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yields z = sinh cf>(x) , i.e., j.£gZ + A = Ccoshcf> with C¢ = j.£g. The solution is
Z A + -C cosh (J-Lg
= -- -(x - xo) ) . (7.71)
J-Lg J-Lg C
The constants xo, C, and A are fixed by the conditions z(O) = zo, z(a) = Zl,
and Joa JI + z(x)2dx = L.
2.3 Brachistochrone
Energy conservation gives
-I (dS)2
- + g(z - a) = O. (7.72)
2 dt
We want to minimize
T-
- la
b
( I + Z2
2g(a-z)
) dx (7.73)
(7.74)
T = fAo dt = v'2gsina
I fA JI +x(y')2 dx 0
6. We deduce
o y
A
x
-l
T-
o
L
dx
h'(z')
().
w z
(7.77)
170 Solutions
~: = :X (~:,) .
5. The function <fJ does not depend explicitly on x. Therefore, we have
Consequently,
~
dx
(<fJ - z' 8<fJ) = 0
8z' ,
which gives (h'(z')z' - h(z'))/w(z) = constant.
6. We have z'h' - h = -2/z'. We therefore obtain the first-order differential
equation for the function x(z), (-2/A)dx/dz = w(z), and hence the result
z , - --
dz - WOZI - wlzoln(l
~~~--~~~~~~~
+ (zI/zo))
- dx - woL - wILzo/(z + zo)
If Zl« Land Zl « Zo, the velocity of the wind does not vary appreciably
over the whole path, and one has z' '" zI/ L « l.
In the second question, we have seen that the optimal velocity for a
constant wind velocity is attained for z' = 1. The present configuration
certainly does not correspond to the best strategy. One must tack at some
point (Xl, Z) with 0 < Xl < Land Z » Zl, as represented in Figure 7.2
in order to benefit fully from the power of the wind (this possibility was
excluded in the text).
x:::L
Z :::z,
shore x
3. Constant force
5. One varies t2, taking into account that the variation of the time of arrival
yields a variation of the trajectory.
172 Solutions
ac . ac 2· ac 2 2 .
Pr = af = mr, P9 = aiJ = mr 0, P</> = a¢ = mr sin O¢.
3. Taking the derivative of (3.73) with respect to time, and taking into ac-
count that in Cartesian coordinates p = mv, one obtains directly the
result L z = mr2 sin2 O¢ = P</>o
4. The conservation of P</>' or L z , corresponds to the invariance under trans-
lation in ¢; i.e., rotation invariance around the z axis.
5. If a charged particle is in a magnetic field B parallel to Oz, there is
rotational invariance around the z axis and the component L z is conserved.
p2 mw 2X 2 Q2 m(w2 + ,n2)y2
H = 2m + 2 + 2m + 2 .
2. The eigenfrequencies of the system are therefore WI = wand W2
Jw 2 +,n2 .
3. The general form of the motion follows from
m mw 2 3m,n2 (2
2
H = 2(PI +P2 +P3)
2 2
+ -2-(XI
2
+X2 +X3 + - 2 - Xl +X2 .
2 2) 2)
{X,P} = 1.
Solutions 173
2. In these variables, which are the same as those used by Dirac in the
quantum harmonic oscillator,
H = w(a*a).
a = {a,H} = -iwa,
which is a first-order differential equation. The general solution is
Yk = y'N-k,
b) We have
N N
L,qkqk = L,p;. (7.80)
k=l n=l
Similarly
t t (~ t
k=l
qkqk =
k=l VN n=l
e-2ikmr/N pn) ( ~
VN n'=l
t e2ikn'7r/N p~) .
(7.81)
The summation over k gives bnn" and hence the result.
with
b) We have
{Yj, qd = bjk' {Yj, qk} = bjk, {Yj, qF,r -d = bjk, {yj, qN -d = bjk.
(7.83)
c) We obtain
Yk = {Yk, H} = ; (qk + qN-k) = mqk'
fl,2 ( + * )
.* _ { * H} - m k Yk YN-k _ fl,2
qk - qkl - - 2 - m kYk·
-_ VN
1 [
cos (2!?7rtN+ 2n7r) + cos (2!?7rtN- 2n7r)] . (7.85 )
(2!?7rt + 2Y7r/a)
f( t,y ) -__1_ [
VN cos N + cos (2!?7rt -N 2Y7r/a)]
and satisfies the wave equation
1 82 f 82 f
------=0.
!?2a 2 8t 2 8x2
In this chain of coupled oscillators, a progressive wave of velocity !?a
propagates.
4.5 Virial Theorem
1. One obtains
p2
{A, H} = - - r . V'V.
m
The time evolution of A is simply
dA p2
dt = {A, H} = m - r . V'v.
2 ( : : ) = (r· V'V).
176 Solutions
3. If V = gr n , we have
8V
r· V'V = ra;: = nV.
(7.86)
where 'lj;* is the "mirror" density which concentrates instead of diffusing. This
leads to the propagation equation
3 8 2'lj; 28'lj;
2~ -i1'lj;+a ~ =0. (7.87)
v ut ut
This equation can be solved by Fourier transformation if the coefficients v
and a are constants. (This is not the case if the medium is inhomogeneous or
discontinuous. )
Solutions 177
Problems of Chapter 6
6.2 Geodesics
Solutions exist only for p 2: R (which is explained by equation (6.136)).
The energy is
(7.88)
2 2E
w = mR2' (7.89)
We obtain
(7.90)
and
tanh(¢(t) - ¢o) = ,tanhw(t - to). (7.91)
The calculation of the propagator involves only Gaussian integrals, and the
result follows directly. One recovers (7.61).
References
16. Steven Weinberg, Gravitation and Cosmology, John Wiley & Sons, New
York (1972).
17. P. A. M. Dirac, General Theory of Relativity, John Wiley & Sons, New
York (1975).
18. Charles W. Misner, Kip S. Thorne, and John Archibald Wheeler, Grav-
itation, W.H. Freemann and Company, New York (1973).
19. James Rich, Fundamentals of Cosmology, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg
(2001).
20. R.P. Feynman and A.R. Hibbs, Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals,
McGraw-Hill, New York (1965).
21. Lawrence S. Schulman, Techniques and Applications of Path Integra-
tion, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1981).
22. Julian Schwinger, Selected Papers on Quantum Electrodynamics, Dover,
New York, (1958).
Index