Advanced Engineering Mathematics Tenth Ed.

by Erwin Kreyszig
Problem Set 2.1
No.1

y"xy '  0 , and Prob. 4

No.2
Prob. 5 and Prob. 7
No.3

y" y '  0 Set y'  z y"  dz dx

The original equation becomes dz dx  z  0 Or dz dx  z

dz  dx
z Integrate both sides

dz
   dx  c *
z

ln z  x  c *
e ln z  ce x z  c1e x ; c1  e c * Restore z with y’
dy
 c1e x dy  c1e x dx Integrate both sides
dx

x
 dy   c1e dx  c 2

y  c1e x c 2
No.4

2 xy"  3 y ' Set y '  z y"  dz dx

The original equation becomes 2 x dz dx   3 z
dz  3 dx
z 2 x Integrate both sides

dz
   3 dx  c *
z 2 x

ln z  3 ln x  c *
2
3
e ln z  ce ln x 2

3
z  cx 2 Restore z with y’
 3 3
dy
 cx 2 dy  cx 2 dx Integrate both sides
dx

3
 dy   cx 2 dx  c

5
y  2 cx 2  c
5

No.5

yy"  3 y ' 2 Set y'  z

y"   dz dy   dy dx   z  dz
The original equation becomes yz  dz dy   3z 2
Or y  dz dy   3 z
dz 3dy
z

y Integrate both sides

dz   3 dy  c *
 z y

ln z  3 ln y  c * z  c # y 3 ; c #  e c* Restore z with y’

dy
 c# y3
dx

dy
 c # dx Integrate both sides
y3

dy
   c # dx  c &
y3

 1 y 2  c # x  c &
2

Or y 2  c1 x  c2 ; c1  2c # , c 2  2c &

No.6

xy"2 y  xy  0 y1  cos x x

Divided by x
The original equation becomes y" 2 y ' y  0
x

p x   2
x
   p  x  dx   2 dx
e e x
u dx   dx
y2
1
 cos x x  2

 2 ln x ln x 2
e dx   e dx
cos x2 cos 2 x
x2 x2
1
x2
  dx
cos 2 x
x2

 1 dx   sec 2 xdx  tan x

cos 2 x

y 2  uy1  tan x cos x  sin x

x x

No.7

y" y ' 3 cos y  0

Set y '  z

y"   dz dy   dy dx   z  dz
The original equation becomes z  dz dy   z 3 cos y  0
Or  dz dy   z 2 cos y  0  dz dy    z 2 cos y
dz
  cos ydy Integrate both sides
z2

dz
    cos ydy  c *
z2

 1   sin y  c * 1  sin y  c1 ; c1  c * Restore z with y’

z z
dx
 sin y  c1
dy

dx   sin y  c1  dy Integrate both sides

 dx  c2    sin y  c1  dy
x  c 2   cos y  c1 y
No.8

y"  1  y ' 2

Set y '  z y"  dz dx

The original equation becomes dz

 1 z2
dx
 dz
 dx Integrate both sides
1 z 2

dz
   dx  c1
1 z 2

arctan z  x  c1
z  tan  x  c1  Restore z with y’
dy
y'   tan  x  c1 
dx

dy  tan  x c1  dx Integrate both sides

sin  x  c 
 dy   tan  x  c1  dx  c2   cos x  c1  dx  c2
1

y   ln cos x  c1   c 2
No.9

x 2 y" xy '4 y  0 y1  x 2

First divided by x 2
The original equation becomes
y" 1 y ' 4 y  0
x x 2

p x   1
x

  p  x  dx   1 dx
e e x
u dx   dx
y2 x 4
1

1
 ln x
e dx   x dx
4 x 4 x

  1 dx   1 1
x5 4 x4

y 2  uy1   1 1 x 2   1 1
4 x4 4 x2

No.10

y" 1  1 y  y'2  0

Set y '  z y"   dz dy  z

The original equation becomes  dz dy  z  1  1 y  z 2 0
Or  dz dy   1  1 y  z  0  dz dy   1  1 y  z
  dz z   1  1 y  dy  dz z    1  1 y  dy  c

ln z   y  ln y  c *

ln z  y  ln y c *
e e .e
 ln y
z  c1e  y e ; c1  e c *
z  c1e  y 1
y Restore z with y'

y '  c1 1 e  y
y

y
 ye dy   c1dx  c 2

ye y  e y  c1 x c 2
No. 11 Curve

y"  2 y ' Initial values y  0   0, y '  0   1

Set y '  z y"  dz dx

The original equation becomes dz dx  2 z

dz  2dx
z Integrate both sides

dz
   2dx  c *
z

ln z  2 x  c *
e ln z  ce 2 x z  c1e 2 x ; c1  e c * Restore z with y’
dy
 c1e 2 x dy  c1e 2 x dx Integrate both sides
dx

2x
 dy   c1e dx  c 2

y  c1e 2 x  c 2
And y '  2c1e 2 x

From the initial value 0  c1e 0 c 2  c1 c 2 and 1  2c1e 0  2c1

 We have c1  12 , c 2   12

1 e 2x  1
The Particular solution y  2 2

No. 12 Hanging cable

y"  k 1  y'2 k  1 and y   1  0, y1  0

dy dz
Set y'   z , y"  The original
dx dx
equation becomes as
dz  k 1 z2
dx

dz #  k dx
 
1 z 2

ln z  1  z 2  kx  C *

z  1  z 2  C1e kx ; C1  e C * 1  z 2  C1e kx  z


1  z 2  C1e kx  z 2  C12e 2kx  z 2  2C1ze kz
2C1 ze kx  C12 e 2kx  1; z  e
 kx
2C1
 C

C12 e 2kx  1  1 e kx  e
2
 kx
2C 1

  kx    kx 
Since z
dy
 y   zdx  C 2  1   C1e kx  e dx  C 2  1  C1e kx  e  C 2
dx 2  C1  2k  C1 

  kx 
General sol. y  21k  C1e kx  eC1   C 2
 
Substitute the boundary values,   1, 0 and 1, 0 and k = 1 into the general solution
1  C e 1  e  C  0

2 1

C1  2

1  C e  e 1 

2 1 C1
 C 2  0


 
－ e  e 1  C 1 C1   0; C 1 C1  0
1 1
C1  1 or  1

 e  e 1   e  e 1 
C1  1, C 2    
C1  1, C 2   
2 2
  e  e 1   e  e 1 
Particular sol.
2

y  1 e x  e x   2

 
or y   1 e x  e  x  
2 2
 depends on the choice of

y-axis orientation.
# Set z  tan  , dz  sec 2  d

dz  sec 2  2
d   sec  d   sec d  ln sec   tan 

1 z 2 1 tan 2  sec 2 
 ln 1  x2  x

另解：
Set
dy
y'   z, y" 
dx
zdz
z dz  k 1  z 2 ;  kdy Integrate both sides
dy
1 z2
zdz
  k  dy  C1   dy  C1 k  1
1 z2

1  z 2  2  y  C1; 1  z 2   y  C1  2 ; z 2   y  C1  2  1
1

dy dy
dx
  y  C1  2 1;    dx  C *
 y  C1  2 1

ln y  C1   y  C1  2  1  x  C * ln y  C1   y  C1  2  1  xC*

y  C1   y  C1  2  1  C 2 e x ; C 2  e C *

 y  C1  2  1  C 2 e x   y  C1 

 y  C1  2  1  C 2 e x   y  C1  
2
 C 22 e 2 x   y  C1  2  2C 2 e x  y  C1 

 1  C 22 e 2 x  2C 2 e x  y  C1   C 22 e 2 x  2C 2 e x y  2C1C 2 e x  C 2 e x C 2 e x  2C1  2C 2 e x y  
 
2C 2 e x y  C 2 e x C 2 e x  2C1  1; y  1 C 2 e x  2C1  1 e  x
2 2C 2
 
General sol.: y  1 C 2 e x  1 e  x   C1
2 C2 

With the boundary conditions   1, 0  , 1, 0 

We get
1 C e 1  1 e  C  0
2 2  1
 C2 
 1 C e  1 e 1   C  0
2 2  1
 C2

From and C 2  1, C1   1 e  e 1

2
 
Particular sol.:   
y  1 e x  e  x  1 e  e 1
2 2

No. 13
dy d2y
v , a  dv 
dt dt dt 2

v  a  k  y ' y"  k
dz
Set  y '  z y" 
dz

 y ' y"  k  z  dz  k
dt

dz   dt dz   dt
z k  zk 

ln z  k  t  c *

ln z  k
e  e c *e  t
z  k  c # e t ; c #   e c * z  ce t  k

dy
dt
 c #e t  k 
dy  c # e  t  k dt 
# t

 dy   c e  k dt  c 2 
y c1 e t  kt  c 2 ; c1  c #
And y '  c1 e t  k
Set initial values y  0   k o , y '  0   k1 y  0  is the initial position, y '  0  the initial velocity
y  0 c1 c 2  k o ; y '  0   c1  k  k1
c1  k  k1 c2  k o  k1  k

P.S. y t    k  k1  e t  kt  k o  k1  k

No. 14
dy d2y
v , a  dv 
dt dt dt 2
 v  1;v  1
a dv v dv  1
dt dt

1 v2
vdv  dt
2
 t  c* v 2  2t  c1; c1  2c *
dy
v 2t  c1 v
dt

dy
dt
 2t  c1 dy  2t  c1 dt

3
G..S. y  1  2t  c1  2  c 2
3

1
y '   2t  c1  2

Set initial values y  0   1, y '  0   1 y  0  is the initial position, y '  0  the initial velocity
3
1 c   c  1 1 c1
1 2 2
3

c1  1 c2  2
3

3
P.S. y  t   1  2t  1 2  2
3 3
No.15

(a) y"9 y 0 y1  cos 3 x, y 2  sin 3 x

y1  cos 3x, y '1  3 sin 3x, y"1  9 cos 3x

Thus y1"9 y 2  9 cos 3x  9 cos 3x  0
And y 2  sin 3x, y 2 '  3 cos 3x, y 2 "  9 sin 3x
Thus y 2 "9 y 2  9 sin 3 x  9 sin 3 x  0
y2
 sin 3 x cos 3x  tan 3x , not a constant, y 2 and y1 is linearly independent and forms a
y1

basis of the equation.

(b) General solution: y  x   c1 y1  c2 y 2  c1 cos 3 x  c 2 sin 3x
And y '  x   3c1 sin 3 x  3c 2 cos 3 x
The initial values y  0   2, y ' 1  1 give
c1  2
And  3c 2  1
 c1  2, c 2  1
3

Particulal solution: y  x   2 cos 3 x  13 sin 3 x

No.16

(a) y"2 y ' y 0 y1  e  x , y 2  xe  x

y1  e  x , y '1  e  x , y"1  e  x
Thus

y1 "2 y 1 ' y1  e  x  2e  x  e
And

y 2  xe  x , y 2 '  e  x  xe  x , y 2 "  e  x  e
Thus

y 2 "2 y 2 ' y 2  2e  x  xe  x

y2
 e  x xe  x  e x ,not a constant, y 2 and y1 is linearly independent and forms a basis of
y1

the equation.
(b) General solution: y  x   c1 y1  c 2 y 2  c1e  x  c2 xe  x

And y '  x   c1e  x  c 2 e  x  c2 xe  x    c1  c 2  e  x  c 2 xe  x

The initial values y  0   2, y ' 1  1 give

c1  2
And  c1  c 2  0

c1  2, c2  2

Particulal solution: y  x   2e  x  2 xe  x
No.17

(a) 4 x 2 y"3 y
3 1
0 y1  x 2 , y 2  x 2

3 1 
3 3
y1  x 2 , y '1  x 2 , y"1  x
2 4
Thus
 4 x 2 y1"3 y 1  4

And

1 3 3  5
y2  x 2 , y2 '   1 x 2 , y2 "  x 2
2 4
Thus

4 x 2 y 2 "3 y 2  4

1 3
y2
x 2 x 2  x  2 ,not a constant, y 2 and y1 is linearly independent and forms a basis of
y1

the equation.
3 1
(b) General solution: y  x   c y  c y  c1 x 2  c 2 x 2
1 1 2 2

1 3
And y '  x   3 c1 x 2  1 c 2 x  2
2 2

The initial values y 1  3, y ' 1  0 give

c1  c 2  3
3c  1c 0
And 2 1 2 2

c1   3 , c 2   9
4 4

3 1
Particulal solution: y x    3 x 2  9 x  2
4 4

No.18

(a) x 2 y" xy ' y 0 y1  x, y 2  x ln x

y1  x, y '1  1, y"1  0
Thus

x 2 y1 " xy1 ' y1  x 2  0  x  1  x   x  x 

And y 2  x ln x, y 2 '  1  ln x, y 2 "  1

x
Thus

x 2 y 2 " xy 2 ' y 2  x 2 1  x 1  ln x   x ln x
x
 y2
 x ln x x  ln x , not a constant, y 2 and y1 is linearly independent and forms a basis of
y1

the equation.
(b) General solution: y  x   c1 y1  c 2 y 2  c1 x  c 2 x ln x
And y '  x   c1  c2 ln x   c2  c1  c 2 1  ln x 
The initial values y 1  1, y ' 1  2 give
c1  1
And c1  c 2  2

c1  1, c 2  1

Particulal solution: y  x   x  x ln x
No.19

(a) y"2 y '2 y 0 y1  e  x cos x, y 2  e  x sin x

y1  e  x cos x, y '1  e  x cos x  e  x sin x  e  x  cos x  sin x  ,

y"1  e  x  cos x  sin x   e  x   sin x  cos x  

Thus y1 "2 y1 '2 y1 '

 2e  x sin x  2e  x  cos x  sin x   2e  x cos x

 2e  x sin x  2e  x cos x  2e  x sin x  2e  x cos x  0

y 2  e  x sin x, y ' 2  e  x sin x  e  x cos x  e  x  cos x  sin x  ,

y" 2  e  x  cos x  sin x   e  x   sin x  cos x 

Thus y 2 "2 y 2 '2 y 2 '

 2e  x cos x  2e  x  cos x  sin x   2e  x sin x

 2e  x cos x  2e  x cos x  2e  x sin x  2e  x sin x  0

y2
 e  x cos x e  x sin x  cot x , not a constant, y 2 and y1 is linearly independent and forms
y1

a basis of the equation.

(b) General solution: y  x   c1 y1  c2 y 2  c1e  x cos x  c2 e  x sin x  e  x  c1 cos x  c 2 sin x 

And y '  x   e  x  c1 cos x  c 2 sin x   e  x   c1 sin x  c 2 cos x 

 e  x   c1 cos x  c 2 sin x  c1 sin x  c 2 cos x 

  e  x    c1  c2  cos x   c1  c 2  sin x 

The initial values y  0   0, y '  0   15 give

c1  0
And  c1  c 2  15

c1  0, c 2  15

Particulal solution: y  x   15e  x sin x

No.20