 1.709
0.001 2.5 6 0.70 10.90 4.69 11.02 0.43 0.51 2.391
0.001 2.5 6 0.80 12.10 5.84 12.23 0.48 0.55 3.215
0.001 2.5 6 0.90 13.30 7.11 13.45 0.53 0.59 4.191
0.001 2.5 6 1.00 14.50 8.50 14.67 0.58 0.63 5.329
 Freeboard = 300mm; Depth, D = 1200mm; Area, A = 11.64 m2;
Wetted Perimeter, P = 17.10m; Hydraulic radius, R = A/P = 0.68m;
Average velocity, V = 0.70m/s (<2.0 m/s) …OK
Q = 8.13m3/s (> Q100) ... OK

Side Depth,
SLOPE BW Slope, Z D TW A P R V Q
(m) (m) (m) (m) (sq.m) (m) (m) (m/s) (cumec)
0.001 2.5 6 0.00 2.50 0.00 2.50 0.00 0.00 0.000
0.001 2.5 6 0.10 3.70 0.31 3.72 0.08 0.17 0.053
0.001 2.5 6 0.30 6.10 1.29 6.15 0.21 0.32 0.409
0.001 2.5 6 0.40 7.30 1.96 7.37 0.27 0.37 0.729
0.001 2.5 6 0.50 8.50 2.75 8.58 0.32 0.42 1.159
0.001 2.5 6 0.60 9.70 3.66 9.80 0.37 0.47 1.709
0.001 2.5 6 0.70 10.90 4.69 11.02 0.43 0.51 2.391
0.001 2.5 6 0.90 13.30 7.11 13.45 0.53 0.59 4.191
0.001 2.5 6 1.00 14.50 8.50 14.67 0.58 0.63 5.329
0.001 2.5 6 1.20 16.90 11.64 17.10 0.68 0.70 8.128
 Low Flow Provision: Design Capasity for 1 Month ARI

Design Storm : 2 year ARI

Table 13.A1 Lacation : Pulau Pinang and equation 13.2 for tc = 56 minute,

ln( RI t ) = a + b ln( t ) + c (ln( t )) 2 + d (ln( t )) 3

2I = 4.5140 + (0.6729) [In(54)] + (-0.2311) [In(54)]2 + (0.0118) [In(54)]3
56

2I = 69.94 mm/hr
56

0.083 2
I D = 0.4 × I D 13.5a
1 month ARI rainfall intensity = 0.4x69.94
= 27.98 mm/hr
 1.0

e) Runoff Coefficient
Design Chart 14.3 0.9 1

(category 5),
2

0.8

C for 1 month ARI = 0.30 3

0.7

C× I t × A
R

Q = 360 0.6

Runoff Coefficient, C
5

0.5

f) Peak flow 0.4

6

By using Rational formula 7

(equation 14.7), peak flow 0.3

Impervious Roofs, Concrete

1

= 0.60 m3/s
8 City Areas Full and Solidly Built Up
Surface Clay, Poor Paving, Sandstone Rock
2
Commercial & City Areas Closely Built Up
0.2 3 Semi Detached Houses on Bare Earth

Bare Earth, Earth with Sandstone Outcrops

4
Urban Residential Fully Built Up with Limited Gardens

5 Bare Loam, Suburban Residential with Gardens

Qlow flow = C.I.A/3600,000 0.1 6

Widely Detached Houses on Ordinary Loam
Suburban Fully Built Upon Sand Strata

= 0.30 (69.94) (256,000) 7

8
Park Lawns and Meadows

Cultivated Fields with Good Growth

/ (3600,000)
Sand Strata

= 0.60m3/s
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200

Rainfall Intensity, I (mm/hr)

Ecological Swale
Drainage capacity for low flow = 0.30 m3/s.
Thus, no. of module needed = (0.60-0.30) / 0.038 = 8